International Journal of Advances in Management, Economics and Entrepreneurship. Available online at: RESEARCH ARTICLE
|
|
- Noah Washington
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Journal of Advances in Management, Economics and Entrepreneurship Available online at: RESEARCH ARTICLE A Factor Analysis of Determinants of Human Development in Rural Odisha Mishra SK* Dept. of Economics, TITE, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. *Corresponding Author: skmtite@gmail.com Abstract The ultimate purpose of the entire exercise of development is to improve the human conditions and to enlarge people s choices. Human development is a means to higher productivity. A well nourished, healthy, educated, skilled alert labour force is the most productive asset. Improving living conditions and reduced poverty contribute to a healthy civil society and greater social stability. Human development also helps in reducing civil disturbances in the society and in increasing political stability. Human development is friendly to the physical environment also. Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion decline when poverty declines. Thus, efforts have been made in this paper to identify the important determinants of human development in the rural regions of Odisha by using multivariate factor analysis. Keywords: Human Development, Rural, Urban, Odisha, Composite Index. Introduction People are the real wealth of a nation. The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives [1]. Human development covers the economic growth and sharing, all kinds of human needs, hunger and unemployment. In the contemporary era, human development is in greater need of analysis and clarification and the word has come to be extraordinarily widely used in public discourse probably more so than ever before in its history [2]. The concept of human development is as old as the economic thought itself, but its quantitative measurement is of recent origin. The former can be traced back to the oriental societies as their objectives have always been to maintain, improve and provide the basic requirements of nutrition, living space and social harmony [3]. Human development is evidently about enlarging people s choices on the basis of shared natural resources. Since freedoms and capabilities possess a more expansive notion than basic needs, human development can be adopted as the expansion of people s freedoms and capabilities to lead lives that they have reason to value. In this sense, the human development approach is consistently concerned with making sense of the world and addressing challenges now and in the future [4]. It has been observed from the extant literature that the human development is a function of the volume and quality of human resources exist in a country, the level and quality of education of its people, the quality of health, nutrition and sanitation, the level of skill, efficiency and training of its people, rural-urban distribution, deposit of natural resources, size and allocation of financial resources, good governance and institutional indicators. All these aspects have been the subject matter of many research works [5-12]. However, the development literature is largely impaired by sufficient empirical evidence on the determinants of human development at regional levels of low and middle income countries. It is with this backdrop, this paper proceeds to identify the important determinants of human development in the rural areas of Odisha on the basis of household level data and using exploratory factor analysis. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the data and methodology; Section 3 makes the analysis and discusses the results; and Section 4 concludes. Data and Methodology Odisha is potentially rich and endowed with vast natural resources: minerals, forests, fertile land, plentiful surface and ground water, long coast line, and picturesque landscape. However, it has a discouraging rank among other states of India in terms of human development index. Thus, primary objective of this study is to identify the significant determinants of human development in the rural region of Odisha. For this purpose, I Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
2 have surveyed two sample villages-rajapur of the Machamara Gram Panchayat of Gajapati district and Gumagarh village of the Gumagarh Gram Panchayat of Kandhamala district of Odisha. And, I gathered ordinal data on 30 socio-economic variables from 615 households-341 from Rajapur and 274 from Gumagarh villages. All these observed socio-economic indicators have been brought to the factor analysis to form the most significant dimensions of human development for the rural region of Odisha. Analysis and Discussion In the analysis, I have used the principal component analysis technique of factor analysis as this allows for the extraction of as many significant factors/dimensions as possible from the observed data set. Prior to performing the factor analysis, suitability of data for such analysis was assessed by calculating KMO statistic, and applying Bartelett s test of sphericity. The Kaiser- Meyer-Oklin (KMO) value was 0.840, exceeding the recommended value of 0.60 [13,14] and the Bartlett s test of Sphericity [15] reached statistical significance, supporting the factorability of the 30 observed socio-economic variables of the study. These results are shown in Table-1. Then, the communalities were extracted by Principal Component Analysis, and I found that all the communalities are all above This confirms that each variable shares some common variance with other variables, and thus, can be included in the factor analysis. The results are presented in Table-2. Table-1: KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df 435 Sig Table 2: Communalities Variables Initial Extraction Household Monthly Per Capita Income Household Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure Household Monthly Per Capita Food Expenditure Household Monthly Per Capita Health Expenditure Household Monthly Per Capita Education Expenditure Household Monthly Per Capita Transport and Communication Expenditure Household Literacy Household Female Literacy Household Adult Literacy Household Female Adult Literacy Household Youth Literacy Household Female Youth Literacy Enrollment in Primary Education Enrollment in Secondary Education Enrollment in Tertiary Education Gross Enrollment Highest Level of Education Attainment Female Highest Level of Education Attainment Pre-School Child Education Pre-School Female Child Education Household Employment Household Female Employment Roof of the House Housing Condition Household Source for Safe Drinking Water Household Sanitation Facility Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
