JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: , Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016

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1 DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN MYSURU DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA USING GEOINFORMATICS TECHNIQUE VAHID SHARIFI 1 SRIKANTASWAMY. S 1 MANJUNATHA M.C 2 BASAVARAJAPPA H.T 2 1 Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT Water is one of the main natural resources that essential for human s daily life, domestic, industrial and other various fields. This needs periodic assessing and monitoring for its sustainability. Mapping and integration of lithology, geomorphology, drainage, lineament, soil, slope, land use/land cover and other related features had carried out in Southern tip of Karnataka State using GIS techniques in assessing the groundwater prospect zones. The present study aims to predict the good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater prospects zones using water level measured in available dug/bore wells of the study area collected during the year Each lithological units and geomorphological landforms are mapped during limited field visits and digitized using Visual Image Interpretation (VIIT) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) on Satellite Remote Sensing data through GIS s software. The final results highlight the potentiality of GIS application in mapping of groundwater prospect zones and its periodic monitoring and exploration in Southern tip of Karnataka State. KEYWORDS: Groundwater Prospect Zones; Mysuru District; Geoinformatics. 1. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is one of the most vital natural resources and the largest available source of fresh water (Neelakantan and Yuvaraj., 2012; Kumar., 2013). Over exploitation and large withdrawal of groundwater resources imposes stress on groundwater regime distorting the aquifer recharge-withdrawal equilibrium and majorly affecting the ecological imbalance (Garg, 1976). The groundwater prospecting especially in hard rock terrains requires thorough understanding of geology, geomorphology and lineaments of an area, which are directly controlled by the terrain characteristics such as weathering grade, fracture extent, permeability, slope, drainage pattern, landforms, land use/land cover and climate (Lokesha et 315

2 al., 2005). Geomorphology controls the subsurface movement of groundwater resources at many locations and this can be utilized for management of groundwater resources (Valliammai et al., 2013). Lithology affects the groundwater recharge by controlling the percolation of water flow in the study area (El-Baz and Himida., 1995). Geoinformatics technique has emerged as a powerful tool for better delineation of groundwater prospect zones using subsurface water level and correlation by integrating the multi thematic layers of the study area (Carver., 1991; Goyal, et al., 1999). 2. STUDY AREA The study area lies in between to N latitudes and to E longitudes covering an area of Km 2 in Southern tip of Karnataka. The district is divided into seven taluks namely Mysuru, Hunasuru, Krishna Raja Nagara, Piriyapatna, Heggadadevana Kote, Nanjanagudu and Thirumalakudalu Narsipura (Fig.1). The general elevation in the district ranges from m above MSL except for the denudational hills and ridges. Average annual rainfall is 776 mm (2012) and temperature ranges from 18 0 to 38 0 C. The climate is semi-arid and undulating plains, valleys and hillocks in the area represent the topography. Relative humidity ranges from 21 to 84% while wind speed ranges from 7.9 (during October) to 14.1 Kmph (during July). Annual potential evapo-transpiration is mm (CGWB., 2012). FFig.1. Location map of the study area 316

3 Fig.2. Observation Well points map of the study area 3. Materials and Methods i. Collection of Groundwater level data: Subsurface water level data has been collected as secondary data (Zilla Panchayat, Mysuru) for the year ii. Satellite data: Landsat-8; ASTER G-DEM and Google Earth Image. iii. Thematic maps: Single theme maps have been generated such as Google Earth map, Observation well point, Lithology, Geomorphology, Drainage, Lineament, Soil, Slope, Land use/land cover, Integration and final Groundwater prospect map (2014). iv. GIS software: ArcGIS v10.2 and PCI Geomatica v2012. v. GPS: Limited Ground Truth Check (GTC) has been carried out using a handheld GPS (Garmin 12) to check the conditions of drainage, lineament, soil, slope categories and land use/land cover patterns. Fig.3. Landsat-8 Image of the study area 317

4 Fig.4. Google Earth Image of the Study Area 4. Results and Discussion 4.a Lithology: Geologically, the district is mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age either exposed at the surface or covered with a thin mantle of residual and transported soils. The rock formation in the district falls into two groups, charnockite series, granite gneiss and gneissic complex (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Pegmatite veins and dolerite dykes are common intrusive in the study area. The low-lying areas are covered by a thick mantle of fertile soil, while, the elevated portions and hills are capped by laterite (CGWB., 2009). Chamundi granite is one of the batholiths observed within the city limits of Mysuru (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Dolerites are in large numbers to the west of Hunsur and Gundlupet taluks. The Sargur schist belt in H. D. Kote taluk extends from Sargur to Mysore city for about 40 km (Basavarajappa et al., 2012) comprising the complex series of meta sediments and basic igneous rocks. 318

