Properties and Applications

Transcription

1 Polymers 5 Properties and Applications Editorial Board: Prof Hans-Joachim Cantow Institut fur Makromolekulare Chemie der Universitat Stefan-Meier-StraBe 31, 7800 Freiburg/Federal Republic of Germany Prof H. James Harwood Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron Akron, OH 44325/USA Prof. Jo seph P. Kennedy Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron Akron, OH 44325/USA Prof. Anthony Ledwith Dept. of Inorganic, Physical and Industrial Chemistry University of Liverpool P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L 693 BX!UK Prof. Joachim Meif.Jner Techn.-Chem. Lab., Eidgenossische Techn. Hochschule SommeggstraBe 3, CH-809 Zurich, Switzerland Prof. Seizo Okamura No. 24 Minami-Goshomachi Okazaki Sakyo-ku, 606 Kyoto, Japan Dr. G. Henrici-Olive IProf. S. Olive Monsanto Textiles Co. P. O. Box Pensacola, FL 32575/USA

2 v J. Stepek H. Daoust Additives for Plastics With 54 Figures ['1 Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC

3 J. Stipek Prague Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Czechoslovakia H. Daoust Universite de Montreal Montreal. Canada TIris volume continues the series Chemie, Physik urni TechfWlogie der Kunststoffe in Einzeldarstellungen, which is now entitled Polymers/Properties and Applications. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data SUpek, Jiri. Additives for plastics. (Polymers ; 5) 1. Plastics-Additives. 1. Daoust, Hubert. n. Title. III. Series. TP1142.S ' CI 1983 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York lnc. in 1983 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1983 AII rights reserved. No pact of this book may be translated ar reproduced in any form withqut written permission from Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this, publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not ta be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. freely by anyone ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook)

4 Preface This book deals with the most important substances used as additives in the plastics industry to improve the properties of polymer-based materials. Each chapter deals with a particular type of additive based on the type's definition, structure, and classification according to main effects on polymeric materials. The mechanism of the additive efficiency and its effects on basic properties of specific polymers are discussed and a survey of its important qualities and practical applications is given. Each chapter is introduced by a theoretical analysis of the practical and technological importance of the additive. The book is mainly intended for students in technical colleges, polytechnics and universities who are studying plastics technology and macromolecular chemistry as part of their general curriculum and for technologists in industry engaged in development, sales, technical service and production functions, and applications of plastics. An elementary knowledge of chemistry, physical chemistry and polymer science at the technical college level is assumed. Prague and Montreal, December 1982 J. Stepek, H. Daoust

5 Table of Contents Introduction. Part I. Additives Which Modify Physical Properties 1 Plasticizers Thermodynamic Basis of Macromolecular Mixtures Solubility of Polymers in Solvents Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameter Solubility Parameter, Phase Separation Phenomena Reversible Gelation Theory of Plasticization Effect of Plasticizers on Thermal Mechanical Deformation of Rigid Polymeric Chains Effect of Plasticizers on T b and T g Values The Free Volume in Amorphous Polymers Primary and Secondary Plasticizers Classification of Plasticizers Polar Aromatic and Polar Aliphatic Plasticizers Characteristics of Plasticizers According to Their Chemical Structure Plasticizer Anomalies and Antiplasticization Loss of Plasticizers References Lubricants and Mold-Release Agents Lubricants Principles of Their Action Classification of PVC Lubricants According to Their Specific Action Classification of PVC Lubricants According to Their Chemical Structure Lubricants for Polyolefins Basic Properties Necessary for Lubricants Mold-Release Agents

