PREPARATION OF LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN MINING AREA: A MODEL STUDY

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_079 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PREPARATION OF LAND USE/LAND COVER MAP FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN MINING AREA: A MODEL STUDY SS.Asadi Associate Dean Academics & Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena B.Tech Students, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT: Mineral are required for to meet the demand of country in this process land use patterns is changing due mining activity. This present study area is existing land use patterns for mining site Core zone is the actual mining activity takes place and the buffer zone is the surrounding area of 10Km radius from core zone periphery. Hybrid digital classification technique is leveraged for the study this technique gives unambiguous visual interpretation and supervised classification mixed with recoding practice. Core zone mapping has done with state of the art satellite data. On screen digitization has carried out using Satellite data with the help of drawing files prepared by survey for collected field data. Supervised digital classification is performed on satellite data and recoded each class separately with the output of on screen digitized and Identified potential classes of land use patterns in the core zone area. Key words: Core zone, Digital classification, Land use Classification, Environmental status. Cite this Article: SS.Asadi, M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena, Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION: Coal mines has been a major source of supplying coal as fuel in generating thermal power. Considering the possible impact so fits operational The mining activity bring sin changes in land cover pattern due to various factors. The land clearance for coal mining, coal transport editor@iaeme.com

2 SS.Asadi, M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena system, changes in vegetation, reclamation of waste lands as a part of compensatory plantation activities, development of waste dumps are the main processes which cause change sin land cover. These changes in land cover might affect cropping conditions; surfaces water areas, productivity patterns, and species distribution in the surroundings of mines. In view of these, the assessment of environment related sensitive factors associated with function of coal mines periodic environment monitoring has become desirable as well as mandatory as per the guide lines of Ministry of Environment Forests (MOEF), Govt of India. It is evident that all the mentioned factors of spatial and temporal characters and hence satellite remote sensing with its multi temporal multi spectral capabilities a long with GIS technique would be useful for the monitoring of land use changes which in turn accounts for the environmental condition in the surrounding areas. Besides satellite data analysis, surroundings vegetation is also Satellite remote sensing based on reflection data received over different regions of electromagnetic spectrum provides information on various land cover features. The temporal resolution of satellite data enables the monitoring of temporally dynamic processes like cropping levels, changes of different vegetation and land cover DISCUSSION OF STUDY AREA Core Zone The total core zone area is hectares. The location of this area covered in Survey of India Toposheets No56N/9 and the geographical co-ordinates of the area as follows: North-West Corner: (Latitude), (Longitude) South-East Corner: (Latitude), (Longitude) Buffer Zone The total Buffer zone area is hectares. The Buffer zone is surrounded to the mining cover zone and extends to either side of river Godavari in Adilabad and Karimnagar districts. Its major settlements include Ramagundam, Mancherial, Mandamarri and Jaipur towns. The location of this area covered in Survey of India Toposheets No.s56M/8,56M/12,56N/5,56N/9 and the geographical co-ordinates of the area as follows: North-West Corner: (Latitude), (Longitude) South-East Corner: (Latitude), (Longitude) Climate The pre-moon soon period is very hot and dry due to strong thermal heating by sun. South West moon soon normally sets over this region by the second week of June and retreats by mid-september gives maximum seasonal rainfall (800mm) which severely affects the mining activity. The post-moon soon season is characterized by clear sky and mild temperature while the winter season is cool and dry. Maximum temperatures are recorded during May (meanmax50ºc) while min temperature occurred during December (mean min15ºc).humidity is high during monsoon range from 70 to 96%. 2. OBJECTIVES To prepare digital thematic map of Land Use/Land Cover using satellite imageries on ARC/INFO GIS platform. This constitutes the spatial database editor@iaeme.com

