AP Biology Thermodyamics
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1 AP Biology Thermodyamics
2 Introduction to Thermodynamics The living cell is a chemical industry in miniature The totality of an organism s chemical reaction is called metabolism Metabolism involves managing the matter and energy resources of the cell
3 Thermodynamics = Energy Transformations Free energy is the capacity to do work The work of cells depends on the ability to transform energy from one type into another
4 Kinetic energy is energy of motion, includes thermal energy (heat) Potential energy is stored energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure (includes chemical potential)
5 Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy that molecules posses as a result of the arrangement of atoms in those molecules
6 Glucose and fat molecules represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds? Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 1: C-C 2: C-H 3: C-O 4: H-O Fat C 55 H 104 O 6
7 The glucose molecule represents chemical potential energy, which bonds in the molecule represent high-energy bonds? The Carbon-Hydrogen bonds
8 The First Law of Thermodynamics The amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed. The first law is also known as the principle of conservation of energy.
9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness. Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
10 First and Second Laws Combine The quantity of the energy of the universe is constant But the quality of that energy is not Heat, the uncoordinated movement of molecules, is the lowest grade of energy
11 1. What does thermodynamics mean? 2. What does free energy mean? 3. State the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: 4. State the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: 5. Discuss how the diagram above shows how the 1 st & 2 nd Laws combine:
12 Living organisms are open systems Meaning they must constantly exchange matter and energy with their environment in order to survive Living organisms require constant inputs of free energy for: Growth Reproduction Maintenance
13 Chemical potential energy (food) Heat (kinetic energy) First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed Second Law of Thermodynamics: Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Matter may be reorganized but not created or destroyed; it is conserved
14 An organism is an island of order in a sea of disorder. You keep your body (and cells) organized by increasing the entropy in the world around you. Island of Low Entropy Sea of Disorder
15 1. Exergonic or endergonic? Why? 2. - G or + G? Why? 3. Catabolic or anabolic? Why? 4. Entropy increasing or decreasing? Justify:
16 1. Releases free energy or absorbs free energy? Justify: 2. Cellular respiration or photosynthesis? Justify: 3. Products have more or less free energy than the reactants? Justify:
17 A molecule is broken down Releases free energy - Exergonic Catabolic reaction Ex.: Cellular respiration A molecule is built Absorbs free energy - Endergonic Anabolic reaction Ex.: Photosynthesis
18 G = Gibbs s Free Energy G = G final state G initial state Used to predict if a process is spontaneous - G = spontaneous (and the loss of free energy can be harnessed to do cellular work)
19 More free energy, Less free energy, lower G, higher G, more stable, less stable, greater work capacity, less work capacity
20
21 Exergonic Endergonic free energy (G) Products free energy than reactants Catabolic/Anabolic Example: breakdown of glucose in free energy (G) Products free energy than reactants Catabolic/Anabolic Example: building of glucose during
22 Exergonic Endergonic Releases free energy Products < free energy than reactants Catabolic/Anabolic Example: breakdown of glucose in cellular resp. Absorbs free energy Products > free energy than reactants Catabolic/Anabolic Example: building of glucose during photosynthesis
23 Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic equilibrium = no free energy = death
24 Metabolic Disequilibrium Living organisms must be open systems constantly exchanging energy and matter with our environment to survive
25 Metabolic Equilibrium Metabolic Disequilibrium 1. Which of the systems above is a closed, which is an open system? 2. Why does the light eventually go out in one of the systems, while it stays on in the other? 3. Name one input and output of matter that you are constantly exchanging with your environment. 4. Name one input and output of energy that you are constantly exchanging with your environment.
26 Catabolic Pathway A catabolic pathway releases energy in a series of steps The product of one reaction becomes the reactant of the next reaction Cellular respiration is an example
27 Model how ATP powers cellular work
28 Nitrogenous base of DNA: A, T, C, G Phosphate tail = potential energy in the repulsion of all the negative charges. It is a chemical equivalent of a loaded spring. Pentose sugar
29 Glucose must be broken down in order to build ATP ATP must be broken down in order to build protein
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