NAME: ACTIVITY SHEETS PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY (SECONDARY 3 rd YEAR)

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1 NAME: ACTIVITY SHEETS PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY (SECONDARY 3 rd YEAR) ACTIVITY 1: Matter Lesson 2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER 1-What is matter? 2-What is a particle (corpuscle)? Set some examples 3-What is the difference between matter and substance? 4-What is the difference between general properties of matter and specific properties of matter Write some examples 5-You have below some observations about two unknown bodies, A and B Which observations could be useful to differentiate both bodies? A is a cubic body; B is a spherical body Temperature of A is bigger than temperature of B Body A flouts in water, body B sinks Body A easily burns; body B does not 6-We can use the different specific properties to separate substances a) What would you do to separate a mixture of salt and sand? b) And iron and sand? c) And water, salt, iron and sand? 7-Write some properties useful to make the difference between water and oil 8-Why does oil jump when an egg or a beef is fried? ACTIVITY 2: The three states of matter You know that in nature matter exists in three states, solid, liquid and gas 1-How does the state change when temperature changes? 2-Does the state of matter depend on pressure? State liquid fuel can be seen inside some cigarette lighters However, why does gaseous fuel go out when the valve is pushed? 3-Complete this table: Do they have mass? Do they have volume? Do they have fixed shape? Do they have fixed volume? SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES 4- Liquids and solids are fluid Does this mean that they do not have fixed shape or fixed volume? 5-Gases are compressible, whereas solids and liquids are not (or very little) Is this property related to fixed shape or fixed shape? 6-When a perfume bottle is opened, its smell can soon be noticed in all parts of the room How can you explain it? (You can see figure 1, next page) 1

FIGURE 1 The three states of matter A solid has a definite

definite volume but takes the shape of its container It can flow

its container ACTIVITY 3: Mass and volume Imagine the boxes

the mass of the paper Complete this table Box number 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 FIGURE 1 The three states of matter A solid has a definite (fixed) shape and volume, but cannot flow A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container It can flow A gas has no definite volume It can spread everywhere throughout its container ACTIVITY 3: Mass and volume Imagine the boxes below are made of a very light paper (therefore, you can ignore the mass of the paper Complete this table Box number Volume of sand (cm 3 ) Volume of cotton (cm 3 ) Mass of sand (g) Mass of cotton (g) 2

3 ACTIVITY 4: Mass and volume 1-Complete the empty cells dm³ cm³ L ml 0,7 36 8,6 0,4 2-How many litres of water fit inside a cubic container that is 2 m high, 2 m long and 2 m wide? How many litres of oil fit in this cube? 3-A swimming pool is 20 m long, 10 m wide y 2,5 m deep What is its capacity in m³? 4-Complete all the empty cells as you can in this table Substances Volume Mass L cm³ kg g cg Water 1 Water 50 Water 0,3 Iron 438 Cork 213,5 5-The edge of a hollow cube measures 20 mm How many grams of water can you put in it? How many grams of oil? Aluminium Copper Cork Human body Ice Iron Wood Marble Lead Glass TABLE OF DENSITIES (25ºC) g/cm 3 Kg/m 3 Solids 2,7 8,9 0,25 1,07 0,92 7,9 0,2-0,8 2,7 11,3 3,0-3, Liquids Acetone Olive oil Sea water Distilled water Ethyl alcohol Gasoline Glycerine Milk Mercury Gases (0ºC, 1 atm) Air Butane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Oxygen g/cm 3 0,79 0,92 1, ,79 0,68 1,26 1,03 13,6 0,0013 0,0026 0,0018 0,0008 0,0014 Kg/m ,3 2,6 18 0,8 1,4 3

ACTIVITY 5: Density 1-Complete the table on the right 2-Calculate the density of a cylindrical body that has a mass of 47,1 Substance Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 ) g, its height is 15 cm and its radius is

Water 22,5 5-If we take 54 g of that body, how much volume will it take up? 6-Is it correct to say that iron is heavier than cork? How should it be Gasoline 146,2 said?

9-We have 20 cm 3 of an unkown substance X Its mass is 158 g What is the density of X? What substance is it?

