Madison Group Source Rocks, Williston Basin, USA*

Transcription

1 Madison Group Source Rocks, Williston Basin, USA* Daniel M. Jarvie 1, Julie Lefever 2, and Stephan H. Nordeng 3 Search and Discovery Article #51301 (2016)** Posted October 10, 2016 *Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG 2016 Annual Convention and Exhibition, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 19-22, 2016 **Datapages 2016 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly. 1 Worldwide Geochemistry/Energy Institute at TCU, Humble, Texas, United States (danjarvie@wwgeochem.com) 2 North Dakota Geological Survey, Bismarck, North Dakota, United States 3 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States Abstract Madison Group reservoirs have yielded hundreds of millions of barrels of oil since production began in the 1950s. Historically, these oils were thought to be sourced by the Bakken Shale. However, oil fingerprint including light hydrocarbons and biomarker data clearly show these oils not to be related to Bakken Shale source rocks except in special cases in US fields. However, mixing of Madison and Bakken Shale sourced oils in Canadian Williston Basin reservoirs is quite common as a result of lateral migration and trapping of both Madison and Bakken Shale sourced oils. Finally, there can also be differences in stratigraphic nomenclature particularly the Tilston Member of the Mission Canyon formation. The evidence for Madison Group source rocks starts with an inversion of produced oil chemistry that demonstrates the difference from Bakken Shale produced oils and rock extracts in all geochemical properties from bulk analysis (e.g., sulfur contents), light hydrocarbons, pristane/phytane ratios, and traditional extended biomarker data. Review of the depositional setting of various Madison Group intervals demonstrate the occurrence of hypersaline, evaporitic, and highly sulfidic settings. The presence of microbialites further amplifies available biomass for source rock development, although these may be part of the source story as well. The primary source rock for Madison Group reservoirs has been largely focused on the Lodgepole Formation, which has been documented as a source rock in both Canada and the USA. However, additional source rock intervals are found throughout the Madison Group from the Ratcliffe Member of the Charles Formation to various members of the Mission Canyon Formation. Identification of prospective Madison Group source rocks was initiated with a review of available cores as this is a conventionally produced carbonate reservoir. High TOC and hydrogen indices have been now recorded in various members of the Madison Group including the Lodgepole, Mission Canyon (at least three separate source intervals, and the Ratcliffe Member of the Charles Formation. Of 38 samples with greater than 1% TOC from 16 wells in North Dakota, restored TOC values range from 3-5 wt.%. Hydrogen indices range from about 300 to over 600 mg HC/g TOC. In order to confirm these rock units as effective source rocks, correlation to produced oils was accomplished verifying the Madison Group source potential.

2 Selected References Hendricks, M.L., 1988, Shallowing-Upward Cyclic Carbonate Reservoirs in the Lower Ratcliffe Interval (Mississippian), Williams and McKenzie Counties, North Dakota, in S.M. Goolsby and M.W. Longman, (eds.), Occurrence and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Reservoirs in the Rocky Mountain Region: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p Peterson, J.A., 1996, Williston Basin Province (031), in D.L. Gautier, G.L. Dolton, K.I. Takahashi, and K.L. Varnes (eds.), 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-30, Release 2, 1996.

3 Madison Group Source Rocks, Williston Basin, USA Daniel M. Jarvie, Worldwide Geochemistry/Energy Institute at TCU Julie Lefever, North Dakota Geological Survey Stephan H. Nordeng, University of North Dakota

4 Honoring 50 years of Les Magoon

5 Acknowledgements James A. Peterson Dick Inden Julie Lefever and Stephan Nordeng Lyn Canter and Dick Hill of Whiting Petroleum John Zumberge, Geomark Research Albert Maende, Wildcat Technologies Brian Jarvie, Geomark Research (Leco TOC, CC, and HAWK) Don Rocher et al., Geomark Research (GCMSMS) Paul Walker, Weatherford Labs (SARA, GCMS)

6 Content Background Results: Madison Group Source Rocks Basic data (TOC, Rock-Eval) Volumetric estimates Gas chromatographic fingerprinting Biomarker assessment Synopsis

7 Diagrammatic Illustration of Madison Group Richey Area A I i v --- 'T 0- ;:a o 0-0.It. A 0 Area A' +- M M-12 Charles M-9 +- M-8 let' Mission Canyon A I N-+- M-3 Lodgepole o OOLIllC Mally lhale of.. ALGAL + CRiNOIDAL Shale Salt/Anhydrite Peterson, 1996

8 Net thickness of marine dark shale and shaly carbonate interbeds of Madison Group Montana North Dakota South Dakota 50 miles Peterson, 1996

9 Hunt-1 NPRR Dawson Co., MT M-10 Richey shale Charles ft of gamma ray spikes Mission Canyon Lodgepole Peterson, 1996

10 Madison Production with location of Madison Group source rocks having > 2% TOC pd 8% 4% 14% 3% 4% 3% 5% 3% 2% 2% 2% 4% 3% 2% 3% 2% 4% 3% 4% 4%

