Cultural Geography. Components of Culture. Interaction of People & Environment

Transcription

1 Manchester Community College Social Sciences Division Introduction to Geography Lecture 7, 8, 9, and 10 Cultural Geography Adjunct Lecturer: Donald J. Poland, MS, AICP Web: Chapter 7 Components of Culture Interaction of People & Environment Culture is learned, not biological A complexly interlocked web of behaviors Culture traits Culture complexes Culture regions Culture realm Environmental Determinism Possibilism Cultural landscapes The earth s surface as modified by human action

2 Subsystems of Culture Culture Change The Technological Subsystem Artifacts The Sociological Subsystems Sociofacts The Ideological Subsystems Mentifacts Innovation Spatial Diffusion Syncretism Fusion of New and Old Acculturation Amalgamation theory Melting Pot Assimilation When Complete Language Language & Culture Language families Indo-European, etc. Language spread & change Word meaning, pronunciation, vocabulary, & syntax Standard & variant languages Dialects Gender differences Language as a unifying force Bilingualism / Multilingualism

3 Religion Classification of Religions Dominant in some societies, less so in others Affects social roles, economics, politics, etc. Universalizing Seek to transmit beliefs to others Buddhism, Christianity, Islam Ethnic Strong territorial & cultural ties Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto Tribal or Traditional Small, ethnic religions Judaism Christianity Monotheistic Ethnic religion Origins in Southwest Asia about 3,000-3,500 years ago Dispersion after 1 st century AD (CE) Known as the Diaspora Synagogues are centers of worship Origins in Southwest Asia 2,000 years ago Grounded in Jewish religious beliefs Universalizing; grew rapidly Split by dissolution of the Roman Empire Reformation in the 15 th & 16 th centuries

4 Islam Hinduism Judeo-Christian roots Mohammed lived in the early 7 th century in modern-day Saudi Arabia Islamic calendar begins in 622 AD with the flight to Medina (Hegira) Five Pillars Koran Should be read in Arabic Succession disputes led to Sunni / Shi ite split Sunnis account for 80-85% of Muslims Worship centered on the mosque Possibly 5,000 years old 1 billion adherents 80% of Indians Spread into Southeast Asia No single creed or doctrine Caste system Dharma A lot of rites, ceremonies, festivals, and gatherings Temples & shrines are important Buddhism Ethnicity Began in the 6 th century BC in what is now northern India Siddhartha Gautama was the Buddha, Enlightened One Four noble truths Universalizing Spread to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, Korea, & Japan Refers to the ancestry of people who share some common characteristic Language, religion, race, national origin, customs Territorial segregation

5 Gender & Culture Culture Realms Gender is a social term, not biological Greatly affected by culture Traditional roles changed by industrial revolution & modern society Regionally discrete areas that are more alike internally than they are like other realms Distance & Spatial Interaction Spatial Interaction Spatial Interaction Distance decay Critical distance Chapter

6 Barriers to Interaction Individual Activity Space Distance Cost Physical environment Culture Religion, language, gender, political systems Psychological Territoriality Activity space Mental Maps Stage in Life Mobility Opportunities Diffusion & Innovation Spatial Interaction & Technology Contagious diffusion Hierarchical diffusion Automobiles Telecommunications

7 Migration Barriers to Migration A relocation of both residential environment and activity space The decision to migrate Push factors Pull factors Place utility Migration issues Anti-immigration laws Physical barriers Economic barriers Cost factors Cultural factors Political barriers Patterns of Migration Globalization Migration fields Channelized patterns Return migration Hierarchical migration The increasing interconnection of all parts of the world Economic Integration International banking Transnational corporations (TNCs) Global marketing Political Integration Supranationalism Nongovernmental organizations News media & Internet Cultural Integration

8 States, Nations, & Nation-States Chapter 9 Political Geography State Nation Nation-State Binational or multinational state Part-nation state Stateless nation Political Geography 30 Geographic Characteristics of States Boundaries Size Shape Compact Elongated Prorupt Fragmented Perforated Location Cores & Capitals Core areas Primate cities Unitary states Federal states Forward-thrust capitals Natural (physical) boundaries Artificial (geometric) boundaries Antecedent boundary Subsequent boundary Consequent boundary Superimposed boundary

9 Boundaries as Sources of Conflict Centripetal Forces Landlocked states Waterbodies Minority-group identification Resource disputes Nationalism Unifying Institutions Organization & Administration Transportation & Communication Centrifugal Forces Cooperation Among States Organized religion Nationalism Subnationalism Regionalism Devolution Supranationalism United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Territorial Seas Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) High Seas

10 Regional Alliances The Geography of Representation Economic Alliances European Union (EU) NAFTA ASEAN Military & Political Alliances NATO Warsaw Pact Commonwealth of Nations Organization of American States (OAS) Electoral geography Redistricting Voting rights & race Gerrymandering Stacked, excess vote, & wasted vote methods Classification of Economic Activities Chapter 10 Economic Geography Primary activities Hunting, gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining Secondary activities Manufacturing Tertiary activities Services Quaternary activities Processing & dissemination of information Quinary activities High-level decision-making jobs 40

11 Types of Economic Systems Agriculture Subsistence economies Commercial economies Planned economies The growing of crops & the tending of livestock Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture Extensive Subsistence Agriculture Nomadic herding Transhumance Shifting cultivation Swidden or shifting cultivation Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Rice farming Urban farming Green Revolution gains Production Controls Von Thünen Model Land near markets is used intensively for high-value crops & is divided into small units Land far from markets is used extensively Intensive Commercial Agriculture (Large Investment Near Market) Dairy & truck farms Livestock-grain farming Extensive Commercial Agriculture (Far from Market Cheap Land) Large-scale wheat farming Livestock ranching Special Crops (Climate Not distance to market) Mediterranean Plantations

12 Other Primary Activities Geography & Public Policy Fishing & Forestry Mining & Quarrying Public Land, Private Profit (Page 365) Do you believe the 1872 mining law should be repealed? Would you propose to prohibit outright sales to mining companies? Do you think that cleanup and other charges paid for by the public balance the capitol investment and job creation of these companies? Do you favor continued state and federal restrictions on mining operations, even at the cost of jobs and community economies? Manufacturing Transnational Corporations (TNCs) Industrial Location Models Least Cost Theory Alfred Weber Agglomeration Other Considerations Fordist vs. flexible manufacturing Transport Characteristics Agglomeration Economies External economies Comparative Advantage Many of the world s largest economies are corporations 75 million employees 10% of worldwide, nonagrarian employment

13 Geography & Public Policy World Manufacturing Patterns & Trends Contests and Bribery Do you think it is appropriate to spend public money to attract new employment to your state or community? Why or why not? If yes, what kinds of inducements and what total amount offered per job seems appropriate to you? Small number of areas dominate Eastern Anglo America Western & Central Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Asia High Tech Patterns Tertiary & Beyond Major factor in employment growth & an increasing share of industrial output Regionally concentrated Silicon Valley Location tendencies Proximity to universities Avoidance of areas with strong unions Locally available venture capital Areas with favorable quality of life Good communication & transportation infrastructure 51 Over 80% of all workers in U.S. Distribution of services must match effective demand Tourism an important sector Quaternary & Quinary increasingly important 52

14 Services in World Trade CT & Economic Development Nearly ¼ of all world trade Financial, brokerage, & leasing services Developing countries can benefit Foreign Direct Investment