Geophysical constraints on geodynamic processes at convergent margins: A global perspective
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1 Geophysical constraints on geodynamic processes at convergent margins: A global perspective Gondwana Research, 2015 Irina Artemieva Hans Thybo Alexey Shulgin Univ. Copenhagen, Denmark Univ. Copenhagen, Denmark CEED, Univ. Oslo, Norway
2 Three types of convergent margins O-O C-O C-C Incoming Oceanic Overriding Continental
3 Three types of convergent margins
4 What happens at convergent margins and what are the controls? INPUT : Structure of incoming plate (crust: Moho, seds, topography, mantle: water, LAB, temperature -> age for ocean plates ) Structure of overriding plate (LAB, temperature, ) Convergence rate
5 What happens at convergent margins and what are the controls? OUTPUT : Subduction angle may vary with depth Roll-back -> back-arc basins Seismicity Magnitude Depth distribution Volcanism
6 What happens at convergent margins and what are the controls? OBSERVABLES: Gravity (FA & B) Heat flow Seismic Vp, Vs, Q Seismicity & volcanism
7 Gravity Free Air Globally proximity to isostasy No local isostasy at convergent margins Extreme contrast in grad FA Bouguer
8 Interpolation Heat flow Point data No systematic patterns are recognized in heat flow data due to strong heterogeneity of measured values, which are strongly affected by hydrothermal circulation, magmatic activity, crustal faulting, horizontal heat transfer, and also due to low number of heat flow measurements across many margins. Data coverage
9 Vs in the mantle 75 km 125 km 175 km Low upper mantle Vs seismic velocities beneath the convergent margins are restricted to the upper 150 km and may be related to mantle wedge melting which is confined to shallow mantle levels Model of Schaeffer and Lebedev, 2013
10 Locations of profiles
11 Marianna Sandwich New Zeal. N New Caled. Topography Free Air Bouguer Seismicity, M>4.0 Heat flow Vs@75, 125, 175 km
12 Alaska Central Am. Andes N Andes C Andes S
13 Gibraltar Hellenic arc W. N. Am. Tibet-Himalayas
14 Convergence rate & Age of ocean floor Convergence rate is small for C-C Age of the ocean floor based on Mueller et al., Rates based on themorvel plate velocity model, DeMets et al., 2010
15 Convergence rate Is larger when overriding plate is oceanic O-O: Broad range uniform distribution C-O: Broad range Two peaks at ca. 45 and 75 mm/y C-C: Small values Two peaks: sharp at ca. 5 mm/y and broad at mm/y
16 Subduction angle Mariana Type Chilean Type
17 Subduction angle: sub-moho vs age of incoming plate O-O: Depends on the age of incoming plate (smaller for older plates) C-O: No correlation O-O: Marianna Sandwich New Zeal. N New Caled.
18 Subduction angle: sub-moho vs convergence rate O-O: Depends on convergence rate (higher for higher rates) C-O: Similar trend with weak correlation Marianna and Chile belong to different types (O-O and C-O) -> comparing apples and pears? Steeply dipping slabs are characteristic: of young oceanic subducting plates; of oceanic plates with high convergence rate, with slab rotation towards a nearvertical dip angle at depths below ca. 500 km at very high convergence rate.
19 Subduction angle: below 200 km vs convergence rate O-O: Depends on convergence rate (higher for higher rates) C-O: No correlation
20 Subduction angle: below Moho and >200 km O-O: Dip angles for sub- Moho and deep portions are different, but correlated C-O: No correlation
21 Seismicity: Magnitude Lower M for C-C
22 Seismicity: Depth Shallow for C-C
23 Seismicity vs Depth M>8 occur only when the overriding plate is oceanic All <200 km Gap at km
24 Seismicity vs Depth
25 Seismicity vs Depth
26 Seismicity vs Depth
27 Conclusions 1. Systematic patterns across subduction zones: Exist for Free Air and Bouguer; Do not exist for heat flow and Vs in global models -> large variability and individuality of subd. Zones 2. Subduction angle correlates only for O-O subd.: Sub-Moho: smaller for older plates; higher for higher conv. rates; Below 200 km: weakly correlates with sub-moho dip; higher for higher conv. rates 3. Seismicity Gap at ca km at C-O margins
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