11 WEST Madison Group Organic-Rich Intervals (excl. Lodgepole and False Bakken) EAST Core samples with greater than 1.0% TOC pd Modified from Hendricks, 1988

12 Carbonate vs Organic Carbon t_.-. '* +-' 80 ~ - c..c :I~ ~ ro ~ U ~ OJ 40.,. +-' ro c I c ~ ro U Total Organic Carbon (wt.%)

13 Present-day Values: S2 and TOC !::. Ratcliffe Member Ratcliffe <> ~ oc cr: o Flat Lake Member tlo -... Mission Canyon ""... u tlo Alexander Member I <> Lodgepole E "" E Berentson c t; False Bakken o Midale Member N SO.OO C ~ Q) o Rival Member ro ~ c.. o Bluell Member w ~ c ~ Sherwood Member Cl. 0 c... Tilston Member 0 0 '- "' Q) 8.00 <> o U. Lodgepole ~ w <> c!::. 0 c Q) w <0 <D ~ >.- <> tlo ro -c C !::. 0.!. c <> c , w '" 0 0 ~ ~ E 2.00 Cl. Q) ~ - cr: 00 '" '" 0>!:: S.OO ls.oo

14 Present-day Values: S2 and TOC Bakken Terpanes Ratcliffe Terpanes

15 Relative Hydrogen Content and Maturity Madison Group HI = o HI =350 o HI = %Roe o %Roe HI =50 0 Immature Blae Oif Volatife Condo Wet Gas D Gas Tmax(oC)

16 Bakken Shale and Bakken Shale sourced oils have relatively weak response among terpane biomarkers. Bakken oil maturity: 0.75 %Roe C19 to C35 biomarkers intact At modest levels of thermal maturity (ca. 1.0 %Ro) these biomarkers are cracked to lighter hydrocarbons and have a very weak response. Bakken oil maturity: 1.00 %Roe C19 to C35 biomarkers highly cracked to lighter hydrocarbons

17 Geochemical Logs 2% TOC line Well profile with ca. 130 m of Mission Canyon

18 Oil-1 Oil-2 Oil-3 Oil-4 Kerogen HAWK Retained Petroleum Assessment Method (PAM) Oil-1 Oil-2 Oil-3 Oil-4 Kerogen Maende and Weldon, 2016

19 Estimating Extent of Madison Group Organic Matter Conversion: organic matter kinetics, heating rate, and TR o - 100% ~ ~~~------; BP "A" Organofacies ~ - BP "B" Organofacies a:: 80% C o +-' 70% ro E ~ 60"/0 0 -III C 50"/0 ro ~ 40"/0 "'0 Q) +-' ro 30"/0 -- ::J U 20"/0 ro U 0 +-' ro a::: c 0 +-' ro... E.E VI C... ro I- "'C OJ +-' ro ::J u ro U 100% o-slow Heating Rate _Medium Heating Rate 70 ~ Fast Heating Rate 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 100% 90"/0 o 80"/0 TR = /(1+exp(-(Ro-.80oo)/.1252)) 0% -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Temperature (0C) Calcu lated Vitrinite Reflectance (cal.%ro) Vitrinite Reflectance or Equivalent

20 Restored Generation Potentials (S2) and TOC Values 100 o 520 = *TO( R2 = ro +-' C Q) +-' o a.. c o +-' ro... Q) c Q) <D "'0 Q)... o +-' VI Q) 0::: o o HIs = HIs = 200 HIs =50 _ Restored Toe (wt.%)

21 Individual Madison Source Rocks Generation Potentials at 0.85%Ro Kinex Model using A Organofacies 0.75 o C/ma Heating Rate 3.5% TOC, 600 HI, 50% TR 35 ft

22 C 7 hydrocarbons of Madison and Bakken oils and source rocks plus Red River oils all USA

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24 Biomarker HCA of Madison Source Rocks relative to Madison and Bakken Oils in RFDbase Most Bakken oils Midale source rocks U. Lodgepole source rocks Sherwood source rocks Tilston source rocks Rival source rocks Bluell source rocks Ratcliffe, Alexander, and Flat Lake source rocks Madison Source Rocks showing similarities to Bakken sources Madison-Madison(!)

25 Synopsis Oil-prone organic-rich (3-14%) are present in Madison (USA) Bulk volumetrics can readily account for produced oil (ca. 1 billion bo) from Madison reservoirs. Light hydrocarbons and biomarker data shows variability in organofacies among Madison source rocks and are distinctly different from Bakken Shale sources There are Bakken-sourced Madison reservoirs (e.g., Lodgepole mound oils) It is not obvious from these results (to me) whether there is mixing of Bakken and Madison oils but mixing is certainly obvious in the Canadian Williston Basin.

26 Thank you! Questions?