SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES

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1 CONTENTS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES Social and Cultural Development of Human Resources - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 540 ISBN: (ebook) ISBN: (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : eolssunesco@gmail.com

2 CONTENTS Social and Cultural Development of Human Resources 1 Tomoko Hamada,College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, USA 2. Different Disciplinary Approaches to Social and Cultural Development of Human Resources 2.1. Economics 2.2. Psychology 2.3. Sociology 2.4. Anthropology 2.5. Cognitive Science 2.6. Political Science 2.7. Law 3. Social and Cultural Development of Human Resources 3.1. Homo sapiens 3.2. The Fallacy of Race Category 3.3. The Nation-states and Modernization Projects 3.4. Globalization 4. The Individual as Human Resource 4.1. Social Agents for Individual Socialization 4.2. Individual Motivation 4.3. Groupthink 5. Social Development of Human Resources 5.1. Socialization 5.2. Social Structure, Status, and Power 5.3. Birth Rates and Human Resource Development 5.4. Education 5.5. The Media 5.6. Formal and Informal Organizations as Social Groups 5.7. Social Organization and Sustainability 6. Social and Cultural Development Indicators 7. Rational Choice Theory 8. Consumption 9. Conclusion Social Psychological Perspectives on Human Development 43 J. B. Nezlek,Department of Psychology, College of William & Mary, USA 2. Motivation 3. Decision-making 4. Attitudes and behavior 5. Changing attitudes 6. Evaluating interventions 7. Organizational psychology Social Development Trends 57 Peter J. M. Nas, Leiden University, the Netherlands Jan J. J. M. Wuisman,Leiden University, the Netherlands 2. Conceptualizing Social Development 3. Current Trends of Social Development i

3 4. The Emergent World Community 5. The Global Expansion of Economy 6. The Creation of a World Culture 7. The Internationalization of Governance 8. The UN system 9. The Nation-state 10. Local Participation and Empowerment 11. Conclusion Social Development and The Family 77 Sumita Chudhuri,Department of Anthropology, Calcutta University, India 2. Differences between a Domestic Group and a Family 3. The Developmental Cycle of the Domestic Group 4. The Universality Function of the Family 5. Family Organization 6. Types of Families 7. The Family of Orientation and the Family of Procreation 8. The Nature of the Family 9. Social Development in Relation to the Family 10. The Family and the Nature of Change 11. Patriarchy and Women 12. Family Law and Women 13. Customary Law 14. Conclusion Social Ecology in Urban Setting 101 Peter J. M. Nas,Leiden University, the Netherlands : Human Ecology 2. Territorial Organization 3. Internal Organization of the City 4. Urban Symbolic Ecology 5. Urban Greenery and Agriculture 6. Mega-urbanization 7. Conclusion The Context of Urban Development Policy 107 Ton van Naerssen,University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2. Technology, Globalization, and Postmodernism 3. Towards an Urbanized World 4. Restructuring and Reinventing the Economies of Cities 5. Social Change 6. The Ecological Challenge 7. New Policy Paradigms 8. Two Urban Development Programs 9. Conclusion The Context for Rural Development Policy 124 Buddhadeb Chaudhuri,Professor of Anthropology, University of Calcutta, India ii

4 1. The Emergence of Rural Life 2. The Characteristics of Rural Communities 3. The Classification of Rural Societies 4. Types of Agricultural Activities 5. Political Struggles and Land Ownership 6. Poverty in Rural Societies 7. Variations in Rural Society: Time and Space 8. The Distinctions between Policy and Development 9. Survival of the Rural Poor: Poverty, Hunger, and Sustainable Development 10. How Green is the Green Revolution? 11. Approaches to Rural Development 12. The Nature of Agrarian Economies and Development Strategies 13. Conclusion Urban-Rural Dimensions of Social Development 140 Peter J. M. Nas, Leiden University, the Netherlands Jan J. J. M. Wuisman,Leiden University, the Netherlands 2. Rural Urban Differences 3. Mega-urban Development 4. Rural Diversity 5. Rural Development 6. Theoretical Perspectives 6.1. Modernization 6.2. Dependency 6.3. Modernism 6.4. Postmodernism 6.5. Information Society 7. Conclusion The Sociology and Economics of Labor in Developing Countries 155 Meine Pieter van Dijk, Erasmus University, the Netherlands 2. The Urban Informal Sector 3. Developments in the Informal Sector 4. The Functioning of Labor Markets in Developing Countries 5. Labor Markets: Differentiation and Segmentation 6. The Functioning of Labor Markets 7. Regulation of Labor Markets 8. Challenges for Developing Countries Rural Issues in Developed Nations 165 Bernard J.S. Hoetjes,University of Maastricht, Regional and international administration, Faculty of Law,University of Leiden, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, the Netherlands 1. Definitions 2. The post-world War II years 3. Agriculture in the forefront of European integration: The 60 s and 70 s and the tragedy of success 4. Policy changes in the 80 s and 90 s: Economy and ecology 4.1. Post-Cold-War worries and issues 5. Prospects and issues in rural life in developed nations- towards a sustainable development of the countryside? iii

