DOUBLE DUTCH. truth and tale on historical references used by nature developers in the Dutch wetland areas. Chris de Bont historical geographer at
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1 DOUBLE DUTCH truth and tale on historical references used by nature developers in the Dutch wetland areas Chris de Bont historical geographer at Wageningen University
2 1 introduction
3 1357 Natio Anglica Natio Picardia Meuse river
4 north redrawn detail of the so-called Parisian map
5 north redrawn detail of the so-called Parisian map
6 the catastrophe on St. Elizabeths-day 1421: the grave of more than people? (16th century dyptich Rijksmuseum Amsterdam)
7 detail Parisian map area flooded areas in 1421
8 2 some questions
9 what is the relation between the old maps of the wetland areas and the historical geography of these areas? map surroundings of Amsterdam (reconstruction) th
10 map Amsterdam, 16 th century or, to be more precise: to what extend reflect old maps the history of reclamation, habitation and historical water management?..are nature developers dealing with this old map nformation while changing the cultural landscape?
11 where in the Netherlands the wetlands are situated map Amsterdam, 16 th century
12 map Amsterdam, 16 th century how they differ in historical geography
13 and what kind of relics are being preserved into the present-day landscape, taking into account the sometimes enormous landscape dynamics in the wetland areas during the last thousand years map Amsterdam, mid-20 th century
14 landscape dynamics are to be determinated from historical maps and... how these images influenced ideas on nature development map Amsterdam, mid-20 th century
15 3 wetlands in the Netherlands from an historical geographic point of view
16 Dutch historical geographic GIS Histland
17 The Dutch historical geographic GIS Histland gives, among other information: on different scales an indication of the history of topographical structures and relics in the present-day landscape
18 ar ydrologic situation before the first reclamations started
19 back swamp and levee reclamations ar mediaeval peat reclamations peat colonies older mars polders recent mars polder drained lakes (in Dutch: droogmakerij middle ages ydrologic situation before the first reclamations started
20 land periodically flooded by the sea if there had been no sea- or river dikes
21 GIS Histland
22 increasing sea influence from the north-west during the centuries heavily changed an original, very regular peat reclamation structure
23 soil map Alterra
24 4 struggle against the sea...
25 GIS Histland
26 1250 A.D.: defensive embankment activities
27 detail Parisian map area flooded areas in 1421
28 1600 A.D.: defensive and offensive embankment activities
29 ? map from 1560 A.D.
30 water instead of land, end of the 16 th century
31 South polder new land: offensive embankment activities, beginning of the 17 th century
32 South polder mid-17 th century
33 South South polder polder end end-17 th century
34 South polder present-day situation
35 dike breach in the late 18 th century
36 and people and their livestock found all kind of save havens
37
38 1953
39 people had to be evacuated from the central river area, within one day
40 map early 18 th century
41 time defensive dike systems
42 etching 17 th century
43 the sea dikes were perforated by a tiny shellfish: the pile-worm etching 17 th century
44 the gunpowder-holes used for breaking the boulder stone are still
45 many tons of boulders were imported
46 old-fashioned sea dike newly built sea dike etching mid-18 th century
47 1953-flooding
48 ...the northern older marspolders,, with their typical dwelling mounds...
49 5 the central river area
50
51 central river area in The Netherlands
52 river dynamics between 12th - 20th century
53
54 first dikes
55
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57 closed (circular) river dike system
58 oldest settlements iver basin sandy levee river sandy levee before 12-13th century
59 dike dike from 12-13th century onwards
60 dike dike
61 breach dike dike
62 river RAF-photo 1944 dike breach - sediment dike
63 Romanesque church near the dike
64 river Romanesque church near the dike
65 some centuries ago excavated nearby
66 regularize and rectificate the main course of the rivers within 60 years, as a result of clever groin management, the river has deepened and inland waterway shipping was possible now
67 6 mediaeval peat reclamations
68 mediaval peat reclamations
69 mediaval peat reclamations
70 mediaval peat reclamations
71 map TMK 1850
72 The Netherlands around 800 A.D.
73
74
75 1 2 shifting occupation axes
76 ...wooden farmhouses...
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78
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83
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85 relocated lineair villages (peat dome) map TMK 1850
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91 early 18 th century map...the sketched developments are visible...
92 mid-19 th century map
93 recent topographical map
94 present-day situation
95
96
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98 odern topographical map odern topographical map m m or or 1 1 furlong furlong
99
100
101 6 ongoing change
102 The Netherlands around 800 A.D.
103 Mediaeval peat reclamations GIS Histland
104
105 the horizontally and vertically striped areas in this GIS Histland map make the landscape dynamics in the mediaeval peat reclamation areas visible Histland map
106 Histland map I will give an idea of the more specific changes in the original mediaeval topographical structure and the physical forces which initiated them
107
108 mixed farming
109
110
111
112
113 800 A.D. Geldern Valley for more specific landscape dynamics in the Dutch peat reclamation areas we must go more into detail, in, for example the Geldern Valley, where peat had grown between two ice-pushed ridges
114 map TMK 1850
115 map TMK 1850
116 map TMK 1850
117 7 dredge, drain, and reclaim
118
119 the principle of the voorboezem or preliminary storage area
120 the first drainage by wind powered water mills near Delft village around 1440 AD
121 drainage by wind powered water mills near Delft village around 1550 AD
122 wind powered windmills in Delfland in 1611 projected on the 1713 map of the De Kruik, or Cruiqius brothers
123 the so-called baggerbeugel, with which peat could be dredged below groundwater level
124 dredged peatland, now water 17 th century map
125 1950-situation
126 drained and reclaimed lakes map GIS Histland
127
128 situation mid-19 th century
129 situation 10 years later
130 the Dutch abroad
131 8 land consolidation
132 land consolidation adage: use all available techniques
133 ...parcellation structure of a late mediaeval peat- dome reclamation.. map TMK 1850
134 ...parcellation structure after a land consolidation project had been carried out recent map
135 parcellation structure of the original late mediaeval peat ridge reclamation map TMK 1850
136 recent map parcellation structure after a very radical land consolidation project
137 map: 17 th century
138 land consolidation and reallotment schemes The Netherlands Belgium
139 medieval peat reclamation area - 1,5 m drained and 19th century reclaimed fortress lake -44 m new nature area -11 m inland peat dikes - 0,5 m al these phenomenon combined in one picture
140 9 developing nature the double Dutch way
141 Rhine, and it s branches Scheldt Meuse
142
143 ...a blissful moment in the past...
144 1995 they should have known better...
145
146 th
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159 ...truth and tale on historical references used by nature developers in the Dutch wetlands, as well as in the wetlands troughout Europe
160 10 towards the end...
161 north redrawn detail of the so-called Parisian map
162 ...topographical map
163 ...combined with a modern satelite map of altitudes...
164 ...early mediaeval branche of the river Meuse
165
166 thank you very much for your patience and kind attention
167
168 and this is wat is left over from the once mighty river Meuse,, not even 1 kilometer was saved during the enormous changes caused by the land consolidation in the 1970-ties
169 door de dijkdoorbraak van de Kethelpolder in 1903
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The maps in this resource can be freely modified and reproduced in the classroom only.
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