Digital Soil Map of Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecological Center, Moscow State University

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1 ISSN , Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin, 2015, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp Allerton Press, Inc., Original Russian Text N.P. Kirillova, T.M. Sileva, T.Yu. Ul yanova, S.Yu. Rozov, M.A. Il yashenko, M.I. Makarov, 2015, published in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Pochvovedenie, 2015, No. 2, pp GENESIS AND GEOGRAPHY OF SOILS Digital Soil Map of Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecological Center, Moscow State University N. P. Kirillova, T. M. Sileva, T. Yu. Ul yanova, S. Yu. Rozov, M. A. Il yashenko, and M. I. Makarov Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia s: Received February 11, 2015 Abstract A digital soil map is created for the territory of the Training and Experimental Soil Ecological Center (TESEC). The map is based on the array of a database of field descriptions of sampling points with GPS coordinates. The spatial distribution of soil taxa is analyzed. It is shown that within the studied territory with an area of 336 ha, there are related to 10 types and 20 subtypes of the subzone of southern taiga. The specificity of the relationships between the boundaries of the soil contours is established. Keywords: digital soil map, database, adjacency of boundaries, soil taxa DOI: /S INTRODUCTION The TESEC is a unique facility for the soil and ecological monitoring both of natural areas and areas transformed by humans to various extents. It features 20 subtypes related to 10 of the 18 types of described for the taiga zone [8]. Studies in many soil science areas have been conducted in Chashnikovo for several decades [2]. As in other similar landfills, comparison of the contemporary situation with the data obtained in the previous periods allows one to assess changes that take place in and soil cover over long periods. For this purpose, detailed study of soil cover at different hierarchical levels is employed [14]. The adoption of contemporary information technologies, especially databases, makes it possible to significantly increase the objectivity of studies, as well as to move the creation of detailed maps to a new level and compile not only digital maps of soil properties, but also digital taxonomic maps (class maps) [1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19]. This paper presents a soil map based on a database of field descriptions of sampling points with GPS coordinates. To make it possible to compare the obtained information with the data acquired in previous years, the taxonomic definition was made in common terms [8]. In addition, a spatial distribution was analyzed for the soil taxa of different levels from the perspective of the structure of soil cover, as well as from the perspective of the specificity of the ratio and relationships between the boundaries of soil contours [13]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The territory occupied by the Center is located in the Solnechnogorskii District of Moscow oblast within the southernmost tip of the Klinskii and Dmitrovskii mountain chains. The topography is formed by the Moscow glacier. The ancient forms are transformed by subsequent processes. The rolling and undulating topography corresponds to a morainic landscape at different denudation stages. The hydrographic network is represented by the Klyaz ma River and its tributaries, which formed a ravine network. The flood plain can be interpreted as an ancient glacial hollow, which was subsequently transformed into a series of lake expansions which are partly covered by peats. The territory represents slope spaces which lengthen in the flood plain. The transitional zone is occupied by bogs. The are formed on the cover loams which are underlain by morainic or fluvioglacial deposits. Alluvial deposits in conjunction with peat of different thicknesses prevail in the flood plain. The territory is located in the subzone of southern taiga. Mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests prevail in the plant cover. A significant portion of the soil is tilled or has recently been withdrawn from agriculture. The flood plain is largely ameliorated. The diversity of soil-forming factors leads to significant differentiation of. The slope spaces are occupied by of the zonal type, i.e., by podzolic and bog podzolic ; the ravines, bogs, and flood plains are occupied by soddy, soddy gley, and bog, 58

2 N DIGITAL SOIL MAP OF CHASHNIKOVO TRAINING m Fig. 1. Digital soil map (subtypes). as well as by a range of alluvial types [8]. The diagnostics of the soddy, which are absent in [8], was carried out in accordance with the approaches described in [12]. Thus, over a small area, a wide range of that are characteristic of taiga landscapes are present. The field studies were carried out in the framework of a practical training on soil mapping for the students of the Department of Soil Science at Moscow State University in The sites for depositing the profiles were chosen according to the instructions in [11]. The binding of profiles was made using Garmin etrex v. 10 GPS receivers. The GPS accuracy was ±5 m in open territory and ±7 m at forest sites. The taxonomic diagnostics of the soil profiles was carried out using databases [6]. To simplify the use of tabular data, a program interface based on Microsoft Access was used [5, 17]. This made it possible to minimize data input ambiguity by maximizing the choice of values from the reference tables. The user task was to manually input the quantitative characteristics of the profile horizons (their thickness and concentration of substances) and of the profile in general (GPS coordinates, groundwater level, date of description, etc.). After entry of the information into the database, the name of the soil was automatically entered (type, subtype, class, kind, variety, and category), as well as the logical control of taxon identification according to the system of taxonomic keys built into the program, and the correction of identification errors. The use of this approach enabled resolution of the problem of unification of the collection and analysis of information concerning the mapping territory. The coincidence method, which we developed and which was previously described in detail, was used during the creation of the digital soil map [7]. ArcGis v was used as a GIS platform [16], in which the boundary adjacency indicator was calculated. The procedure of conversion of a polygonal object into a linear one identifies the length of the contours and determines which polygons separate the common border (neighborhood identification). This transformation is made in module: Data Managment: Polygon To Line management, IDENTIFY NEIGHBORS.