5 The Role of Ethnic Groups in Social Development 184 Deepak Kumar Behera,Professor of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, India Ranju H. Sahu,Research Associate, Nabakrushna Chaudhury Centre for Development Studies, Bhubaneswar, India. : Social Development and Ethnic Groups 2. Conceptual Framework 3. The Nation State and Ethnicity: Cases of Third World Societies 4. Conclusion Religious Belief and Resource Development 198 Ann T. Jordan,University of North Texas, Denton, USA : Culture, Religious Belief, and Worldview 2. Examples of Religious Belief and Worldview: Three North American Indian Tribes 2.1. The Wintu 2.2. The Western Apache 2.3. The Mvskoke (Creek) 2.4. Summary: Views of the Environment 3. Religious Beliefs Translated into Action: North American Indian Resource Management 3.1. The Wintu 3.2. The Western Apache 3.3. The Mvskoke (Creek) 3.4. Resource Management in Other North American Indian Tribes 4. Conclusion Gender Dimensions of Sustainable Development 213 Jennifer M. Mellor, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA Yana van der Meulen Rodgers,College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA 2. Gender Differences in Health Status 2.1. Measuring Health 2.2. Patterns and Causes of Mortality Differentials 2.3. Reproductive Health 2.4. Patterns of Morbidity Differentials 2.5. Causes of Gender Differentials in Morbidity 2.6. Policy Attempts to Alleviate Gender Differences in Health 3. Gender Differences in Education and Labor Market Outcomes 3.1. Educational Attainment: Concepts and Outcomes 3.2. Labor Market Outcomes 3.3. Labor Market Policies 4. Implications for Economic Growth and Policy Use of Resources and Space 242 John H. Bodley,Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA 2. Cultural Processes, Resources, and Change 3. Resource Use in Domestically Organized Cultures 4. Domestically Organized Use of Space 5. Resource Use in Politically Organized Societies 6. Politically Organized Use of Space 7. Scale Limits to Political Power 8. Resource Use in Commercially Organized Societies iv

6 9. Domestic Space in Commercially Organized Societies 10. Current Trends and Examples 11. Significance of Trends in Relation to Current and Future Problems 12. Explaining Scale Trends 13. Key Issues/Problems Consumption in Affluent Societies 258 Russell W. Belk,University of Utah, USA Güliz Ger,Bilkent University, Turkey 1. Round Up the (Un)usual Suspects 1.1. The Disproportionate Consumption of the Haves 1.2. Social Class, Consumption, and the Environment 1.3. Affluent Cultures, Consumption, and the Environment 1.4. Dirt as Pollution versus Play 1.5. The Modern Way to Consume: Images of the Good Life and Occidentalism 2. Materialism and Denial Strategies 2.1. Consume Locally, Condemn Globally 2.2. Accounting for Global Materialism 3. Conclusions: The Future? Consumption in Developing Societies 276 J. M. Heyman,Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA 1.1. Overview 1.2. Defining Consumption and Development 1.3. The Debate over Consumption in Developing Societies Aggregation Models Modernization Models 2. Basic Empirical Questions About Consumption 3. Households as Consumers 3.1. Inter-Household Inequality and Consumerism 3.2. Households and Consumption: Summary 4. Beyond Households: Power Infrastructures and Other Linkages 4.1. Utilities 4.2. Collective Consumption 4.3. Television, Marketing, and Capitalist Firms 4.4. Aggregating Developing Society Consumption Appropriate Aggregation Methods Aggregate Effects of Developing Society Consumption on the Environment 5. The Politics of Consumption in Developing Societies Consumption and the Environment 297 L. A. Michaelis,Mansfield College, Oxford, UK Richard R. Wilk,Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA 2. Ethical Arguments for Changing Consumption Patterns 3. Perspectives on the Shaping of Consumption Patterns 3.1. Economics 3.2. Psychology of Consumption 3.3. Social and Cultural Influences on Consumption 3.4. Technology Eeconomy Culture Linkages Technological Change v