3 Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Step by step processing of methodology Collection of source data like satellite data, SOI toposheets. The satellite data is geometrically corrected and enhanced. Finally after map composition satellite imagery is printed in FCC in 1:50,000 scale. Preparation of Land use/ Land cover map are prepared by using Interpretation Techniques. Field visits are carried out to check the delineated units of the maps prepared maps and also secondary data related to irrigation, agriculture are collected. Field observations are incorporated in the LAND USE/Land cover maps. The interpreted LU/LC map are converted into soft copy by digitization. Graphics preparation, layout preparation, and Editing / composition and Annexure preparation using Arc Info LU/LC map are categorized by based on the class wise statistical findings Ancillary Data: To achieve optimum land use land cover classification reference to the following data is required: SOI Topo graphic maps, Field data DATA GENERATED Geometric Correction Remotely sensed data usually contain both systemic and nonsystematic geometric errors. Some of the important systematic errors are-scan skew, mirrors can velocity, panoramic distortion, platform velocity, earth rotation, perspective, altitude, etc. Because of these geometric errors, the satellite data immediately after acquisition is not plan metrically true to the ground features hence, in order to measure/estimate area from the satellite data it has to be initially rectified from geometric error sand made plan metrically true to available SOI topo maps. The systematic errors can be corrected through analysis of sensors characteristics and ephemeris; these errors are corrected in the pre-processing of data after initial data acquisition from satellite data. However, non-systematic errors caused due to altitude (pitch, roll and yaw) can be corrected only through the use of common Ground control points (GCP). AGCP is a point on the surface of earth where both image co-ordinate and map co-ordinates can be identified. The available ortho rectified satillite data, the common ground control points were selected on the raw satellite data with proper spatial distribution covering the entire study area. Accordingly the coordinates of the GCP son geo-reference image data and the corresponding coordinates of the similar GCP son the raw satellite data have been used for transformation of the uncorrected satellite data. This process of geometric correction of raw satellite data was achieved using first order polynomial transformation fit. All the data sets are brought in to WGS84 datum and UTM projection. These satellite data were processed on WINDOWS PC using ERDASIMAGINEversion8.7 image processing software. The False Colour Composite (FCC) images are generated editor@iaeme.com

4 SS.Asadi, M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena 3.4. LU/LC map preparation: Area of interest comprising the study area is selected and extracted from the satellite image. Suitable image enhancements are applied on the extracted area of interest. Image interpretation can be carried out in two most popular ways digital analysis and visual interpretation. Interpretation followed by supervised classification (digital image processing approach) is adopted to classify various land use land cover features. In on screen visual interpretation the imagery is displayed on to a computer screen (normally as FCC) and intended classes are delineated based on image Interpretation elements, ancillary and legacy data. Result at output from this will be vector format, which supports complex GIS analysis and smaller file size. During digital classification process straining areas for different classes are defined on to the satellite imagery on spectral response pattern in different spectral bands is generated. Based on these training areas satellite imagery is classified into different classes using parametric or non-parametric classifiers. Digital analysis is fast and output image is raster, which simpler in structure but big in size. Masks are often used for improving the classification of known areas. Core zone mapping has done with state of the art satellite data of IRS-P6LISS-IV (multispectral) with 6m of resolution. Supervised digital classification is performed on LISS-IV data and recoded each class separately. To execute buffer zone mapping, data of IRS-P6LISS- IVand LISS-III of two consecutive seasons are chosen. Due to unavailability of two consecutive seasonal LISS-IV data, LISS-III data is taken as complementary. Base map prepared with the help of 1:50000Survey of India (SOI) digital topo sheet. To extract vegetation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) method is employed here. Water bodies are extracted through infrared gradient method. Remaining classification (level III) has done using hybrid classification technique.figure2 presents the flow chart of the methodology followed in this project to determine LU/LC patterns in mining area. Figure 1 Step by Step Processing of Methodology editor@iaeme.com

This technique gives unambiguous visual interpretation and supervised classification mixed with recoding practice.

5 Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Hybrid digital classification technique is lever aged for the project. This technique gives unambiguous visual interpretation and supervised classification mixed with recoding practice. Core zone mapping has done with state of the art satellite data of CARTOSAT-II (pan) and IRS-P6LISS-IV (multi-spectral) with 1m and 6m of resolution to execute buffer zone mapping, data of IRS-P6LISS-IV and LISS-III of two consecutive seasons are chosen. Due to unavailability of two consecutive seasonal LISS-IV data, LISS-III data is taken as complementary. Base map prepared with the help of 1:50000 Survey of India (SOI) digital Toposheets. To extract vegetation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) method is employed here. Water bodies are extracted through infrared gradient method. Remaining classification (level-iii) has done using hybrid classification technique. The detailed description of identified potential classes are presented in annexure I. The various classes and the irrespective areas with percentage of coverage are given below land use land cover map of buffer zone study area. Figure 2 Satellite Image of Buffer zone of study area Figure 3 Land use/land cover map of Buffer zone editor@iaeme.com