3 60 KIRILLOVA et al. Table 1. Interpretation of the key to the soil map (Fig. 1) Notation conventions Subtype Type Area, % 1 soddy podzolic podzolic developed sodd podzolic same peaty podzolic surface-water gleyed bog podzolic peaty podzolic ground gleyed same soddy podzolic surface-water gleyed soddy podzolic ground gleyed soddy ground gleyic soddy gley humus ground gley same black bog (typical) peaty gley peaty black bog black bog (typical) peaty same proper alluvial soddy acid alluvial soddy acid alluvial soddy acid podzolized same alluvial meadow acid layered alluvial meadow acid proper alluvial meadow acid same proper alluvial meadow bog alluvial meadow bog alluvial meadow bog peaty same alluvial bog humic gley alluvial bog limous humic gley bog alluvial limous peat gley alluvial bog limous peat bog alluvial limous peat same proper soddy soddy 1.11 Total area 100 (336 ha) Table 2. Distribution of floodplain by types and subtypes Type A B Alluvial meadow bog Alluvial meadow acid Alluvial bog limous peat Alluvial soddy acid Alluvial bog limous humic gley Total Subtype A B Proper alluvial meadow bog Bog alluvial limous peat Proper alluvial meadow acid Alluvial bog humic gley Alluvial meadow acid layered Alluvial soddy acid podzolized Proper alluvial soddy acid Alluvial meadow bog peaty Bog alluvial limous peat gley Total A percent of the total number of sampling points in the flood plain; B percent of the total area of the flood plain. Since the calculation of the total boundary of soil contours is made for each landfill to indicate its boundary with each neighboring one, it will be two times greater than if the common boundary was calculated without repetition. The boundary adjacency (BA) indicator can be determined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of the sum of the length of all the boundaries to the length of the boundary of an individual contour. It follows from these definitions that the higher this indicator, the smaller the adjacency, i.e., the farther the from each other in space. The natural logarithm is taken to show all values on a general scale. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of the distribution of by type and subtype was carried out in accordance with the constructed digital map (Fig. 1, Table 1 [20]). The four distinguished geomorphological areas are discussed: flood plain, slopes above the flood plain, ravines, and water-divide slopes. Floodplain (118 from 530 profiles = 22.3%). With respect to the area, the alluvial occupy 36%

4 DIGITAL SOIL MAP OF CHASHNIKOVO TRAINING 61 Table 3. Distribution of flood-plain by land type, in percentage according to the results of sampling points Type Subtype Forest Tillage Meadow Alluvial bog limous humic gley alluvial bog humic gley Alluvial bog limous peat bog alluvial limous peat gley 2.5 bog alluvial limous peat Alluvial soddy acid proper alluvial soddy acid 4.2 alluvial soddy acid podzolized Alluvial meadow bog proper alluvial meadow bog alluvial meadow bog peaty 4.5 Alluvial meadow acid alluvial meadow acid layered proper alluvial meadow bog Total of the studied territory (122 ha) and are related to 9 subtypes of the 5 types of. Proper alluvial meadow bog prevail in the flood plain (~33%) (Table 2). Their distribution was calculated as the percentage of the total number of sampling points, on the one hand, and as the area of the contour as a percentage of the total area, on the other. It should be noted that for all subtypes of, the relative distributions calculated by the two methods correspond to each other. Alluvial soddy acid podzolized are an exception. Their relative share calculated by the ratio of the areas of the constructed map is double the percentage value calculated by the sampling points. This may be due to the fact that the of the given subtypes are located on elevated topographic features close to the Klyaz ma channel and are difficult to access for study, which leads to an underestimation of their percentage ratio. We believe that the higher values that were predicted according to the cartographic model are quite possible. Flat and flat convex slopes, occupied by meadows, with an inclination of up to 1, prevail in the flood plain. In general, the topographic characteristics such as angle of slope inclination, slope curvature, and slope exposure, do not significantly influence the spatial location of. This may be both due to the small absolute value of differentiation of these indicators in the flood plain (all inclination angles are within 0 2 ) and due to the fact