5 Fig.5. lithology map of the study area 4.b Physiography Mullur betta noticed with an elevation of 3150 m above MSL falls in the area. Hekkan betta (3732 m) of the Naganpur Reserved Forest; Shigebetta (3724 m) of the Ainurmarigudi Reserved Forest and Jainbaribetta (3231m) of the Bedrampadi reserved forest mark the water divide making the southern boundary of H.D Kote taluk (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2012). The South Western parts of the district falls under semi-malnad category with elevation ranging from 2,200 to 3,150 m above MSL, where as the general elevation of uplands is noticed as m. 4.c Geomorphology Geomorphological process is generally complex and reflect interrelationship among the variables such as climate, geology, soil and vegetation (Buol., 1973). Geomorphologically, the district is classified as denudational uplands covering upto 85 to 90% of an area; while the next important geomorphological unit is noticed as older flood plains mainly observed in H.D Kote and parts of Mysore taluks. The third important units are the ridges and valleys which are mainly restricted to Nanjangud, H.D Kote and North Western parts of Mysore taluks. Flat valleys are not very common except for isolated appearances. However, the H.D Kote taluk in the southern parts of the district has higher elevation ranging from m above MSL (Pushpavathi., 2011). 319

6 Fig.6. Geomorphology map of the study area 4.d Drainage: The drainage pattern of the study area was digitized using ASTER GDEM of 30m resolution; each tanks, ponds, streams, lakes and rivers were identified and digitized. Identification of stream pattern studies help in interpreting many geological features (Basavarajappa et al., 2012) in water resources management and groundwater studies (Anil Kumar Misra., 2011). Drainage pattern refers to spatial relationship among streams or rivers, which may be influenced in their erosion by inequalities of slope, soils, rock resistance, structure and geological history of a region. Fig.7. Drainage map of the study area The study area is endowed with five perennial rivers namely East flowing Cauvery, Kabini, Nugu, Gundal and Lakshmanthirtha draining major part within the district 320

7 (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2009). The main Cauvery River flows from west to east in the northern parts of the district till its confluence Kabini River at T.Narsipura taluk. Drainage pattern is dendritic to sub-dendritic controlled by fractures, joints & lineaments parallel to sub-parallel drainage pattern is also developed at few places (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2009). 4.e Lineament: A lineament is a linear feature of structural, lithological, vegetation, drainage anomalies which represents the underlying geological structure (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). In hard rock terrain; lineaments & fractures act as master conduits in occurrence, movement and storage of groundwater (Ramasamy, et al., 2005, Subash Chandra et al., 2010). The study area is traversed by 3 sets of joints-trending in N-S, NE-SW and E-W direction. There are 4 sets of lineaments in the study area trending in NNE-SSW, NNW-SSE, NE-SW & E-W (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013; CGWB., 2009). A large part of Talakadu is covered by sand dunes in the river bank due to fault running through the river Cauvery (Valdiya, 2008). Fig.8. lineament map of the study area 4.f Soil: Soil is the essential unit in controlling the infiltration of rainwater and surface flow patterns (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). The soil types of the district are grouped into three viz., the red sandy soils, red loamy soils and deep black soils. Almost entire district is covered by red sandy soil except for small parts of T.Narsipura taluk with a ph of neutral-7 measuring a 321

8 thickness of 6m (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). The red soils are shallow to deep well drained and do not contain lime nodules. North Eastern parts of T.Narsipura taluk comprises of red loamy soil which is less permeable than sandy soil. It shows good moisture holding capacity and fertile measuring a thickness of 16m (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Deep Black soils are dark brown, dark greyish brown to very dark grey or black in colour noticed in South Western parts of T.Narsipura taluk (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). The texture is usually clayey throughout the profile, fertile and produces good yields. The black soils are 1 to 1.5 m in thickness with good water holding capacity for a longer time (CGWB., 2009). Fig.9. Soil map of the study area 4.g Slope: Slope is the loss or gain in altitude per unit horizontal distance in a direction depending upon lithology, climate, meteorological parameter, runoff, vegetation, geological structure and the process of denudation that can estimate run-off and erosion (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Steep slopes acts as a high runoff zone whereas gentle slope encourage more infiltration and groundwater recharge (CGWB, 2009). Slope is an essential aspect for surface water flow, has a bearing over the infiltration possibilities. Fig.10. Slope map of the study area 322