6 SS.Asadi, M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena Table 1 Area wise Classification of Buffer zone LAND USE LAND COVER CLASS Agriculture Forest cover AREA OF SUB CLASS Area in (ha) % of usage Crop land kharif % Crop land rabi % Crop land double % Current fallow % Plantation % Deciduous (dry/moist/thorn) % Deciduous (dry/moist/thorn)-open % Scrub forest % Tree clad area- dense % Tree clad area-open % Forest blank % Forest plantation % AREA OF CLASS Area in (ha) % of usage Waste land Waste lands-scrub landdense scrub % Waste lands-scrub landopen scrub % Barren rocky-stony waste % Built up Urban % Rural % Mixed % Industrial area % Mining % Water bodies Tanks % River stream dry % River stream perennial % Canal drain lined % Reservoir tanks dry % Others Ash pond % Urban vegetation % Barren OB dump % Coal bench % Coal dump % editor@iaeme.com

Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study Flood protection bund 28.71 0.07% Quarry area 232.27 0.59% Top soil dump 112.

7 Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study Flood protection bund % Quarry area % Top soil dump % Unbroken quarry area % Surface infrastructure % Others % Total % % The Buffer zones of the study area cover an area of HA in which 100% is of usage in which classes of lands cover as. The agriculture covers the total area of HA in which usage of 46.12% In which crop land kharif covers an area of HA in which 11.31% is usage, crop land rabi of area HA in which 2.04% is usage, crop land double of area HA in which 12.47% is usage, current fallow of area HA in which 19.60% is usage, plantation of area HA in which 0.69% is usage.the forest cover of total area HA in which 21.74% is usage in which deciduous of area HA in which 7.62% in usage, deciduous(open) of area HA in which 4.21% is usage, scrub forest HA in which 5.43% is usage, tree clad area-dense of area 20.28HA in which 0.05% is usage, tree clad-open of area HA in which 0.55% is usage, forest blank of area HA in which 0.68% is usage, forest plantation of area HA in which 3.21% is usage. The waste land of total area HA in which 6.35% is usage in which waste lands-scrub land-dense scrub of area HA in which 1.64% is usage, lands-scrub landopen scrub of area HA in which 3.27% is usage, barren rocky-stony waste of area HA in which 1.44% is usagethe built up of total area HA in which 13.17% is usage in which urban area of HA in which 6.49% is usage, rural of area HA in which 2.81% is usage, mixed of area 81.04HA in which 0.20% is usage, industrial area of area HA in which 1.76% is usage, mining of area HA in which 1.90% is usagethe water bodies of total area HA in which 8.72% is usage in which tank of area HA in which 2.61% is usage, river stream dry of area HA in which 4.63% is usage, river stream perennial of area HA in which 1.40% is usage, canal drain lined of area 20.56HA in which 0.05% is usage, reservoir tanks dried of area 15.61HA in which 0.04% is usage.the other area covers of total area HA in which 3.91% is usage in which ash pond covers 0HA of land, urban vegetation of area HA in which 1.69% is usage, barren OB dump of area HA in which 1.11% is usage, coal bench of area 23HA in which 0.06% is usage, coal dump of area 9.38HA in which 0.02% is usage, flood protection bund of area 28.71HA in which 0.07% is usage, quarry area of area HA in which 0.59% is usage, top sil dump of area HA in which 0.28% is usage, unbroken quarry area of area 11.67% in which 0.03% is usage, surface infrastructure of area 9.10HA in which 0.02% is usage, others of area 14.97HA in which 0.04% is usage. Figure 4 Satellite Image of Core zone of study area editor@iaeme.com

8 SS.Asadi, M.Jaya Sravani and P.Praveena Figure 5 Land use/land cover map of Core zone Table 2 Area wise Classification of Core zone CLASS AREA (HA) % OF USAGE Forest deciduous dry moist thorn dense % Forest dense scrub % Forest scrub % Forest plantation % Forest blank % Urban plantation % Bare ground % Fallow land % Surface infrastructure % Road % Settlements % Water bodies % Total % The Core zone of the study area covers an area of 299HA in which 100% is of usage in which classes of lands cover as. The forest deciduous dry moist thorn dense area of 32.91HA in which 11% is in buffer zone, the forest dense scrub of area 56.95HA in which 19.03% is buffer zone, forest scrub of area 38.10HA in which 12.73% is buffer zone, forest plantation of area 13.53HA in which 4.52% is buffer zone, forest blank of area 12.99HA in which 4.34% is buffer zone, urban plantation of area 28.18HA in which 9.42% is buffer zone, bare ground of area 22.28HA in which 7.45% is buffer zone, fallow land of area 0.84HA in which 0.28% is buffer zone, surface infrastructure of area 11.39HA in which 3.81% is buffer zone, road of area 8.07HA in which 2.70% is buffer zone, settlements of area 72.48HA in which 24.22% is buffer zone, water bodies of area 1.29HA in which 0.43 is buffer zone REFERENCES: [1] Praveen kumarmallupattu and Jayaramareddy, Sreenivasulareddy-Analysis of Land use land cover changes using Remote sensing data and GIS at an urban area tirupati, India-vol 2, 6 pages. [2] Anil z chitade, Skkatyar Impact analysis of open cast coal mines of land use land cover using remote sensing and GIS technique a case study-international Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol 2 (12), 2010, pp , ISSN: editor@iaeme.com