that, with dewatering and with the laying of numerous channels, both convex and concave topographic features are no longer converging and diverging, respectively. The main indicating feature of the separation of flood plain is the type of land (Table 3). There are all types of in the meadows: the developed meadows are largely occupied by alluvial soddy acid and meadow acid and the forests are occupied by alluvial bog limous humic gley, limous peat, and meadow bog. It should be noted that no developed floodplain was distinguished in the classification of of 1977 at any of the taxonomic levels. Traditionally, alluvial were cultivated in the taiga zone of Russia, and there was significantly more tillage Table 4. Distribution of on above-flood-plain slopes by subtype Type Subtype Relative area, % Peat black bog black bog (typical) peat 33.2 gley black bog (typical) peat 17.7 Podzolic soddy podzolic 15.0 Bog podzolic soddy podzolic surfacewater 11.4 gleyed soddy podzolic ground 2.0 gleyed Soddy gley humic ground gley 10.9 soddy ground gleyic 9.8 Total 100

5 62 KIRILLOVA et al. Table 5. Distribution of in ravines by subtype Type Subtype Relative area, % Podzolic soddy podzolic 49.2 Bog podzolic soddy podzolic surface-water gleyed soddy podzolic ground gleyed Soddy gley soddy ground gleyic 21.8 Peaty black bog humic ground gley 0.1 black bog (typical) peat gley 8.8 black bog (typical) peat 0.6 Soddy proper soddy 15.7 Total 100 Table 6. Distribution of on water-divide slopes by subtypes Type Subtype Relative area, % Podzolic soddy podzolic 36.9 developed soddy podzolic 58.9 Bog podzolic peaty podzolic surface-water 0.1 gleyed peat podzolic ground gleyed 0.1 soddy podzolic surfacewater 1.4 gleyed soddy podzolic ground 0.5 gleyed Soddy gley soddy ground gleyic 0.6 Peaty black bog humic ground gley 0.2 black bog (typical) peat gley 1.2 black bog (typical) peat 0.1 Total 100 of that kind in the previous decades of soil development on the studied floodplain territory [8]. For all floodplain, we can draw a diagram of the spatial relationships with respect to the adjacency of boundaries (Fig. 2). The length of the ribs in the pyramid is proportional to the BA indicator. The shorter the rib length, the closer the neighborhood of to each other. The largest distance is between the alluvial bog limous humic gley and the alluvial soddy acid (BA = 7.8). Alluvial meadow bog border with all developed on the flood plain. The obtained values are compared with their classification division. According to the classification, the alluvial meadow bog represent a form of soil formation which is a transitional link between the alluvial meadow and the two other types of alluvial bog [8]. It is quite possible that the related to the type of alluvial meadow bog prevail on the studied territory due to flood plain dewatering. Some of them, especially the peaty, could be diagnosed some decades ago, before amelioration, by one of the types of alluvial bog. When they were withdrawn from the floodplain regime, bogging stopped and, as a consequence, the vegetation changed; the upper layers had a partial mineralization and fragments of organogenic material were formed at different depths. Therefore, the morphological features were found to correspond to the type of alluvial meadow bog. Soils of above flood-plain slopes (59 from 530 profiles = 11.1%). In terms of area, they cover 14% of the studied territory (48 ha). They belong to 7 subtypes of the 4 soil types. As can be seen from Table 4, peaty black bog (50%) and soddy gley (20%) are most prevalent among the types; podzolic and bog podzolic constitute 15% and 13%, respectively. On the whole, slopes from 1 to 3 and from 3 to 5, flat and flat convex slopes, and slope occupied by forest prevail on this territory. Figure 2 shows the results of calculation of soil boundaries on the above flood-plain slopes. It should be noted that, unlike flood-plain, on the given territory we cannot distinguish any type of soil that borders all the others. The number of common borders between the types is less than that in the flood plain. The distance between the podzolic and bog podzolic is closer than that between them and the black bog and soddy gley. Ravine (66 of 530 profiles = 12.5%). In area, ravines occupy 7% of the studied territory (24 ha) and belong to the subtypes of 5 types of (Table 5). The soddy podzolic and soddy constitute more than 60% by area. They cover the upper part of the ravines, closer to the rim. Soddy gley and black bog are found on the bottom of the ravines.

