Island Monitor. Infrastructure Provision

Transcription

1 Island Monitor Infrastructure Provision

2 2 Island Island Monitor Monitor Copyright Island Global Research 2016 Guernsey Registered Company: Island Global Research Ltd. should be acknowledged as the source when re-using information or citing short extracts from the document in any format or medium. It is prohibited to distribute or copy this document in its entirety or whole sections from it without prior written consent of Island Global Research. The original sources of data and information contained in the Monitor include publications by Governments, United Nations, World Bank, and other independent bodies. Island Monitor content is prepared based on collection from a combination of sources and further independent analysis by Island Global Research. Any views expressed based on analysis of the data are those of Island Global Research unless otherwise stated. Data and information in this document were accurate according to sources used at the time of print. Island Global Research does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it. Any queries regarding this publication should be sent to us at info@islandglobalresearch.com. ISBN: Printed in Guernsey by BWCI Group 2016.

3 Infrastructure Provision Provision 3 Island Monitor: Infrastructure Provision Produced and published by:

4 4 Island Island Monitor Monitor Contents WATER GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE PAGE 1 ISLAND OVERVIEW PAGE 3 PROVISION PAGE 5 WASTE MANAGEMENT PAGE 10 PUBLIC HOUSING PAGE 15 INTERNAL TRANSPORT PAGE 17 7 TELECOMMUNICATIONS PAGE 21 8 ISLAND MONITORS PAGE 27 The 12 Island Monitors PAGE 28 Monitor Content Details

5 Hong Kong skyline

6 Background This is one of the twelve Island Monitors that will be produced by Island Global Research. The primary objectives of the Monitors are to analyse policy and initiatives in island jurisdictions, identify best practice, and benchmark islands in areas of social, economic, and environmental development. This enables island organisations to take inspiration from best practice developed in jurisdictions with similar challenges, identify opportunities, and stay abreast of island issues.

7 Infrastructure Provision Provision 7 Background (contd.) This Monitor looks at public and private sector provision in areas such as water supply, waste management, roads and internal transport, ICT, and social housing. Key island data for a range of infrastructure related issues are highlighted, including water sources and challenges, waste generation and disposal methods, levels of access to and development of ICT, and funding methods for social housing and internal transport services. Examples of how islands are approaching investment in infrastructure and best practice in the provision of related services are considered in each section. CARIBBEAN REGION Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos EUROPEAN & NORTH ATLANTIC REGION Bermuda Cyprus Gibraltar Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Malta Prince Edward Island INDIAN OCEAN & SE ASIA REGION Hong Kong Mauritius Seychelles Singapore PACIFIC REGION Cook Islands Fiji Tasmania Vanuatu / Guam / Tonga Where comparisons have been highlighted between islands, Island Global Research strives to ensure that such comparisons are made using similar base figures and definitions. If applicable, per capita data is set out to illustrate more clearly the differences between the islands. Not every section contains information on all twenty five islands, and the year from which data is drawn is the most recently available for each island. Where there are large differences this is noted where relevant in the document. There may also be variations in the way islands categorise and/or collect data. While every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of information contained in the Monitor, Island Global Research cannot accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this document or any of the information, opinions or conclusions set out within it. This Monitor can be used as a stand-alone publication. However, it is designed to be read in conjunction with the rest of the series. Economic Sector Performance, Air and Sea Transport, and Energy Generation are of particular relevance. Brief content details of all the Island Monitor reports can be found on page 28.