3 Household Kitchen Facility Household Provision for Fuel for Cooking Household Provision for Lighting Physical Access to Healthcare Facility Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Then I calculated the eigenvalues with the help of principal component analysis to explain the degree of variance in the data, and extract relevant underlying dimensions of human development. The results are presented in Table-3 which shows that all the 30 socio-economic variables explain 100 per cent variance in the data. The application of principal component analysis for factor extraction revealed the presence of eight components with eigenvalues exceeding 1.0, explaining per cent, 13.4 per cent, 9.07 per cent, 7.78 per cent, 5.16 per cent, 4.78 per cent, 3.83 per cent, and 3.6 per cent of the variance respectively. Thus, in total all these eight factors explain per cent variance in human development of rural region of Odisha at the household level. Table 3: Total variance explained Component Total Initial eigenvalues % of Variance Extraction sums of squared loadings Rotation sums of squared loadings Cumulative % of Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total Variance % Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. In order to confirm the above findings, I have used the Scree Plot technique. The Fig.1 shows the Scree Plot of the extracted components. An inspection of the Scree Plot reveals a clear break after the eighth component. Thus, it has been decided to retain eight components/dimensions Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
4 ofhuman development for further investigation. The retaining of these extracted eight factors/dimensions from the original 30 observed socio-economic variables have been justified by Kaiser s rule and Scree plot. Fig. 1: Scree Plot of extracted components Once the number of factors to be retained is determined, the next step is to try to interpret them. To assist in this process the factors are rotated. This does not change the underlying solution rather, it presents the pattern of loadings in a manner that is easier to interpret. The rotation maximizes high item/variable loadings and minimizes low item loadings thereby producing a more interpretable and simplified solution. Thus, to aid the interpretation of the retained eight factors, Orthogonal Varimax rotation has been performed, and the results are presented in Table-4. In the Rotated Component Matrix, I analyze the loadings of each of the variables on the eight factors that have been selected. I look for the highest loading variables on each of the component-these can be used to identify the nature of the underlying dimensions of human development represented by each component. I have considered only factor loadings with an absolute value greater than It is clear from the Table -4 that seven observed variables are loaded to the component/dimension- 1. These variables are monthly per capita income, monthly per capita consumption expenditure, monthly per capita food expenditure, monthly per capita health expenditure, monthly per capita education expenditure, monthly per capita transport and communication expenses, and physical access to healthcare facilities. All these seven indicators reveal the economic condition of households in the rural region of Odisha, and thus, dimension-1 of the human development may be labelled as Economic Attainment Indicators of Human Development. All these indicators altogether explain per cent variation in the data. Table 4: Rotated component matrix # Determinants Component Household Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure.889 Household Monthly Per Capita Health Expenditure.887 Household Monthly Per Capita Transport and Communication Expenditure.864 Physical Access to Healthcare Facility.864 Household Monthly Per Capita Food Expenditure.827 Household Monthly Per Capita Income.802 Household Monthly Per Capita Education Expenditure.715 Household Provision for Fuel for Cooking Household Sanitation Facility.819 Household Kitchen Facility.813 Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
5 Roof of the House.791 Household Provision for Lighting.782 Housing Condition.685 Household Source for Safe Drinking Water Household Female Literacy.954 Household Female Adult Literacy.910 Female Highest Level of Education Attainment.807 Household Adult Literacy.745 Household Literacy.720 Household Youth Literacy.882 Household Female Youth Literacy.874 Enrollment in Tertiary Education.830 Gross Enrollment.898 Enrollment in Primary Education.785 Enrollment in Secondary Education.732 Pre-School Child Education.925 Pre-School Female Child Education.915 Highest Level of Education Attainment.802 Household Employment.631 Household Female Employment Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. # Rotation converged in 6 iterations. Similarly, the component-2 consists of five observed variables, viz., kitchen facilities, sanitation, housing condition, roof type, and provision for lighting at the household level. All these five indicators relate to the basic amenities required at the household level to reflect human development. Thus, dimension-2 of the human development in the rural region of Odisha may be labelled as Basic Amenities Attainment Indicators of Human Development. All these indicators altogether explain 13.4 per cent variation in the data. It is revealed that component-3 has been loaded by five indicators, viz., overall literacy, adult literacy, female literacy, adult female literacy, and highest level of attainment of education by female