9 Preparation of Land Use/Land Cover Map for Effective Management of Environmental Conditions in Mining Area: A Model Study [3] J.S.Rawat,Manish kumar - Monitoring land use/cover change using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Hawalbagh block, district Almora, Uttarakhand, India, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, Volume 18, Issue 1, June 2015, Pages [4] Nuray Demirel, M. Kemal Emil, H. Sebnem Duzgun- Surface coal mine area monitoring using multi-temporal high-resolution satellite imagery, International Journal of Coal Geology Volume 86, Issue 1, 1 April 2011, Pages 3-11 [5] T.Toren,E.unal Assessment of Open Pit Coal Mining Impacts Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study from Turkey, 17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey- IMCET2001, ISBN [6] Karan SK, Sam adder SR, Maiti SK- Assessment of the capability of remote sensing and GIS techniques for monitoring reclamation success in coal mine degraded lands. Journal 01 Aug 2016, 182: , (PMID: ) Pub Med Identifier. [7] Dauda Rotimi Awoniran, Dele Adewole, Sulaiman S. Adegboyega, Yekeen Anifowose describes Assessment of Environmental Responses to Land use/land cover Dynamics in the Lower Ogun River Basin, South western Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Land Use and Urban Planning ISSN Vol. 1 No. 2, pp (2013). [8] A.prakash and R.P.Gupta- Land-use mapping and change detection in a coal mining area case study in the Jharia coal field, India, international journal on remote sensing, 1998, vol. 19, no. 3, [9] Zheng-fu Bia,Hai-xia Zhang,Shao-gang Lei- Analyses of environmental impacts of underground coal mining in an arid region using remote sensing and gis, journal of coal science & engineering(china),pp Vol.17 No.4 Dec [10] Duzgun-O; Kunzer-C; Karacan-Co -Applications of remote sensing and GIS for monitoring of coal fires, mine subsidence, environmental impacts of coal-mine closure and reclamation, International Journal of Coal Geology,ISSN , 2011 Apr; 86(1):1-2. [11] SS.Asadi, Padmaja Vuppala, M.Anjireddy, Integrated Approach For Sustainable Management Of Land And Water Environment In Shivannagudem Watershed Using Remote Sensing And GIS, Asian Journal of Microbiology, biotechnology and Environmental Science.vol.8,no(3):2006: ISSN: [12] SS.Asadi, B.V.T.Vasantha Rao M.V.Raju and M. Anji Reddy. Creation Of Web Based Mandallevel Information Systemusing Remote Sensing & Gis And Visual Basic Programe - Amodel Study, International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.3 (6), , , ISSN: [13] SS. Asadi, P.J. Ratnakar, B.V.T. Vasantha Rao and A.K. Vuppaladadiyam Landuse/ Landcover Change Detection Study for Effective Marine Environmental Management Using High Resolution Satellite Data, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Volume 9, Number 19 (2014) pp , ISSN [14] M. Satish Kumar, SS. Asadi and S. S. Vutukuru Preparation of Village Wise Land Use/Land Cover Information of Pakala Watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences Volume 9, Number 4, (2014), pp ISSN [15] G.S. Sarma, SS. Asadi, S. Lakshmi Narayana. Creation of Web Based Decision Support Information System For Evaluation of Topographic Characteristics Using Remote Sensing & Gis And Visual Basic Programe International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp , SSN: editor@iaeme.com

Abstract: About the Author:

Abstract: About the Author: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN LAND USE PLANNING Sathees kumar P 1, Nisha Radhakrishnan 2 1 1 Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli- 620015,