8 Infrastructure Provision 4 2. Island Overview (contd.) Other infrastructure areas such as Air and Sea Transport, Education, Health & Wellbeing, and Energy justify separate Island Monitors primarily due to the wide range of subjects which come under these headings (see Island Monitor programme on page 28). Islands are all at different stages in the economic and social lifecycle (see Island Monitor 5) and, therefore, this has a major effect the quality of their infrastructure. Some are only at the start of the development stage, while others need to replace existing infrastructure which may once have been excellent, but now is falling short of modern standards and public expectations. It is worth noting that such a replacement programme may well be more expensive to undertake than starting from scratch and, given the state of many island economies, it can simply be unaffordable to implement at the present time. The consequence of such a vulnerability could be to hold back any further economic development progress. This graph indicates how each island was rated in terms of resilience for Infrastructure Quality in Island Monitor 1: Island Vulnerability and Resilience Factors. Hong Kong Seychelles Mauritius Fiji Cook Islands Singapore Turks & Caicos Trinidad & Tobago Infrastructure Quality Vanuatu Tasmania Guernsey Jamaica Cayman Jamaica Islands Cayman Islands Whether the current infrastructure falls within the initial development, maintenance or replacement stage, investment is an on-going concern in all islands. As noted in the Island Monitor covering Government Income & Expenditure, real efforts are now being made by all island governments to rein in expenditure. They are finding it ever more difficult to fund major infrastructure projects and are now turning to the private sector or to mother countries to help finance such projects. The Monitors therefore consider development by both public and private organisations, as well as Public-Private Partnership (PPP) style arrangements. Other factors that may differ between islands include the level of investment made and which areas of infrastructure that are seen as investment priorities. The quality of an island s infrastructure in terms of schools, roads, commercial premises, hospitals, office accommodation, ports, etc. is a critical factor in the social, economic and environmental evolution of an island community. Jersey Isle of Man Bermuda Bahamas Barbados British Barbados Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Prince Edward Island Gibraltar Iceland Malta Cyprus Antigua Iceland, Hong Kong and Singapore are the most resilient in terms of infrastructure quality, while Jamaica, Fiji and Vanuatu are the most vulnerable. Vanuatu and Fiji both suffered damage from cyclones in 2015/16, which has affected their rating. This demonstrates how vulnerability to natural disasters should be considered when assessing the amount and level of infrastructure investment that is required in an island.

9 3. Water Provision A number of islands do not have a reliable supply of fresh water on-island, creating difficulties for those managing it. Others have sufficient water resources to meet demand but do not have the infrastructure or institutional frameworks to close the supply/demand gap. Much of the investment in this area is focused on modernising current infrastructure and improving supply security. Mauritius - Chamarel Waterfalls

10 11 Island Monitor 4. Waste Management (contd.) For selected islands with available data, the graph below shows the amount of solid waste generated per day (excluding construction sites). Antigua generates the most per person while Hong Kong and Singapore generate the most in total. Amount Generated Per capita KG Total Amount Generated ('000 kg/ day) Municipal Solid Waste Generation Per Day Amount Generated Per Capita (kg/capita/day) Total Amount Generated '000 KG

11 25 Island Monitor 7. Telecommunications (contd.) Those islands at an early stage of ICT development are able to introduce the latest technology straight away. However, it can be a challenge to fund new investments and create competitive markets that provide services at affordable costs. Those islands that are more developed are finding that they now need to upgrade and replace their current systems, which can come at a higher cost than starting from nothing. Examples of investment in telecommunication infrastructure are as follows: Mauritius: The Government is investing in a new marine fibre optic cable that will link Mauritius and Rodrigues to international connectivity. It is hoped this will benefit economic development and innovation by increasing bandwidth and improving network resiliency. Guernsey: The main network provider has introduced 4G capabilities to the island. Pacific: The World Bank is involved in work to open the telecommunications sector in the Pacific Islands up to competition, and to expand marine fibre optic cable connections. The aim is for this to reduce prices for users and increase coverage. The implementation of E-Government services is now commonly seen as a priority by island governments. E-Government is usually defined as the digitisation of government services, providing citizens and government employees with joined up, online access to the public services they need. E-Government Development Index EGDI 2014 EGDI 2016

12 27 Island Monitor 8. Island Monitors EUROPE / NORTH ATLANTIC Bermuda Cyprus Gibraltar Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Malta Prince Edward Island CARIBBEAN Antigua Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos INDIAN OCEAN / SE ASIA Hong Kong Mauritius Seychelles Singapore PACIFIC REGION Cook Islands Fiji Tasmania Vanuatu / Guam / Tonga

13 Infrastructure Provision Island Monitors (contd.) The Island Monitor series is aimed at organisations which have an interest in one, or a number, of subjects of strategic island importance. Each page Monitor focuses on a sample of 25 islands around the world, and concentrates on the benchmarking of economic, social and environmental indicators, the identification of best practice, and the latest government strategies and policies in place. Island Vulnerability Factors Twenty vulnerability factors specifically relevant to islands identified and benchmarked against best practice. Government strategies to address critical vulnerability areas also highlighted. Climate Change & Environment Analysis of the environmental strategies and policies being applied in island jurisdictions together with latest climate change impacts and challenges facing vulnerable communities. Government Income & Expenditure Trends Review of the latest island government income and expenditure trends including debt levels and capital expenditure allocations. Fiscal policies also addressed and benchmarked. Population, Migration and Demographic Trends Changing demographic profiles within island communities around the world including the concerns over an ageing population and the increasing impact of migration. Economic Sector Performance & Lifecycle Performance assessment undertaken of the primary island economic sectors such as tourism, finance and light industry as well as the emerging sectors within the digital economy. Employment Issues relating to employment levels and trends analysed by economic sector. Unemployment concerns and the policies and actions in place to reduce current levels highlighted. Education, Skills & Training Review of island education, skills and training resources in place together with plans being put in hand to cover lifelong learning opportunities covered and benchmarked. Infrastructure Provision Public and private sector investment in areas such as water supply, roads and internal transport, waste management, social housing as well as other project initiatives identified. Law & Order and Civil Protection Security both in terms of crime levels and prevention and the protection of island citizens against natural and human generated disasters considered and assessed economically and socially. Health and Wellbeing Pressures on the provision of on-island versus off-island health and welfare provision fully addressed and how these impact on government expenditure levels and funding now and in the future. Energy Generation Energy generation and security of supply identified as a key element in long term planning primarily because of the capital outlay and possible alternative sources such as tidal and solar power. Air and Sea Transport External air and sea connections highlighted as one of the primary areas for constant review due to the importance of lifeline routes to key destinations both for business and resident travel. Monitors can either be purchased as a subscription for the full series, individually, or as a package of two or more Monitors relevant to your specific interests.