6 DIGITAL SOIL MAP OF CHASHNIKOVO TRAINING 63 ABLHG AMB Flood plain AMA ASA Flood-plain slopes BP P PBB ABLP SG Ravines S Water-divide slopes BP BP 2.67 P SG S P PBB PBB SG Fig. 2. Layout of types of relative to each other with respect to the boundary adjacency (BA) indicator: AMB alluvial meadow bog ; ASA alluvial soddy acid ; AMA alluvial meadow acid ; ABLHG alluvial bog limous humic gley ; ABLP alluvial bog limous peat ; BP bog podzolic ; P podzolic ; S soddy ; SG soddy gley ; PBB peaty black bog. The ravines are generally dominated by slopes from 3 to 5 and >5 (29.3 and 35.7%, respectively), convex and concave slopes (33.2%), flat convex and convex slopes (27.5%), and slopes covered by forest (90% of the area). The analysis presented in Fig. 2 highlights the following peculiarities of the spatial relationships of the in the ravines: the proximity between the soddy and soddy gley is the highest; podzolic have more borders with soddy and fewer borders with soddy gley and they rarely border with peaty black bog ; the bog podzolic do not fall into this complex and border only with podzolic ; i.e., only one relationship out of the four possible relationships is realized. Further studies are needed to specify the diagnostics of the on the territory where bog podzolic are described. According to calculations, the relationship between soddy and peaty black bog should be closer than that between podzolic and peaty black bog. Based on the diagram plotted by geometrical rules in order to observe the length of the ribs according to the BA indicator, the diagonal D-PBB must be more than 3.04 and Further work is needed to clarify the location of this very boundary and it will possibly be corrected. Soils of water-divide slopes (287 of 530 profiles = 54.3%). In area, they cover 43% of the studied territory (142 ha) and belong to 10 subtypes of the 4 types of. Developed soddy podzolic and soddy podzolic are most prevalent (58.9% and 36.9%, respectively) (Table 6). Bog podzolic occur in the concave topographic features more often than podzolic ones (Fig. 3). This territory is dominated by slopes from 1 to 3 (51%), flat convex and convex planes (about 50%). The territory is occupied by tillage (53.3%), forest (31.6%), and meadows (15.3%). Analyzing the layout (Fig. 2), we can note the following peculiarities of the spatial relationships of the of the water-divide slopes: greatest proximity between podzolic and bog podzolic ; soddy, where they fall out of the complex, border only with podzolic (i.e., only one relationship of the four possible relationships is realized); the types of are weakly associated with each other. Therefore, the distribution of is established at a standard and a substandard level with respect to the

7 64 KIRILLOVA et al. Share of sampling points, % Convex and Flat-concave Flat-convex Flat slopes concave slopes and concave and convex slopes slopes Slope curvature Fig. 3. Distribution of podzolic (1) and bog podzolic (2) by topographic features. four geomorphological areas. The flood plain is characterized by a wide range of alluvial, among which related to the type of alluvial meadow bog of the subtype of proper alluvial meadow bog are most prevalent (32.8%). For the slopes and ravines, taxon sets are overlapped to a minimal extent; in addition, specific dominants have been identified for each of them. The of the water-divide slopes are largely represented by the type of podzolic related to the subtype of soddy podzolic developed (58.9%). The ravines are dominated by podzolic of the soddy podzolic subtype (49.2%). The leading role in the above-floodplain slopes belongs to related to the type of peaty black bog of the subtype of black bog (typical) peat gley (33.2%). 