6 viii Table of Contents Principles of Action. Some Examples of Mold-Release Agents Macromolecular Modifiers. Introduction. Homogenization of Polymer-Polymer Systems. Two-Phase Microheterogeneous Polymer-Polymer Systems.. Effect of Glassy Polymer Matrix Phase on Impact Strength.. Effect of Rubbery Phase Dispersed in Glassy Matrix on Impact Strength. Theory on Toughness of Microheterogeneous Two-Phase Polymer-Polymer Blends. Impact Modifiers for Glassy Polymers. Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE). Ethylene-(Vinyl Acetate) Copolymers (EVA). Acrylic and Methacrylic Elastomers and MBS and ABS Terpolymers. Rubbers. Macromolecular Modifiers Used as Polymer Processing Aids Reinforcing Fillers, Reinforcing Agents, and Coupling Agents. Fillers. General Characteristics of Fillers and Composites. Fillers for Thermosetting Resins. Fillers for Plastomers. Polymer Reinforcement Factors. Classification of Fillers for Plastomers According to Their Reinforcement Activity. Reinforcing Agents for Laminates. Effect of Fillers Or Reinforcing Agents on Basic Physical Properties of Composites. The Different Types of Fillers and Reinforcing Agents. Glass Fillers and Reinforcing Agents. Glass Fibers. Glass Microspheres. Glass Flakes. Fillers and Reinforcing Agents Made of Other Materials. Fibrous and Flaky Fillers and Fibrous Reinforcing Agents. Whiskers, Microfibers, and Powdered Fillers. Effect of Content and Size of Fillers on Composite Properties Coupling Agents

7 Table of Contents ix Silane Coupling Agents. Action Mechanism. Organotitanate Coupling Agents. Action Mechanism. Other Types of Coupling Agents. Application Modes for Coupling Agents. Recommendations on the Use of Fillers and Filling Methods Colorants and Brightening Agents. Colorants. Inorganic Pigments. Organic Pigments. Criteria for Selection of Pigments. Brightening Agents. Methods Used for the Coloration of Plastics. Some Examples of Methods Used for the Coloration of Most Important Plastics I I I Chemical and Physical Blowing Agents. Chemical Blowing Agents. Inorganic Agents. Organic Agents. Characteristics. Factors Acting on Blowing. Physical Blowing Agents Antistatic Agents. Introduction. Efficiency and Mechanism of Antistatic Agent Action. The Use of Antistatic Agents. Antistatic Agents Containing Nitrogen. Antistatic Agents Containing Phosphorus. Antistatic Agents Containing Sulfur. Betaine-Type Antistatic Agents. Non-Ion-Producing Antistatic Agents. Combinations of Antistatic Agents. Other Surfactant-Type Antistatic Agents. Special Antistatic Agents

8 x Table of Contents Part II. Antiaging Additives (Antidegradents) Difficulty Stabilizable and Nonstabilizable Factors Provoking Plastic Degradation Effects of Chemically and Physically Active Media Effect of Ionizing Radiations " 139 Mechanical Degradation References " 142 Heat Stabilizers 144 Thermal Degradation,,.. " 144 Thermal Stabilizers for Halogenated Polymers and Their Copolymers 150 Metallic Salt Types Organic Stabilizers Effect of Homogenization on Stabilizer Efficiency Examples of Commercial Products Antioxidants and Metal Ion Deactivating Agents Thermo-oxidative Degradation Antioxidants, The Critical Concentration Action Mechanism of Antioxidants Antioxidants that Interrupt the Oxidation Chain Reaction (Primary Antioxidants), 173 Peroxide Decomposers (Secondary Antioxidants) 178 Carbon Blacks as Antioxidants. ; Synergetic and Antagonistic Effects of Antioxidant Combinations Metal Ion Deactivating Agents " " References Ultraviolet Protecting Agents 186 Photo-oxidative Degradation UV Absorbers. 190 Derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzophenone 191 Esters of Aromatic Acids and Aromatic Alcohols Hydroxyphenyl Benzotriazoles Special Absorbers 198 Survey of Commercial UV Absorbers References Flame Retardants Burning of Plastics

9 Table of Contents xi Burning Mechanism of Plastics Classificat ion of Flame Retardant Agents Agents Containing Phosphorus Derivatives Halogen-Containing Agents Agents Containing Antimon y Oxide Special Fire Retardants General Classification of Fire Retardants and Their Choice Biocides Against Biological Degradation of Plastics Microbiological Degradation Some Examples of Biocides 218 Protection Against Macrobiological Depreciation Brief Survey of Methods Used to Incorporate Additives into Polymer Matrices Mixing Conglomeration 224 Kneading and Internal Mixing Granul ation, Pelleting, and Tableting References Appendix. Abbreviations and Symbols Subject Index