7 Cultural Change 4. Policies for Changing Consumption Patterns Globalization and the Consumer Society 316 Catherine Hodge McCoid,Department of History and Anthropology, Central Missouri State University, USA 2. Theories of Globalization and the Consumer Society Top-down theories Bottom-up theories Ecological theories. 3. Consumption and global ecological pressure 3.1. Definitions: sustainable consumption, underconsumption, overconsumption Sustainable consumption Underconsumption Overconsumption Global energy use Overconsumption and underconsumption and a sustainable quality of life Overconsumption and underconsumption as interrelated social patterns. 4. Solutions/Looking towards a sustainable future Intergenerational equity Intragenerational equity Risk Aversion Strategies Conservation of Biodiversity Internalization of Environmental Costs Enlightened Institutions. 5. Conclusions/Suggestions for Future Work Social and Cultural Development Indicators 334 Kimio Uno,Keio University, Japan 1. Economic versus Social Cultural Dimensions 1.1. Global Community, or Is It? 1.2. Two Hundred Years of Development 1.3. Development Scheme 1.4. Paradigm Shift 1.5. Frame of Reference 2. The Methodology of Social Measurement 3. The Cases of Social Measurement 3.1. The Development of Social Indicators Economic Objectives Functional Classification Basic Human Needs 3.2. The Framework of Social Indicators Social, Political, and Economic Characteristics of Development by Adelman and Morris The OECD List of Social Indicators World Development Indicators by the World Bank Agenda Baseline Scenarios by the IPCC 3.3. Indicators on Specific Spheres Demographic Trends Urbanization Environmental Indicators Services Unpaid Work and Time Use vi

8 4. Policy Relevance of Indicators 4.1. The Foundation of Policy 4.2. Policy Formulation 4.3. Proper Issue Setting Equity 391 Catherine Hodge McCoid,Department of History and Anthropology, Central Missouri State University, USA 2. Equity and inequity defined Intergenerational equity Intragenerational equity. 3. Relations of Inequity: Poverty, Hunger, and Health. 4. Theories about inequity Top-down theories Bottom-up theories Ecological theories: ecological justice. 5. Equity and Human Rights: Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil and Political Rights. 6. Equity, Inequity, and global ecological pressure Inequity, Globalization and the Capitalist World Market 6.2. Inequity and Global Ecological Pressure: Social and Ecological Costs of Overconsumption and Underconsumption 6.3. Gender, Inequity, and the Global System. 7. Equity and Sustainable Development: Providing for Environmental Balance and Basic Human Needs. Health - Social and Cultural Development Indicators 413 Maj-Lis Follér,Göteborg University, Sweden Gunnar Holmgren,Section for International Child Health ICH, Uppsala, Sweden 2. A Framework for Core Indicators 3. Historical Perspective 4. Impact of Poverty on Health 5. North South Perspective and the Debt Crisis 6. Impact of Population Pressure on Health 7. Major Causes of Mortality 8. Recent Trends in Health Thinking 9. Global Burden of Disease Study , published 1996/7 10. Cost-effectiveness of Health Interventions 11. Conclusions Development of Human and Social Development Indicators: Human Aspiration and Sustainability 432 Kimio Uno,Dean, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Japan 1. Human Aspiration and Sustainability 1.1. The Spaceship Environmental and the System Boundary 1.2. Pollution 1.3. Material Flows 1.4. Global Warming 2. Sustainability Indicators and Accounting 2.1. Indicators 2.2. Green GDP vii

9 2.3. Environmental Accounting Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) European System for the Collection of Economic Information on the Environment (SERIEE) 2.4. Measures of Economic Welfare 3. The Economic Basis for Human and Social Development 3.1. Genuine Saving for Sustainability 3.2. Development Finance 3.3. Arms Reduction 3.4. Technology Aspects 4. Global Governance 4.1. Policy Tools for Global Governance 4.2. The Valuation Issue 4.3. Green Accounting or Indicators 4.4. Towards Sustainability Analysis Index 485 About EOLSS 493 viii