members at household level. Further, these indicators relate to the attainment of education that reflects the human development at the household level. Thus, the component-3 may be labelled as Literacy and General Education Attainment Indicators of Human Development. This dimension explains 9.07 per cent variance in the data. There are three indicators loaded to the component-4. These are youth literacy, female youth literacy and enrollment in tertiary education. All these relate to the attainment of higher education and thus, influence human development of the rural region of Odisha. So, this component can be labelled as Higher Education Attainment Indicators of Human Development and it explain 7.78 per cent of variance in data. Similarly, three indicators, viz., gross enrolment, enrolment in primary education and enrolment in secondary education are loaded to component-5. All these indicators relate to the enrolment level in education in the rural region of Odisha. Thus, component-5 can be labelled as Enrolment Attainment Indicators of Human Development. This component explains 5.16 per cent of variance in data. Further, two indicators, viz., child education and female child education are loaded to the component-6. These indicators relate to the education attainment at the age below 6, and thus influence the human development. This component may be labelled as Child Education Attainment Indicators of Human Development. And, it explains 4.78 per cent variance in data. The component-7 has been loaded by two indicators, viz., highest level of education attainment and household employment. These two indicators relate to education and to employability. Thus, it creates difficulties for labelling and interpreting the component. So, it is desirable to test the reliability of this component. Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
6 And, the Cronbach s Alpha for this component is less than 0.7 thereby making this component not reliable to use in further analysis. So, I drop this component. The component-8 is loaded with only one indicator, viz., female employment at the household level. But this loading shows negative sign (-0.821). In an orthogonal set of factors, a negative loading for a variable on a component indicates that scores on the component tend to be associated with variable scores of the opposite sign. Thus, there is no doubt that negative loadings are difficult to interpret [16]. Thus, component-8 is problematic to interpret it as an indicator of human development. Here, it means the correlation between the variable female employment and component-8 is negative. Furthermore, component-8 is defined by only one item, and so may not be a significant dimension for explaining the human development perspective. After I determined and interpreted the various dimensions of human development through factor analysis, it is highly essential to go for the Reliability Test to know whether the identified factors are reliable or not. The most common test for reliability is Cronbach s Alpha. It is an index of reliability associated with the variation accounted for by the true score of the underlying dimensions. The Alpha coefficient ranges in value from 0 to 1. The higher the score, the more reliable the generated scale is. Nunnaly [17] has indicated 0.7 to be an acceptable reliability coefficient, but lower thresholds are sometimes used in the literature [18]. If the Alpha value shows poor reliability, then individual variables constituting the dimension must be re-examined and modified or completely changed as needed. When I performed the reliability test by calculating Cronbach s Alpha, I found alpha value for the first component, for the second component, for the third component, for the fourth component, for the fifth component, for the sixth component, and for the seventh component. Hence, six out of seven identified dimensions are reliable to interpret for explaining human development in the rural region of Odisha. Besides the aforementioned components, I found certain other indicators such as household provision for fuel for cooking, and household sources of safe drinking water not explaining human development of rural Odisha significantly, and thus, are not loaded to any of the extracted dimensions. Conclusion In this study, the multivariate econometric technique of exploratory factor analysis has been applied to identify the underlying significant dimensions of human development in rural regions of Odisha. It has been found that the dimensions such as economic, basic amenities, literacy and general education, higher education, enrolment level, and child education are important in rural regions of Odisha in influencing the level of human development. It has also been found that certain factors such as household employment status, highest level of education attainment, etc. are not very significant in influencing human development. Thus, if the government of Odisha has to formulate plans and policies to enhance the level of human development in the state, then the aforesaid findings would definitely be helpful to address the problems and perspectives at the bottom of the pyramid. References 1. UNDP (1995) Human Development Report, The United Nations Development Programme. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Payne A, Phillips N (2010) Development. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 3. Kundu A, Shariff A, Ghosh PK (2002) Indexing Human Development in India: Indicators, Scaling and Composition, Working Paper Series No.83, National Council of Applied economic Research, New Delhi, India. 4. UNDP (2011) Human development report 2011, Sustainability and equity: A better future for all. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5. Purohit BC (2008) Health and human development at sub-state level in India. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(6): Nayak, Purusottam (2009) Human Development Reports on North-East India: A Bird s Eye View, MPRA Paper No Molina, George Gray and Purser, Mark (2010) Human Development Trends since 1970s: A Social Convergence Story, Human Development research Paper 2010/02, UNDP 8. Pineda Jose, Rodriguez, Francisco (2010) Course or Blessing? Natural Resources and Human Development, Human Development Research Paper 2010/04, UNDP Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
