The Southeastern and Northeastern Beaufort Sea Marine Observatories
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1 The Southeastern and Northeastern Beaufort Sea Marine Observatories ArcticNet and IMG-Golder Alexandre Forest, Ph.D. Oceanographer, Golder Associates Ltd. BREA Meeting 2015, Inuvik, NWT February 2015
2 The Southeastern and Northeastern Beaufort Sea Marine Observatories Major goal: Collect multi-year and continuous data on ocean circulation, sea ice and biogeochemical fluxes at the local and regional scale to help decision makers, regulators and stakeholders address potential issues related to development in the Beaufort Sea. Objectives: Maintain and extend existing time-series in and around O&G leases and fill important data gaps in the Beaufort Sea; Quantify the along-shelf and across-shelf variability in ocean circulation and related water mass assemblage and properties; Quantify the annual movement and thickness distribution of sea-ice, with a special emphasis on heavy, thick multi-year ice; Quantify the seasonal and annual variability of particulate matter fluxes at the shelf edge and over the mid-slope. Approach: Deployment of moored oceanographic observatories equipped with state-of-theart instruments at three key locations: (1) Mackenzie Trough, (2) Central shelf/slope at EL-476 and EL-477, and (3) Northwest of Banks Island.
3 Southern and Northeastern Beaufort Sea Observatory BR-A, BR-B and BR-G: since 2009, legacy of ArcticNet-Industry partnership (in EL-476 and EL-477) BR-2 and BR-1: added in 2011 and 2012 BR-3, BR-4 and BR-K: added in 2014
4 BREA mooring instrumentation and data collection Taut-line mooring Ice draft and motion profilers Releases and current-meters Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) Salinity, temperature loggers Sediment traps Laser Particlesize analyzer
5 Community engagement and consultation Involvement of Inuvialuit as Marine Wildlife Observers and Field Assistants during expeditions onboard the CCGS Amundsen in 2011, 2013 and 2014 Gather baseline data on the occurrence of marine wildlife in the Beaufort Sea Skill- providing opportunity and employment through Inuvialuit- owned IMG-Golder Corporation supported by ArcticNet funding
6 ArcticNet - IMG-Golder MWO Program IMG-Golder: Inuvialuit environmental consulting company, jointly owned by Inuvialuit business partners (majority shareholders) and Golder (approximately 100 employees since 2001) Since 2009, 12 MWOs were trained and 8 where employed on different surveys in the Beaufort Sea, including through substantial funding from the ArcticNet and BREA programs Cruise operations carried out on the CCGS Amundsen were focused on marine mammal and seabird sightings according to standard industry protocols
7 Milestones: Fieldwork (Moorings & Wildlife Observations) and Communications 2009 to 2011 ArcticNet- Industry Partnership with IOL & BP Joint Venture Deployment of 4 moorings 9/24/2011 MWO program (44 marine mammals, >3500 birds) 10/1/2011 Recovery of 4 moorings and deployment of 5 moorings 10/5/2012 MWO program (23 marine mammals, 64 birds) 9/9/2013 Recovery of 5 moorings 10/17/2013 MWO program (>100 marine mammals, >1500 birds) 9/9/2014 Deployment of 6 moorings 9/9/2014 Recovery of 6 moorings 1/9/2015 integrated Beaufort Observatory (ibo) 2011 Sep Sep Sep Sep Amundsen Expedition 9/7/ /1/2011 Today Laurier Expedition 9/18/ /5/2012 Amundsen/Laurier Expeditions 9/6/ /17/2013 Amundsen Expedition Amundsen/Laurier Expeditions IPY Montreal Conference /22/2012-4/27/2012 8/14/2014-9/9/2014 8/20/2015-9/5/2015 Joint US-Canada Arctic O&G Forum /13/ /15/2012 ArcticNet Science Meeting 2012 & 2013 ArcticNet-Industry/BREA Workshop 2014 Arctic Change Conference /10/ /13/ /9/ /13/2013 2/3/2014-2/5/ /8/ /13/2014 CMOS-AMS Meeting /5/2015-3/6/2015 Publication in Continental Shelf Research 07/01/2015
8 Salient results from BREA observatory, with a focus on
9 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) Mean ocean circulation at BREA mooring pairs over West-East West-East West-East West-East West-East All speed units in cm/s Offshore, upper ~200-m influenced by westward Beaufort Gyre Boundary current below 300-m (Atlantic waters) Northeastward shelfbreak jet on the upper slope within the ~70 to 140 m interval depth
10 Short-term variability, flow reversals and current surges (examples) BR-2 (Mackenzie Trough) m BR-G (EL-477 offshore) m Net flow: northeast Marked reversals in the fall 2012 Variability (eddies and shear) Pulse displacement of ~500-km to the northeast over March 2013 (shelf-break jet pattern) Net flow: west-southwest Long-loop reversal in the fall 2012 Smoother (less shear and variability) Pulse displacement of ~300-km to the southwest over March 2013 (Beaufort Gyre pattern)
11 Easterly wind component (m/s) Ice concentration (%) Ice and wind conditions over Ice concentration (%) Large ice fracture in Feb-March 2013 Easterly wind component (m/s) Upwelling Wind from East Downwelling Wind from West
12 Evidence for large-scale upwelling at the shelf edge in winter 2013 Stronger in Mackenzie Canyon; peaks in late Dec, mid-jan and mid-march Salinity BR-2 (Mackenzie Trough) BR-B (Shelf edge EL-476)
13 Near-bottom processes at the edge of the Mackenzie Canyon (BR-2) Current surges in the shelf-break jet as a result of wind and/or ice motion exceed erosion thresholds and result in suspended sediment transport at the shelf edge In winter 2013, such events were driven by a sustained upwelling regime; a similar event occurred in September 2012 when the Beaufort Sea was ice free Bottom current speed (cm/s) Suspended sediment estimates from ADCP backscatter (g/m 3 ) Turbidity (NTU) Large resuspension event around 8 March 2013 in parallel with ice fracture and upwelling event No data
14 4-year time series ( ) of particulate matter fluxes over the slope at (BR-A m depth - EL-460 ) Rich and Integrated dataset: illustrates strong inter-annual variability and coupling between meteorological & oceanographic forcings and sediment transport % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Mass flux (mg DW m-2 d-1) %POC in mass flux
15 Conclusions Community relevance: Engagement, seasonal employment, training and technical skills. Industry relevance: Impact of storms and ice thickness and motion on ocean circulation and sediment mobilization (structure design); Frequency and intensity of upwelling-downwelling events, mesoscale eddy activity (oil spill trajectory); Calibration and validation of atmosphere-ice-ocean coupled models and marine forecasts (operations at sea). Scientific relevance: System wide perspective; continuous time series and into ibo; Rich and illustrative dataset revealing strong spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability of oceanographic processes; Evidence for tight coupling between atmospheric, sea ice and ocean processes including sediment transport and biogeochemical fluxes.
16 S/NE Beaufort Observatory dataset, status and data availability All BREA mooring data will be uploaded to the PDC by the end of February 2015 Fully QA/QC ed, available in Text and Matlab format with complete meta-data For more information, contact:
17 Special thanks to the ArcticNet & IMG-Golder BREA Team: Martin Fortier, Keith Lévesque, Louis Fortier, Makoto Sampei, Luc Michaud, Shawn Meredyk, Malcolm Lowings, Phil Osborne, Julia Krizan, Greg Curtiss, Morgan Tidd, Katelyn Zoterberg, Michelle Stacey, Traci Sanderson, James Elias, Roger Memorana, Darcy Warner,
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