1 2 CONCLUSIONS The use of digital methods for construction of a soil map based on the array of a database collected in field conditions is a tool that makes it possible not only to automate the mapping of soil contours, but also to effectively carry out the analysis of the obtained results of data. Soils of 10 types and 20 subtypes of the southern taiga subzone are found within the studied territory with an area of 336 ha. The of the podzolic type are most prevalent (46%), which are related to the two subtypes: developed soddy podzolic (25%) and soddy podzolic (21%) (Fig. 1). Each of the four geomorphological areas (flood plain, ravines, above-flood-plain slopes, and waterdivide slopes) has a definite set of soil taxa. For slopes and ravines, it is overlapped to a minimal extent. Specific dominants have been identified for each area. The use of the boundary adjacent indicator according to Fridland makes it possible to digitally represent the spatial relationship between and can be used for analysis of the correctness of construction of a soil map and the classification proximity of taxa. REFERENCES 1. Belousova N.I., Nazimova D.I., and Andreeva N.M. Analysis of soil-climatic relationships on the basis of the soil map and the BIOME database, Eurasian Soil Sci., 2012, vol. 45, no. 2, pp Vasil evskaya, V.D., Zborishchuk, Yu.N., and Ul ynova, T.Yu., Soils and soil cover of the Chashnikovo Educational Experimental Soil Ecological, in Razvitie pochvenno-ekologicheskikh issledovanii (Development of Soil-Ecological Studies), Moscow, Edinyi gosudarstvennyi reestr pochvennykh resursov Rossii. Versiya 1.0 (Single Russian State Cadastre of Soil Resources, Version 1.0), Ivanov, A.L. and Shoba, S.A., Eds., Moscow, Ivanov, A.V., Alyabina, I.O., Ivanov, S.A., et al., Soil geographical database: data structure and metadata (v. 1.0), Dokl. Ekol. Pochvoved., 2010, vol. 14, no Kirillova, N.P., RF Patent , Kirillova, N.P., Sileva, T.M., Ul ynova, T.Yu., and Makarov, M.I., RF Patent , Kirillova, N.P., Sileva, T.M., Ul ynova, T.Yu., and Savin, I.Yu., Match method and its application for the development of a large-scale soil map, Eurasian Soil Sci., 2014, vol. 47, no. 10, pp Klassifikatsiya i diganostika pochv SSSR (Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of the Soviet Union), Moscow, Natsional nyi atlas pochv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (National Atlas of Soils of Russian Federation), Shoba, S.A. and Dobrovol skii, G.V., Eds., Moscow, Nedanchuk, I.M. and Alyabina, I.O., Assessment of the effect of the climatic parameters on the distribution of the Al-Fe-humus horizons in the of the Russian planes, Eurasian Soil Sci., 2010, vol. 43, no. 9, pp Obshchesoyuznaya instruktsiya po pochvennym obsledovaniyam i sostavleniyu krupnomasshtabnykh pochvennykh kart zemlepol zovaniya (All-Union Instruction on Soil Analysis and Large Scale Mapping of Used Lands), Moscow, Pochvovedenie, Chast 2. Tipy pochv, ikh geografiya i ispol zovanie (Soil Science, Part 2: Types of Soils, Their Geography and Use), Kovda, V.A. and Rozanov, B.G., Eds., Moscow, Fridland, V.M., Structure of soil cover: objectives and methods of study, in Pochvennye kombinatsii i ikh genezis (Soil Combinations and Their Genesis), Moscow, Khitrov N.B. and Loiko S.V. Soil cover patterns on flat interfluves in the Kamennaya Steppe, Eurasian Soil Sci., 2010, vol. 43, no. 12, pp

8 DIGITAL SOIL MAP OF CHASHNIKOVO TRAINING Shoba, S.A., Alyabina, I.O., Kolesnikova, V.M., et al., Pochvennye resursy Rossii. Pochvenno-geograficheskaya baza dannykh (Soil Resources of Russia. Soil-Geographical Database), Moscow, ArcGis v Microsoft Access Minasny, B. and McBratney, A.B., Incorporating taxonomic distance into spatial prediction and digital mapping of soil classes, Geoderma, 2007, vol. 142, pp Rinand, C., Arrouays, D., Laroche, B., and Martin, M., Extrapolating regional soil landscapes from an existing soil map: sampling intensity, validation procedures, and integration of spatial context, Geoderma, 2008, vol. 143, pp SubTypeSM_Chash.bmp. Translated by D. Zabolotny