7 9. Mayer-Foulkes D (2010) Divergences and Convergences in Human Development, Human Development Research Papers HDRP , Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme. 10. Tripathy U (2010) Estimation of Human Development Index in Orissa: District-Wise Analysis. The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics, 8(4): Asongu Simplice A (2011) Financial determinants of human development in developing countries, MPRA Paper No Purohit Brijesh C (2012) Poverty, Human Development and Health Financing in India, working paper series No. 66/2012, Madras School Of Economics, India. 13. Kaiser HF (1974) An index of factor simplicity. Psychometrika, 39: Kaiser HF (1970) A Second Generation Little Jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4): Bartlett MS (1954) A note on the multiplying factors for various chi-square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16(Series B): Lawley DN, Maxwell AE (1963) Mathematical Statistics: Factor Analysis, Butterworths, London. 17. Nunnally JC (1978) Psychometric theory (2 nd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill. 18. Kline P (1999) The Handbook of Psychological Testing, (2nd ed). London: Routledge. Mishra SK March-April 2014 Vol.1 Issue
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.625, ISSN: , Volume 2, Issue 11, December 2014
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: A SPECIAL FOCUS ON BRICS COUNTRIES N.GURUVEERA KUMAR* P.KONDAIAH** PROF. D.KRISHNAMOORTHY*** *Academic Consultant, Dept. of Econometrics, S. V. University, Tirupati, A.P., India
More informationA STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH EASTERN REGION OF INDIA
ABSTRACT A STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH EASTERN REGION OF INDIA Human development by emphasizing on capability approach differs crucially from the traditional approaches
More informationSummary prepared by Amie Gaye: UNDP Human Development Report Office
Contribution to Beyond Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Name of the indicator/method: The Human Development Index (HDI) Summary prepared by Amie Gaye: UNDP Human Development Report Office Date: August, 2011
More informationPoverty statistics in Mongolia
HIGH-LEVEL SEMINAR ON HARMONISATION OF POVERTY STATISTICS IN CIS COUNTRIES SOCHI (RUSSIAN FEDERATION) Poverty statistics in Mongolia Oyunchimeg Dandar Director Population and Social Statistics Department,
More informationSummary Article: Poverty from Encyclopedia of Geography
Topic Page: Poverty Definition: poverty from Dictionary of Energy Social Issues. the fact of being poor; the absence of wealth. A term with a wide range of interpretations depending on which markers of
More information2/26/2017. This is similar to canonical correlation in some ways. PSY 512: Advanced Statistics for Psychological and Behavioral Research 2
PSY 512: Advanced Statistics for Psychological and Behavioral Research 2 What is factor analysis? What are factors? Representing factors Graphs and equations Extracting factors Methods and criteria Interpreting
More informationResearch on the Influence Factors of Urban-Rural Income Disparity Based on the Data of Shandong Province
International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research (IJMSR) Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2016, PP 22-27 ISSN 2349-0330 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0349 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0407003 www.arcjournals.org
More informationApplied Multivariate Analysis
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vaasa, Finland Spring 2017 Dimension reduction Exploratory (EFA) Background While the motivation in PCA is to replace the original (correlated) variables
More informationMeasuring Poverty. Introduction
Measuring Poverty Introduction To measure something, we need to provide answers to the following basic questions: 1. What are we going to measure? Poverty? So, what is poverty? 2. Who wants to measure
More informationOr, in terms of basic measurement theory, we could model it as:
1 Neuendorf Factor Analysis Assumptions: 1. Metric (interval/ratio) data 2. Linearity (in relationships among the variables--factors are linear constructions of the set of variables; the critical source
More informationGeography - Grade 8. Unit A - Global Settlement: Patterns and Sustainability
Geography - Grade 8 Geographical Thinking: Spatial Significance Patterns and Trends Interrelationships Geographic Perspective Geographic Inquiry: STEP 1 - Formulate Questions STEP 2 - Gather and Organize
More informationHuman development is a well-being concept with its core being the capability
www. epratrust.com Impact Factor : 0.998 p- ISSN : 2349-0187 e-issn : 2347-9671 January 2015 Vol - 3 Issue- 1 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ASSAM- A DISTRICT LEVEL ANALYSIS Bishweshwar Bhattacharjee 1 1 Ph.D. Research
More informationTopic 4: Changing cities
Topic 4: Changing cities Overview of urban patterns and processes 4.1 Urbanisation is a global process a. Contrasting trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in different parts of the world (developed,
More informationTogether towards a Sustainable Urban Agenda
Together towards a Sustainable Urban Agenda The City We (Youth) Want Preliminary findings from youth consultations Areas Issue Papers Policy Units 1.Social Cohesion and Equity - Livable Cities 2.Urban
More informationNovember 29, World Urban Forum 6. Prosperity of Cities: Balancing Ecology, Economy and Equity. Concept Note
November 29, 2010 World Urban Forum 6 Prosperity of Cities: Balancing Ecology, Economy and Equity Concept Note 1 CONTENT Thematic Continuity Conceptualizing the Theme The 6 Domains of Prosperity The WUF
More informationRobust Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons
Robust Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons by Jean-Yves Duclos Department of Economics and CIRPÉE, Université Laval, Canada, David Sahn Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University and Stephen
