GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ONTOLOGY

Transcription

1 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ONTOLOGY Željka JAKIR, Željko HEĆIMOVIĆ, Zvonko ŠTEFAN 1

2 CONTENTS: I. About semantic and semantic web of data II. About ontology III. ISO/TC211 standards - ontology IV. Elements of the base of knowledge of the geographical names V. Development of the domain geographical names ontology VI. Ontological relationships between objects VII. Examples of hierarchical ontological features concepts (UNGEGN, EuroGeoNames, Croatian model) VIII. Conclusion and further development 2

3 I. About semantic and semantic web of data 3

4 Greek sēmantiká - study of meaning Semantic is studied in several disciplines: philosophy, psychology, cartography, applied linguistics, cybernetic... Semantic model of data is conceptual model that allow interpretation of meaning (semantic). Semantic as study of meaning is building relationships between real world and data. 4

5 Concept Dinamov stadion Zagreb, φ=45,81 λ=16,00 Phenomena (real world) Sign (idealization / hypothetic world) Semantic web is using W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) for implementations of ontologies on the web. 5

6 II. About ontology 6

7 Ontology Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: "of being" + Greek -λογία, -logia: science, study, theory = study of the being Ontology is traditionally developed in philosophy of the nature of being or reality defining its main characteristics (objects) and relations between them (metaphysics). Ontology is used in more disciplines (e.g. philosophy, mathematics, logic, geography, cartography, linguistics...). 7

8 Ontological approach is based on BASE OF KNOWLEDGE in the some field of interest. Semantic web is TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE in the system recognizable for machines (computers). Advantage of the ontological approach is in the possibility of connection different views on the real or hypothetical world ONTOLOGICAL MODULARITY. Example: knowledge bases of geographical names are defined by cartographers, geographers, linguistics, historians, in there field of interest, and they can be upgraded in unique ontological domain. 8

9 III. ISO/TC 211 Standards - Ontology 9

10 ISO : Ontology - Part 1: Framework, ISO : Ontology Part 2: Rules for developing ontologies in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), ISO : Ontology Part 3: Semantic operators, ISO : Ontology Part 4: Service ontology, ISO : Ontology Part 5: Domain ontology registry, ISO : Ontology Part 6: Service ontology registry. New ISO work items on the ontology subject are trying to define general model of data as scalable model that is giving opportunity of connecting different bases of knowledge. Today's ISO Geographical information standards and INSPIRE are using UML class diagram to formalize classes, properties, and relations for the description of geographic information. 10

11 IV. Elements of the base of knowledge of the geographical names 11

12 Base of knowledge of the geographical names UNGEGN: - Toponym is proper noun assigned to the topographical feature. - Geographical name is name assigned to the feature on the Earth. INSPIRE: - Geographical name is proper noun assigned to the topographical spatial object on the Earth. 12

13 Feature (object) - definition UNGEGN: Topographical feature is part of the physical surface of the Earth or other planet or satellite that has recognizable identity. INSPIRE: Feature is abstraction of the phenomena of the real world [ISO 19101]. 13

14 Geographical name is complex object of scientific research. 1. level: toponym 2. level: toponym definition 3. level: interpretation of the real world (limitations) 14

15 V. Development of the domain geographical names ontology 15

16 The practical part of this work is dealing with geospatial global and domain ontology of the geographical names based on the data model. Data model is defining base of knowledge that is used by ontological approach. Ontological domain is defined for geographical names on the physical surface of the Earth for scale 2: or greater and it includes topographic features of bigger scale to which names are assigned. This domain approach is used in EuroGeoNames and Croatian model. 16

17 VI. Ontological relationships between objects 17

18 To define ontology of geographical names, objects and relations between objects should be defined. There is huge number of relations that can be defined between ontological objects. The main relations are: functional, inverse functional, transitive, symmetrical, antisymmetric, reflexive, irreflexive. 18

19 Functional relationship Functional relationship is defined if object A has the same relationship to two objects, than these two objects must be the same. Example: Zagrebačka gora is variant name of Medvednica, the same mountain (feature) in the real world. Peak (Sljeme) is part of the Mountain (Zagrebačka gora), and Peak (Sljeme) is part of Mountain (Medvednica), then if Mountain (Medvednica) and Mountain (Zagrebačka gora) is the same thing relationship is functional. 19

20 Inverse Functional relationship Inverse Functional relationship is defined if object A has relationship to a object B, and object C has this relationship to the object B, than object A and object C must be the same thing. Example: Mountain (Zagrebačka gora) has part Peak (Sljeme), and Mountain (Medvednica) has part Peak (Sljeme), than if Mountain (Medvednica) and Mountain (Zagrebačka gora) are the same thing relationship is inverse functional. 20

21 Transitive relationship Transitive relationship is defined if relationship term has the ability to pass on other relationships and characteristics of other objects. Example: Town (Zagreb) contains District (Trešnjevka) and Town (Zagreb) contains Street (Ozaljska), then if District (Trešnjevka) contains Street (Ozaljska) relationship is transitive. 21

22 Symmetrical relationship Symmetrical relationship is defined if for a relationship, the object and the subject may be exchanged without changing of the meaning. Example: County (Istarska županija) is connected to Town (Pula), and Town (Pula) is connected to County (Istarska županija), if this is the truth, relationship is symmetrical. 22

23 Antisymmetric relationship Antisymmetric relationship is defined if object A has a relationship to object B, than object B can never have this relationships to object A. Example: Sea channel (Hvarski kanal) is part of Sea (Jadransko more) and Sea (Jadransko more) is not part of Sea channel (Hvarski kanal), then relationship is antisymmetric. 23

24 Reflexive relationship Reflexive relationship is defined if object A has relationship to itself. Example: River (Sava) is part of River (Sava) and relationship is reflexive. 24

25 Irreflexive relationship Irreflexive relationship is defined if object A can never have this relationship to itself. Example: River (Sava) cannot be smaller than River (Sava) and relationship is irreflexive. 25

26 VII. Examples of hierarchical ontological features concepts (UNGEGN, EuroGeoNames, Croatian model) 26

27 Hierarchical ontological features concepts: UNGEGN World Geographical Names database EuroGeoNames Croatian geographical names model 27

28 Hierarchical ontological features concepts for UNGEGN World Geographical Names database 28

29 Hierarchical ontological features concepts for the EuroGeoNames 29

30 Hierarchical ontological features concepts for Croatian geographical names model 30

31 VIII. Conclusion and further development Ontology and semantic web are improuving interoperability between different sources of data on the web - it does not depend on application. Ontological modularity - joining new ontologies (base of knowledge) in existing ontological model, Ontological approach is still under development and the full contribution to SDI should be expected. Ontological approach is giving new basis for development of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). 31

32 Knowledge is a drop in the ocean of ignorance. Thank you for your attention! 32