14 29 Island Island Monitor Monitor Our clients, whether they have an international or local outlook, are better placed to make decisions based on evidence. Island Global Research is a research and consultancy company with a focus on islands. We understand the challenges that small islands face and identify evidence-based solutions. MARKET RESEARCH Surveys and focus groups for public and private sector clients. Measuring economic impact, demographic trends, attitudes and opinions, brand or product awareness, customer satisfaction, and service quality. We support clients in developing policies and strategies, in making investment decisions, in monitoring implementation, and in evaluating performance. Secondary Sources Primary Data Collection CONSULTANCY Benchmarking to learn from experience in other islands. Strategic planning to support clients in scenario analysis and project appraisal. Monitoring and evaluation to adapt implementation and measure performance. Comparative Analysis Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis Policy & Strategy Review ISLAND MONITOR Thematic Reports benchmarking economic, social and environmental indicators, and summarising strategies and policies. Bulletins offering in-depth analysis and case studies on key issues for small islands. Our team collects primary data on a wide range of topics, and identifies relevant secondary sources. We synthesise information and analyse data. The insights we report help clients to make better decisions. Market Research Benchmarking Case Studies Feasibility Studies Impact Evaluation IDENTIFY ANALYSE REPORT Island Global Research is part of the BWCI Group, and a member of Abelica Global.

15 Infrastructure Infrastructure Provision Provision 30 OUR APPROACH At Island Global Research, we focus on small islands, typically islands with populations less than 1.5 million. Some islands are sovereign states, though many are dependencies or overseas territories, with historical ties and complex economic, political, and legal relationships to other islands or mainland countries. We understand the policy, strategic and practical decisions that government and private sector organisations operating in islands have to consider and the factors that determine an island s vulnerability and resilience. We believe islands have much to learn from each other, undertake benchmarking to measure performance and identify examples of best-practice. COMMON CHALLENGES FACING SMALL ISLANDS Islands may differ in economic and social development, though many face common challenges that arise with relatively small populations, limited land mass, and geographic factors, such as a remote or isolated location: Small islands can be dynamic and resourceful, and competitive. Islands often have a strong sense of community and offer a high quality of life. Limited ability to achieve economies of scale High transportation and communication costs Uncertainties in supply due to remoteness or challenges in air and sea transport Costly public administration and infrastructure Vulnerability to global economic events and vagaries of international trade Small domestic markets with limited local competition High dependence on imports (including food and fuel) and a narrow range of exports Lack of specialist skills in the local workforce High population density and pressure on land resources Ensuring natural resources are used sustainably by productive sectors Susceptible to extreme climate events and other natural disasters The distinctive characteristics of small islands should be considered when making policy or investment decisions. Island Global Research offers insights and solutions to common challenges. Key Lessons include: Collaboration across islands and regional cooperation can lead to economies of scale. Technology can overcome geographical barriers and minimise transaction costs. Migration can fill skills gaps in the local workforce and boost human capital. Economic diversification can be beneficial and make islands more resilient to global events. info@islandglobalresearch.com +44 (0) PO Box 68 Albert House South Esplanade St Peter Port Guernsey GY1 3BY

16 Contacting Island Global Research Guernsey Registered Company: Island Global Research 2016 Disclaimer Location Tel Web PO Box 68 Albert House South Esplanade, St Peter Port Guernsey, GY1 3BY +44 (0) Data and information in this document were accurate according to sources used at the time of print. It is prohibited to distribute or copy this document or any part of it without prior written consent of Island Global Research. This document may only be distributed or shared in accordance with the terms agreed.