More informationThe European Commission s science and knowledge service. Joint Research Centre
The European Commission s science and knowledge service Joint Research Centre Step 7: Statistical coherence (II) Principal Component Analysis and Reliability Analysis Hedvig Norlén COIN 2018-16th JRC Annual
More informationVAR2 VAR3 VAR4 VAR5. Or, in terms of basic measurement theory, we could model it as:
1 Neuendorf Factor Analysis Assumptions: 1. Metric (interval/ratio) data 2. Linearity (in the relationships among the variables) -Factors are linear constructions of the set of variables (see #8 under
More informationA4. Methodology Annex: Sampling Design (2008) Methodology Annex: Sampling design 1
A4. Methodology Annex: Sampling Design (2008) Methodology Annex: Sampling design 1 Introduction The evaluation strategy for the One Million Initiative is based on a panel survey. In a programme such as
More informationAssessment of Some Factors Associated With Empowerment and Development Gap of Women in Three East African Countries
Assessment of Some Factors Associated With Empowerment and Development Gap of Women in Three East African Countries Rocky R.J. Akarro (Ph.D) Professor, Department of Statistics University of Dar es Salaam,
More informationThe National Spatial Strategy
Purpose of this Consultation Paper This paper seeks the views of a wide range of bodies, interests and members of the public on the issues which the National Spatial Strategy should address. These views
More informationABSTRACT One of the serious problems that India facing today is the problem of regional disparities. It results in social, economic and political
ABSTRACT One of the serious problems that India facing today is the problem of regional disparities. It results in social, economic and political instability. The current tension and strain in the Indian
More informationVII APPROACHES IN SELECTING A CORE SET OF INDICATORS
HANDBOOK ON RURAL HOUSEHOLDS LIVELIHOOD AND WELL-BEING VII APPROACHES IN SELECTING A CORE SET OF INDICATORS VII.1 Introduction In Chapters III to VI of this Handbook, and in associated annexes, numerous
More informationOpportunities and challenges of HCMC in the process of development
Opportunities and challenges of HCMC in the process of development Lê Văn Thành HIDS HCMC, Sept. 16-17, 2009 Contents The city starting point Achievement and difficulties Development perspective and goals
More informationAS Population Change Question spotting
AS Change Question spotting Changing rate of growth How the rate of growth has changed over the last 100 years Explain the reasons for these changes Describe global or national distribution. Study the
More informationMultidimensional Poverty in Colombia: Identifying Regional Disparities using GIS and Population Census Data (2005)
Multidimensional Poverty in Colombia: Identifying Regional Disparities using GIS and Population Census Data (2005) Laura Estrada Sandra Liliana Moreno December 2013 Aguascalientes, Mexico Content 1. Spatial
More informationStatistical Analysis of Factors that Influence Voter Response Using Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis
Statistical Analysis of Factors that Influence Voter Response Using Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis 1 Violet Omuchira, John Kihoro, 3 Jeremiah Kiingati Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture
More informationUNIT 11 INTER STATE AND INTER DISTRICT IMBALANCES
UNIT 11 INTER STATE AND INTER DISTRICT IMBALANCES Inter State and Inter District Imbalances Structure 11.0 Objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Conceptual Bases to Understand the Issues of Regional Imbalances
More informationMSP Research Note. RDQ Reliability, Validity and Norms
MSP Research Note RDQ Reliability, Validity and Norms Introduction This research note describes the technical properties of the RDQ. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the RDQ is presented against
More informationInter Item Correlation Matrix (R )
7 1. I have the ability to influence my child s well-being. 2. Whether my child avoids injury is just a matter of luck. 3. Luck plays a big part in determining how healthy my child is. 4. I can do a lot
More informationA Framework for the Study of Urban Health. Abdullah Baqui, DrPH, MPH, MBBS Johns Hopkins University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this
More informationFactor analysis. George Balabanis
Factor analysis George Balabanis Key Concepts and Terms Deviation. A deviation is a value minus its mean: x - mean x Variance is a measure of how spread out a distribution is. It is computed as the average
More informationSOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS FOR REGIONAL POPULATION POLICIES
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS FOR REGIONAL POPULATION POLICIES A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE Marc Termote Université de Montréal Potsdam, DART Conference, September 3, 2012 3 STEPS 1. Defining the problem 2. Identifying
More information1 A factor can be considered to be an underlying latent variable: (a) on which people differ. (b) that is explained by unknown variables
1 A factor can be considered to be an underlying latent variable: (a) on which people differ (b) that is explained by unknown variables (c) that cannot be defined (d) that is influenced by observed variables
More informationPoverty Outreach of Microfinance in Ecuador
Poverty Outreach of Microfinance in Ecuador An Application of the CGAP Poverty Assessment Tool on a Microcredit Program of INSOTEC in Santo Domingo de los Colorados Tonja van Gorp M.Sc. International Development
More informationTable 1. Answers to income and consumption adequacy questions Percentage of responses: less than adequate more than adequate adequate Total income 68.7% 30.6% 0.7% Food consumption 46.6% 51.4% 2.0% Clothing
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE COUNTRY PRODUCT DUMMY METHOD TO CONSTRUCT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PRICE INDICES FOR SRI LANKA