9 The slope aspect information has been derived from SoI top maps on 1:50,000 scale (20 m contour interval) using guidelines on slope categories (AIS & LUS., 1990). The slope of the study area is classified into 7 classes viz., nearly level (0-1%); very gently sloping (1-3%); gently sloping (3-5%); moderately sloping (5-10%); strongly sloping (10-15%); moderately steep to steep sloping (15-35%) and steep slopes (>35%). Table.1. Slope categories in the study area Sl No Slope Category Slope percentage Area (Km 2 ) Percentage (%) 1. Nearly level 0-1 2, Very gently sloping 1-3 2, Gently sloping 3-5 1, Moderately sloping Strongly sloping Moderately steep to steep sloping Very steep sloping > Total 6, TGA 6, h Land use / land cover: Earth's Land Use/Land Cover (LC/LU) classification provides information particularly in mapping and monitoring of natural resources (Dinakar., 2005). LU/LC plays an important role in facilitating natural groundwater recharge to the aquifers (Anirudh, 2013; Sidhu and Rishi, 2014). Land use systems need thorough systematic management to maintain food security, to minimize deforestation, conservation of biological diversity and to protect the natural resources. It is necessary to enhance human occupation to the changing social, economic and natural environmental conditions (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). LU/LC patterns of the study area had been divided into seven classes such as agricultural land; built-up land; forest; wastelands; water bodies and others. Fig.11. Land Use/ Land Cover map of the study area 323

10 Agricultural lands the land primarily used for farming, production of food, fiber, other commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under different seasonal crops (irrigated and unirrigated), fallow, agricultural plantations, etc covering an area of 4, Km 2. Builtup lands are the man-made constructions due to non-agricultural use including buildings, transportation network, communication, industrial, commercial complexes, utilities and services in association with water, vegetation & vacant lands (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). This category covers an area of about Km 2. Forest is an area (within the notified forest boundary) bearing an association predominantly of trees, other vegetation types capable of producing timer and other forest products (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Satellite data has become useful tool in mapping the different forest types and density classes with reliable accuracy through visual as well as digital techniques (Sudhakar et al., 1992). Ever green/semi evergreen, deciduous, degraded & forest plantations had digitized in the study area covering an area of 1, Km 2. Many industrial, mining and salt affected areas had demarcated as Wastelands using Satellite image covering an area of Km 2. Water bodies includes 5 major perennial rivers, streams, canals, lakes, tanks and K.R.Reservoir was digitized using SoI toposheets of 1:50,000 scale covering an area of Km 2 (CGWB., 2009). Others includes mainly wetlands, aquaculture pond, dense and open grassland/ grazing land, habitation with vegetation, tree groves and salt pans covering an area of Km 2 (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). 5. Integration Each thematic map such as lithology, geomorphology, drainage, soil, slope, land use/ land cover layers are integrated one above the other each time to generate final output map by providing certain weightage for each layer (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; NRSA., 2000). The integrated map was generated to match/ compare with subsurface water level in the study area. Each of the thematic maps is assigned a weightage grades and ranking from 1 to 4, [1- represents Excellent; 2-Good; 3- Moderate; 4-poor groundwater prospects] (Manjunatha and Basavarajappa., 2015). Excellent groundwater prospect zones are noticed in the alluvium along the stream courses and weathered zones of granites & gneisses observed in parts of Piriyapatna, K.R.Nagar, Nanjungud and H.D.Kote taluks; whereas poor prospect zones are observed in jointed and fractured granites, gneisses and charnockites noticed in parts of Mysuru and Hunasuru taluks (CGWB., 2009). 324

11 Fig.12. Integration map of the study area Table.2. Average Annual Subsurface Water Level data in meters (2014) Sl No Observation Well points Latitude Longitude Sub surface Water level (m) Heggada Devana Kote taluk 1. Chikkeriyur Saragur Mullur Antharasanthe Bheemanahalli Doddabyranakuppe Devalapura Gangadahosahalli Heggadadevanakote Hampapura Hunasuru taluk 11. Koyamathur Colony Kamagowdanahalli Gavadagere Hunsur Kattemalalavadi Chilkunda Somanahalli Krishna Raja Nagara taluk 18. Bherya Bommenahalli Haradanahalli Krishnarajanagar Malali Chunchanakatte Thandre Mysuru taluk 25. Devalapura Kadakola Keelanapura Siddalingapura Bhogadi Alanahalli Elwala hebbal Nanjanagudu taluk 33. Hullahalli