4 ACTIVITY 5: Density 1-Complete the table on the right 2-Calculate the density of a cylindrical body that has a mass of 47,1 Substance Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 ) g, its height is 15 cm and its radius is 2 cm What substance is it? 3-What does it mean that the density of a body is 2,7 g/cm 3? 4-What is the mass of 10 cm 3 of that body (exercise 3)? Water 22,5 5-If we take 54 g of that body, how much volume will it take up? 6-Is it correct to say that iron is heavier than cork? How should it be Gasoline 146,2 said? 7-Is it correct to say that density of water is 1? Explain it properly Mercury 50 8-What is bigger, the density of a piece of chalk or the density of the whole chalk? Why? 9-We have 20 cm 3 of an unkown substance X Its mass is 158 g What is the density of X? What substance is it? 10-Work out the density of a body that has a mass of 90,4 g and occupies a volume of 8 cm 3 What substance is it? 2, What will happen to the density of a body if its temperature increases? Why? 12-What will happen if a glass with water is heated from below? What will happen if we irradiate heat from above? 13-In which part of the rooms have to be installed a radiator, up or down the wall? And if it is an air-conditioned set? 14-A door which communicates a hot room to a cold corridor is opened What would happen to the flame of a candle put at the bottom of the doorway? What would happen if put it at the top of the doorway? Explain it 15-Why do you float better in the sea than in a swimming pool? ACTIVITY 6: Gaseous state 1-Fill a glass with water up to the brim and then put a thick paper on it While gently pressing with your hand the paper, take the glass with other hand and turn it over carefully Then draw back your hand from the paper What happens? Why does the paper remain on its place? 2-A gas inside a flask has a pressure of 1 6 atm Convert this value into mmhg [Sol: 1216 mmhg] 3-Convert into degrees centigrade: 100 K, 300 K, 250 K and 325 K [Sol: 173 ºC; 27 ºC; 23 ºC; 52 ºC] 4-Convert into degrees Kelvin: 0 ºC, 20 ºC, 80 ºC and 200 ºC [Sol: 273 K; 253 K; 353 K; 473 K] FIGURE 2 Kinetic particle theory (TCM) SOLID Arrangement: Fixed pattern Movement: Only vibrate Proximity: Close together FIGURE 3: Facts explained by TCM LIQUID Arrangement: Random Movement: Side past each other Proximity: Close together GAS Arrangement: Random Movement: Move everywhere rapidly Proximity: Far apart A solid dissolves in water without stirring A liquid (ink) becomes diffused in other liquid Smoke and dust spread throughout the house Brownian motion 4

ACTIVITY 7: Kinetic particle theory (TCM) 1-Explain, using the TCM (kinetic particle theory), why gases are compressible, whereas solids and liquids are not Explain as well why liquids are fluids but

5 ACTIVITY 7: Kinetic particle theory (TCM) 1-Explain, using the TCM (kinetic particle theory), why gases are compressible, whereas solids and liquids are not Explain as well why liquids are fluids but solids are not 2-Explain, according to de TCM, why when we put a lump of sugar in a glass with water it dissolves and the whole liquid quickly sweetens 3-Explain, according to de TCM, why when a drop of ink is put into some water and left for a while, the colour of the ink spreads throughout the water 4-What is the meaning of diffusion? FIGURE 4: Changing state When we heat a solid, its particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously The forces of attraction between the particles are weakened and the solid melts Heating to a higher temperature weakens these forces of attraction further and the liquid turns into a gas the liquid boils Energy needs to be supplied to melt or boil a substance Cooling a gas makes is condense into a liquid Further cooling results in liquid freezing Energy is given out to the surroundings when a substance condenses or freezes ACTIVITY 8: Changing state and heating graphs 1-Look the graphs you have below Explain what is happening in both and find out what substances are they 2-What is the state?: a) Water under 0ºC? b) Iron over 1535ºC? c) Oxygen at 220ºC? 3-If you put some pieces of ice in a glass with water, which will be the temperature of water some minutes later? Can you know without using a thermometer? 4-What is the state of mercury at 400ºC? And alcohol at 75ºC? And Iron at 2600ºC? 5-Could the water boil at 20ºC? And at 500ºC? Explain it 6-Why do you think that food is so quickly cooked in a pressure cooker? 7-Why is not possible to cook properly the eggs on the top of the mountains? Melting points (ºC) Hydrogen Oxygen Alcohol Acetone Mercury Water Benzene Naphthalene Sulfur Salt Copper Iron Boiling points (ºC) a 1 atm Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Chlorine Ether Acetone Alcohol Benzene Water Mercury Naphthalene Sulfur Iron

6 ACTIVITY 9: Reading THERMAL SHAKING The three states of matter, solid, liquid and gaseous, are different because the attractive forces between molecules are also different The gaseous state constitutes the example of the most total and absolute disorder in the arrangement of molecules In a cubic centimetre of air, at 0 ºC and at 760 mmhg, there are a tremendous number of molecules, approximately However, that is not reason for them to be close together, because the volume of a molecule is roughly 1000 times smaller than the air in which it is Each and every molecule of a gas is in a state of continuous thermal shaking and submitted to constant and disordered collisions with the rest of the molecules It is clear that due to these haphazard collisions, molecules will move in all possible directions within the container that holds them Structure of liquids is essentially different from structure of gases In liquids, molecules are constantly close together, like potatoes in a sack, the difference is that molecules are in uninterrupted thermal shaking However, this motion is much slower than in gases In the same time a molecule of a gas covers about 250 cm, a molecule of a liquid covers only 1 cm In solids, the intensity of attractive forces almost cancels out the thermal shaking In a solid substance, molecules really stay in a fixed position Thermal shaking is reduced to a constant oscillation around this fixed position The absence of movement of the molecules, cause what we call solidity or hardness 1 According to the reading, what is thermal shaking? 2 Why do molecules in liquids move slower than molecules in gases? 3 Do molecules in gases move at the same speed? Why? And, in case of liquids? 4 What will happen to the oscillation motion of the molecules in solids as they cool? What do you think it will happen when absolute zero temperature is reached? 5 What is the reason for the pressure a gas exerts? 6 If the temperature of a gas is increased, what will happen to the pressure this gas exerts? 7 Try to explain what will happen to the molecules of water when temperature increases from 20 ºC to 150 ºC 8 Why at the same temperature some substances are solids, others are liquids and others are gaseous? 6

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Downloaded from Matter in Our Surroundings 1. Which state of matter is characterized by the following properties : (0 A substance with a fixed arrangement of particles. (I'O A substance that has large distances between