APPLICATION OF THE COUNTRY PRODUCT DUMMY METHOD TO CONSTRUCT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PRICE INDICES FOR SRI LANKA Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research Volume 2 (1) June 2014: 38-52 Sri Lanka Forum of University
More informationWORLD COUNCIL ON CITY DATA
WORLD COUNCIL ON CITY DATA WCCD ISO 37120 STANDARDIZED CITY DATA TO MEET UN SDG TARGETS UN WORLD DATA FORUM Presented by: James Patava www.dataforcities.org @wccitydata PUBLICATION OF THE FIRST ISO STANDARD
More informationCONSTRAINTS TO YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN COCOA PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
CONSTRAINTS TO YOUTH INVOLVEMENT IN COCOA PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA O. O. Oduwole, B. S. Famuyiwa and S. Adebiyi Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria MESSAGE BOX 5 BENEFITS Increase
More informationCOMPARISON OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN OIC COUNTRIES AND THE OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
COMPARISON OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN OIC COUNTRIES AND THE OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD Ali Changi Ashtiani (M. A.) achashtian i@ya hoo.com Hadi Ghaffari (PhD) COMPARISON OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
More informationThe European regional Human Development and Human Poverty Indices Human Development Index
n 02/2011 The European regional Human Development and Human Poverty Indices Contents 1. Introduction...1 2. The United Nations Development Programme Approach...1 3. Regional Human Development and Poverty
More informationThe System of Xiaokang Indicators: A Framework to Measure China's Progress
Int. Statistical Inst.: Proc. 58th World Statistical Congress, 2011, Dublin (Session CPS020) p.6359 The System of Xiaokang Indicators: A Framework to Measure China's Progress Qingzhe Lv E-mail: lvqz@gj.stats.cn
More informationPackage rela. R topics documented: February 20, Version 4.1 Date Title Item Analysis Package with Standard Errors
Version 4.1 Date 2009-10-25 Title Item Analysis Package with Standard Errors Package rela February 20, 2015 Author Michael Chajewski Maintainer Michael Chajewski
More informationBUILDING SOUND AND COMPARABLE METRICS FOR SDGS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE OECD DATA AND TOOLS FOR CITIES AND REGIONS
BUILDING SOUND AND COMPARABLE METRICS FOR SDGS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE OECD DATA AND TOOLS FOR CITIES AND REGIONS STATISTICAL CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MONITORING OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp
More informationFactors and Dimensions of Inter-Ward Disparities in Urban Facility-Utility Services in Burdwan City, India
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2012, 4 (3):1376-1388 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Factors
More informationA s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l R e s e a r c h KUZNETS CURVE: THE CASE OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
P u b l i s h e d b y : T R A N S A s i a n R e s e a r c h J o u r n a l s AJMR: A s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l R e s e a r c h (A Do u b le B lind Re fe r e e d & Re v ie
More informationLECTURE 4 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS / EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS
LECTURE 4 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS / EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS NOTES FROM PRE- LECTURE RECORDING ON PCA PCA and EFA have similar goals. They are substantially different in important ways. The goal
More informationE C O N O M I C R E V I E W
UNDP NAMIBIA E C O N O M I C R E V I E W 2 0 0 7 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of the Namibian Economy 2 2.1 Structure of the Economy 2 3 Economic Policy 5 4 Economic Trends 7 4.1 Primary Industry 7 4.2
More informationCONSTRUCTING THE POVERTY AND OPPORTUNITIES/PUBLIC SERVICES MAPS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. Background: Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Plan
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTING THE POVERTY AND OPPORTUNITIES/PUBLIC SERVICES MAPS Background: Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Plan The Brazil Without Extreme Poverty Plan (BSM), designed to overcome
More informationUnit 6: Development and Industrialization. Day 1: What is development?
Unit 6: Development and Industrialization Day 1: What is development? What is Development? The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More
More informationDynamic Links between Economy and Human Development: A Study of Indian States. Santanu Ray. Abstract
Dynamic Links between Economy and Human Development: A Study of Indian States Santanu Ray Abstract Background: Economic growth, in recent development paradigm, has been identified as the necessary but
More informationDeveloping a Community Geographical Information System (GIS) in Rural India
Developing a Community Geographical Information System (GIS) in Rural India Before rushing off and describing the unique challenges of developing a small scale GIS system India I better first describe
More informationDisaster Prevention and Management in Asia: The Context of Human Security and Its Relevance to Infrastructure Planning and Management
Disaster Prevention and Management in Asia: The Context of Human Security and Its Relevance to Infrastructure Planning and Management Rajib Shaw http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Contents Background and
More informationThe Role of Inequality in Poverty Measurement
The Role of Inequality in Poverty Measurement Sabina Alkire Director, OPHI, Oxford James E. Foster Carr Professor, George Washington Research Associate, OPHI, Oxford WIDER Development Conference Helsinki,
More informationA Factor Analysis of Key Decision Factors for Implementing SOA-based Enterprise level Business Intelligence Systems
icbst 2014 International Conference on Business, Science and Technology which will be held at Hatyai, Thailand on the 25th and 26th of April 2014. AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
More informationTRAVEL PATTERNS IN INDIAN DISTRICTS: DOES POPULATION SIZE MATTER?