12 34. Nanjangud Thagadur Debur Sindhuvallipura Hanumanapura Hura Kothanahalli Piriyapatna taluk 41. Kanagala Kithoor Doddanerale Kundanahalli Panchavalli Piriyapatna Tirumalakudu Narasipura taluk 47. Bannahallihundi Bannur Hemmige Thiramakudlu Narasipur Thuruganuru Mugur Boodahalli Source: Zilla Panchayath, Mysuru Fig.13. Final Groundwater Prospects map of the study area 6. Conclusion Groundwater potential zones are controlled by various factors and the given weightages of each factor differs from place to place. Occurrence and yield of groundwater are noticed to be more controlled by geology, geomorphology and structural set-up of the study area. The final output reveals four groundwater prospect zones based on the subsurface water level data and weightages assigned to each thematic layers using ArcGIS v10. Excellent groundwater prospect zones are noticed in and along the major river Cauvery & 326

13 Kabini basins; good prospect zones are noticed adjacent to the major sub-rivers basins of Nugu, Gundal and Lakshmanthirtha; moderate prospect zones occupies the weathered & fractured zones of granites and gneisses whereas poor prospect zones occupies small isolated patches in southern parts of Mysore. Due to rapid increase in population; the groundwater is over exploited especially in City centers and by farmers for agricultural activities than its replenished. Encouraging the construction of check dams and Artificial Recharge Structures (ARS) are the better option to store water during extreme summer seasons. Acknowledgements The authors are indepthly acknowledged to Zilla Panchayath, Mysuru district; Survey of India (SoI), Bengaluru; CGWB, Bengaluru and Bhuvan, NRSC-ISRO, Hyderabad. References 1. AIS & LUS (1990). Watershed atlas of India, department of Agriculture and co-operation. All India soil and land use survey, IARI campus, New Delhi, 2. Anil Kumar Misra., (2011). Impact of urbanization on the Hydrology of Ganga Basin (India), Water Resources Management, Vol.25, Issue.2, Pp: Anirudh B (2013). Remote Sensing & Geographical Information Systems based study for groundwater prospecting in hard rock terrain, International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience Vol.2, Issue.1, Pp: Basavarajappa H.T, Pushpavathi K.N, Balasubramanian A and Manjunatha M.C (2012). Mapping and Integration of Geology and Geomorphological Landforms of Mysore district, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques; Frontiers of Geosciences, Edited Vol.1, No.1, Pp Buol S.W, Hole F.D and McCracken R.J., (1973). Soil Genesis and Classification (Iowa State University Press, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi). 6. Carver S., (1991). Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with Geographic Information Systems; International Journal of Geographical Information science, Vol.5, Pp: Central Ground Water Board (2009). Groundwater Information Booklet, Mysore district, Karnataka State, South Western region, Bangalore, Pp: Central Ground Water Board (2012). Groundwater Information Booklet, Mysore district, Karnataka State, South Western region, Bangalore, Pp: Dinakar S., (2005). Geological, Geomorphological and Landuse/cover studies using Remote Sensing and GIS around Kollegal Shear Zone, South India. unpub. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. of Mysore. PP:1-191., 10. El-Baz F and Himida I., (1995). Groundwater potential of the Sinai Peninsula; Egypt, Project Summery, AID, Cairo. 11. Garg S.K., (1976). Irrigation Engineering and hydraulic Structures, Khanna publishers Z-B, Nath Market, Nai Sarak, Delhi , 12. Goyal S, Bhardwaj RS, Jugran DK., (1999). Multicriteria analysis using GIS for groundwater resources evaluation in Rawasen and Pili watershed, U.P. Proc. Map India 99, New Delhi, India. 13. Kumar C.P., (2013). Assessment and strategies for development potential of deeper confined aquifers in India; Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, Vol.1, Issue Lokesha, N., Gopalakrishna, G.S., Honne Gowda, H., Gupta, A.K., (2005). Delineation of groundwater potential zones in a hard rock terrain of Mysore district, Karnataka using IRS data and GIS techniques. Journal Indian Society of Remote Sensing., Vol.33(3), PP: , 15. Manjunatha and Basavarajappa H.T (2015). Spatial data integration of Lithology, Geomorphology and its impact on groundwater prospect zones in Precambrian Terrain of Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India using Geomatics application, Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management, Vol.2, Issue.8, Pp: Neelakantan R and Yuvaraj S., (2012). Evaluation of groundwater using geospatial data A case study from Salem taluk, Tamil Nadu, India; International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience, Vo.1, Issue.2, Pp:

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