The Third World. Problems and Perspectives

Transcription

1 The Third World Problems and Perspectives

2 Of Related Interest Developing the Underdeveloped Countries ('Geographical Readings' series) Edited by Alan B. Mountjoy The City in The Third World ('Geographical Readings' series) Edited by D. J. Dwyer

3 The Third World Problems and Perspectives Edited by Alan B. Mountjoy Macmillan Education in association with The Geographical Magazine

4 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / The Geographical Magaxine and 1978 Softcover reprint or the hardcover I st edition 1978 All rijhts reserved. For infonnation, write: St. Martin's Pre$$, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Fint published in the United State$ of America in 1979 ISBN Library or Conp-ess CataJotiq; fa hblkation Data Main entry under title: The Third world. Rev. versions ofarticles which originally appeared in the Geographical magazine, Bibliography: p. Includes index. I. Underdeveloped areas- Addrnses. essays. lectures. 2. Economic development- Addresses, essays, I«turn. I. Mountjoy, Alan B. II. The Geographical magazine (London, ) HC59.7.T "172'

5 Contents List of Maps and Diagrams, 7 List of Plates (between pages 80 and 81) 8 List of Tables 9 Preface 11 1 The Third World in Perspective 13 ALAN B. MOUNTJOY 2 Environmental Hazards in the Third World 23 MICHAEL J. EDEN 3 Fertile People in Infertile Lands: The Demographic Situation 32 JOHN I. CLARKE 4 Economic Planning: Paths to Development 45 COLIN R. PATMAN 5 The Rural Revolution 55 DAVID GRIGG 6 Reform of Agrarian Structures in the Third World 64 KEITH SUTTON 7 Technology and the Third World 76 HOWARD BOWEN-JONES 8 The Infrastructure Gap 84 DAVID HILLING 9 Industrialisation in the Third World 93 JOHN P. DICKENSON 10 Urbanisation in the Third World 102 ALAN B. MOUNTJOY 11 Rural Development" and Rural Change 112 DAVID J. SIDDLE 5

6 6 Contents 12 Aid for Needy Nations W.T.W. MORGAN 13 Trade Growth for Development DAVID HILLING 14 Summary and Conclusions B.W.HODDER Further Reading Notes on Contributors Index

7 List of Maps and Diagrams 1 World per capita net incomes in US $, c World levels of literacy, c Distribution of locusts/grasshoppers and malaria 26 4 World diets: protein intake 28 5 World diets: calorie intake 29 6 World population: rates of natural increase, Age and sex composition: Ghana 1970, India 1974, Morocco 1973, Peru World population: juvenility c World population: family planning Investment and the development process Percentage of workers employed in agriculture Production and yield of wheat and rice in India World energy: per capita consumption The world's 'million' cities 1920, 1950 and Rates of growth of major and lesser cities Relationships of kinship patterns with land tenure and settlement in a Nigerian village Origins and directions of Aid : annual averages Origins and directions of Aid : per capita averages Exports of primary products, Growth of GDP per capita for selected countries Global rates of growth per capita,

8 List of Plates 1 Village school in Nepal 2 Degree ceremony at an African university 3 Malnutrition in Indonesia 4 Wind-driven irrigation pump, Ethiopia 5 A New Guinea family 6 An Indian family planning clinic 7 Labour-intensive public work in Egypt 8 Camel-owning nomads of North Kordofan 9 Hand winnowing of rice, Pakistan 10 Buffalo cart, Pakistan 11 Demonstration of rice and fertiliser tests, Java 12 Coconut palm nursery, Ghana 13 An agrarian reform co-operative, Egypt 14 Intermediate technology in Sri Lanka 15 Cassava grinder, Nigeria 16 Transport on a laterite road, Upper Volta 17 Bicycle versatility, Mali 18 Brick making, Brazil 19 A labour-intensive industry, Sudan 20 The Volta Redonda iron and steel works, Brazil 21 Engineering training, Cairo 22 'Cardboard Town', Khartoum 23 Shanty town industries, Freetown 24 Shanty squalor, Bangkok 25 Squatter rehousing, Singapore 8

9 List of Tables 1 Numbers of inhabitants per physician 17 2 Land ownership distribution in Latin American and North Africa 65 3 The application of a schematic framework for agrarian reform in Algeria and Taiwan 67 4 Population and infrastructure, Uncontrolled settlements in selected developing countries Flow of financial resources to developing countries, 1970 and Aid contributions from DAC donor countries Donor countries' net official development assistance per head, and Indices of world cocoa prices and Ghana's import costs 138 The cover illustration, depicting children begging for food in India, is reproduced by permission of The Geographical Magazine and the John Topham Picture Library, Edenbridge, Kent. 9

10 Preface This book was first mooted some time ago at a conference on Development held at a university in southern England. Nearly all those present were economists, keen to discuss theories and models of development which, to the few geographers present, seemed far removed from the realities of the African bush or the padi lands of South-east Asia. It was this need for reality, to get one's feet on the ground in the understanding of Third World problems, that led to discussion and eventually to the series of articles in The Geographical Magazine that are now incorporated in this volume. The aim of this book is modest: to present factually a wide spectrum of the ills and problems of the Third World and to make some assessment of the state of developing countries today after a quarter of a century of efforts at economic development. The complexity of interrelationships is simplified by a division of the material into 14 parts: this is a convenient method of analysis and at the same time offers a series of topics for further discussion. A primary object of the authors has been to give a basis for such discussion and thus to facilitate understanding of the problems of poverty, and its removal, that affect between two and three thousand million people and in which we, in our more fortunate conditions, are becoming increasingly involved. All the authors are specialists in the fields on which they write and the articles have been expanded and updated since they first appeared in The Geographical Magazine. Lists of books and articles for further reading and an index have also been provided. Thanks are due to Mr Derek Weber, editor of The Geographical Magazine for his patient help and enthusiasm for the series, and to the photographic II

11 12 Preface and cartographic staff of the Department of Geography, Bedford College (University of London), who have prepared the maps and diagrams. Bedford College, London A.B.M. March 1978