TRAVEL PATTERNS IN INDIAN DISTRICTS: DOES POPULATION SIZE MATTER? Deepty Jain Lecturer Department of Energy and Environment TERI University Delhi Dr. Geetam Tiwari Professor Department of Civil Engineering
More informationGIS (GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS) AS A FACILITATION TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
GIS (GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS) AS A FACILITATION TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA a presentation by Elizabeth Hicken GDEST Conference on Geospatial Sciences for Sustainable Development
More informationThe Index of Human Insecurity
The Index of Human Insecurity A Project of the Global Environmental Change and Human Security Program (GECHS) Steve Lonergan, Kent Gustavson, and Brian Carter Department of Geography University of Victoria
More informationMultivariate and Multivariable Regression. Stella Babalola Johns Hopkins University
Multivariate and Multivariable Regression Stella Babalola Johns Hopkins University Session Objectives At the end of the session, participants will be able to: Explain the difference between multivariable
More informationAlbania vs. Balkan's Countries as Comparative Analysis of the Human Development Index
Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p311 Abstract Albania vs. Balkan's Countries as Comparative Analysis of the Human Development Index Dorina Ciko Economic Department, University of Gjirokastra, Albania Email:
More informationAn Analysis of Field Test Results for Assessment Items Aligned to the Middle School Topic of Atoms, Molecules, and States of Matter
An Analysis of Field Test Results for Assessment Items Aligned to the Middle School Topic of Atoms, Molecules, and States of Matter Cari F. Herrmann Abell and George E. DeBoer AAAS Project 2061 NARST Annual
More informationPrinciples of factor analysis. Roger Watson
Principles of factor analysis Roger Watson Factor analysis Factor analysis Factor analysis Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical method for reducing large numbers of variables to fewer underlying
More informationUrban Hydrology - A Case Study On Water Supply And Sewage Network For Madurai Region, Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques
RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of Engineering and Science ISBN: 2319-6483, ISSN: 2278-4721, Vol. 1, Issue 8 (November 2012), PP 07-12 www.researchinventy.com Urban Hydrology - A Case Study On
More informationC/W Qu: How is development measured? 13/6/12 Aim: To understand how development is typically measured/classified and the pros/cons of these
C/W Qu: How is development measured? 13/6/12 Aim: To understand how development is typically measured/classified and the pros/cons of these Starter: Comment on this image Did you spot these? Rubbish truck
More informationTHE SEVILLE STRATEGY ON BIOSPHERE RESERVES
THE SEVILLE STRATEGY ON BIOSPHERE RESERVES 1 VISION FOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN THE 21 ST CENTURY The international Seville Conference on Biosphere Reserves, organised by UNESCO, adopted a two-pronged approach,
More informationES103 Introduction to Econometrics
Anita Staneva May 16, ES103 2015Introduction to Econometrics.. Lecture 1 ES103 Introduction to Econometrics Lecture 1: Basic Data Handling and Anita Staneva Egypt Scholars Economic Society Outline Introduction
More informationThe Council Study: Social assessment approach and methodology
Preliminary draft for internal discussion The Council Study: Social assessment approach and methodology Vientiane, September 24 2015 Social /economic assessment team Basin Development Plan (BDP) Programme
More informationMEANING AND MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT
MEANING AND MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT PROFESSOR RODDY FOX RODDY.FOX@HV.SE 1 Outcomes of this Module Demonstrate a reasoned understanding of spatial variations at the global scale of selected development
More informationApéndice 1: Figuras y Tablas del Marco Teórico
Apéndice 1: Figuras y Tablas del Marco Teórico FIGURA A.1.1 Manufacture poles and manufacture regions Poles: Share of employment in manufacture at least 12% and population of 250,000 or more. Regions:
More informationGeospatial Technologies for Resources Planning & Management
Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning & Management Lal Samarakoon, PhD Director, Geoinformatics Center Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Content Geoinformatics for SDG Information Integration
More informationHousehold human development index in Lakshadweep
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Household human development index in Lakshadweep Sahadudheen I Calicut University Centre 2014 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/65562/ MPRA Paper No. 65562, posted
More informationMeasuring Disaster Risk for Urban areas in Asia-Pacific
Measuring Disaster Risk for Urban areas in Asia-Pacific Acknowledgement: Trevor Clifford, Intl Consultant 1 SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.1: By
More informationA.P. Human Geography
A.P. Human Geography 2012-2013 Instructor: Chris Vitt Brief Description of Course AP Human Geography is designed to provide students with a learning experience equivalent to that obtained in most college
More informationFactor Analysis (1) Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis (1) Outlines: 1. Introduction of factor analysis 2. Principle component analysis 4. Factor rotation 5. Case Shan-Yu Chou 1 Factor Analysis Combines questions or variables to create new
More informationDimensionality Assessment: Additional Methods
Dimensionality Assessment: Additional Methods In Chapter 3 we use a nonlinear factor analytic model for assessing dimensionality. In this appendix two additional approaches are presented. The first strategy
More informationGEOGRAPHY POLICY STATEMENT. The study of geography helps our pupils to make sense of the world around them.
GEOGRAPHY POLICY STATEMENT We believe that the study of geography is concerned with people, place, space and the environment and explores the relationships between the earth and its peoples. The study
More informationChapter 10 Human Settlement Geography Book 1 Class 12
CHAPTER 10 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 1. RURAL, SUB URBAN AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS: This classification is common worldwide but the criteria differ from country to country. 5. Criteria for classification differs from
More informationSmall Area Estimates of Poverty Incidence in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India
Small Area Estimates of Poverty Incidence in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India Hukum Chandra Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi Email: hchandra@iasri.res.in Acknowledgments
More informationCHAPTER 4 CRITICAL GROWTH SEASONS AND THE CRITICAL INFLOW PERIOD. The numbers of trawl and by bag seine samples collected by year over the study
CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL GROWTH SEASONS AND THE CRITICAL INFLOW PERIOD The numbers of trawl and by bag seine samples collected by year over the study period are shown in table 4. Over the 18-year study period,
More information22 cities with at least 10 million people See map for cities with red dots
22 cities with at least 10 million people See map for cities with red dots Seven of these are in LDC s, more in future Fastest growing, high natural increase rates, loss of farming jobs and resulting migration
More informationCHAPTER 5 PLAN OUTLAYS
Five Year Plan CHAPTER 5 PLAN OUTLAYS A&N Islands was given the status of a Union Territory on 1 st November, 1956. Till then it was a part D state and was borne on the Budget of the Union Home Ministry.
More informationFactor Analysis. Summary. Sample StatFolio: factor analysis.sgp
Factor Analysis Summary... 1 Data Input... 3 Statistical Model... 4 Analysis Summary... 5 Analysis Options... 7 Scree Plot... 9 Extraction Statistics... 10 Rotation Statistics... 11 D and 3D Scatterplots...
More informationWorld Geography Review Syllabus
Purpose Class: World Geography Review Syllabus This course is designed to help students review and remediate their understanding major themes, concepts, and facts connected to the study World Geography.
More informationURBANISATION, POVERTY AND SPATIAL INJUSTICE IN KENYA
URBANISATION, POVERTY AND SPATIAL INJUSTICE IN KENYA Samuel Owuor Department of Geography & Environmental Studies University of Nairobi, Kenya Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) DTC Workshop Royal
More informationChapter 9: Looking Beyond Poverty: The Development Continuum
Chapter 9: Looking Beyond Poverty: The Development Continuum Using measures such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI), and more recently the Human Development Index (HDI), various
More informationGIS in Locating and Explaining Conflict Hotspots in Nepal
GIS in Locating and Explaining Conflict Hotspots in Nepal Lila Kumar Khatiwada Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development 1 Outline Brief background Use of GIS in conflict study Data source Findings
More informationEconomic Growth and Human Development: An Empirical Analysis of Major States of India During the Period to
Economic Affairs: 59(1): 11-21 March, 2014 DOI Number 10.5958/J.0976-4666.59.1.002 Economic Growth and Human Development: An Empirical Analysis of Major States of India During the Period 1993-94 to 2004-05
More informationSUSTAINABILITY - RELATED STRATEGIES AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS
SUSTAINABILITY - RELATED STRATEGIES AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS KEY CONCEPTS: In this session, we will consider the following: Rural Development Programmes & Strategies Rural Development Programmes & Strategies
More informationS. LEIVANG, MD. H. ALI AND S. SAGOLSEM
Journal of Crop and Weed, 13(2): 136-143 (2017) Comparative socio-economic analysis of problems of livelihood security with respect to food security between rural and urban areas in Imphal West District
More informationIntroduction to Development. Indicators and Models
Introduction to Development Indicators and Models First World vs. Third World Refers to economic development Diversity and complexity of economy High per capita income Developed during the Cold War First
More informationThe Incentives Created by the Tax-Benefit System Facing Low-Income Families in Georgia
The Incentives Created by the Tax-Benefit System Facing Low-Income Families in Georgia Chelsea Coleman Kendon Darlington Mark Rider Morgan Sinclair Fiscal Research Center Andrew Young School of Policy
More informationExploratory Factor Analysis: dimensionality and factor scores. Psychology 588: Covariance structure and factor models
Exploratory Factor Analysis: dimensionality and factor scores Psychology 588: Covariance structure and factor models How many PCs to retain 2 Unlike confirmatory FA, the number of factors to extract is
More informationRESIDENT PERCEPTIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN MAINE
M. Scaccia & S. De Urioste-Stone, Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 11, No. 3 (2016) 375 384 RESIDENT PERCEPTIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN MAINE M. SCACCIA & S. DE URIOSTE-STONE School of Forest Resources,
More informationGCE. Geography. Mark Scheme for January Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F762: Managing Change in Human Environments
GCE Geography Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F762: Managing Change in Human Environments Mark Scheme for January 2012 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK
More informationSTAG LANE JUNIOR SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY POLICY
Status-Recommended Prepared by: Megha Visavadia Date written January 2017 Shared with staff: Spring 2017 STAG LANE JUNIOR SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY POLICY Shared with governors: Spring 2018 Date for review: July
More informationAnalysis of Post-Local Government Proliferation Practice on Socioeconomic Change in Nias
International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT) ISSN: 2509-0119. 2018International Journals of Sciences and High Technologies http://ijpsat.ijsht-journals.org Vol. 9 No. 2 July
More informationMultilevel modeling and panel data analysis in educational research (Case study: National examination data senior high school in West Java)
Multilevel modeling and panel data analysis in educational research (Case study: National examination data senior high school in West Java) Pepi Zulvia, Anang Kurnia, and Agus M. Soleh Citation: AIP Conference
More informationPrinciple Components Analysis (PCA) Relationship Between a Linear Combination of Variables and Axes Rotation for PCA
Principle Components Analysis (PCA) Relationship Between a Linear Combination of Variables and Axes Rotation for PCA Principle Components Analysis: Uses one group of variables (we will call this X) In
More informationCultural Data in Planning and Economic Development. Chris Dwyer, RMC Research Sponsor: Rockefeller Foundation
Cultural Data in Planning and Economic Development Chris Dwyer, RMC Research Sponsor: Rockefeller Foundation A Decade of Attempts to Quantify Arts and Culture Economic impact studies Community indicators
More informationPeoples, Places and Cultures in Africa, Asia and the Southwest Pacific
GRADE 7 Peoples, Places and Cultures in Africa, Asia and the Southwest Pacific Course 0470-07 Students in seventh grade explore the history, geography, government, economic systems, current issues, and
More information