Changes in dissolved organic matter composition and disinfection byproduct precursors in advanced drinking water treatment processes

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1 Supporting Information Changes in dissolved organic matter composition and disinfection byproduct precursors in advanced drinking water treatment processes Phanwatt Phungsai, Futoshi Kurisu*, Ikuro Kasuga, and Hiroaki Furumai *Corresponding Author *Tel.: ; Fax: ; address: This Supporting Information containing 22 pages, 7 tables and 1 figures. Contents in this Supporting Information. 1. Figures 2. Tables 3. References S1

2 Figure S1. Schematic diagrams of drinking water treatment processes. Pentagons indicate sampling points. Figure S2. Elutable and non-extractable DOC concentration of water samples from (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. Non-extractable DOC is both irreversible DOC and DOC unabsorbable by the PPL cartridge Figure S3. Negative ESI mass spectra of PPL extracted DOM during drinking water treatment processes of (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. Figure S4. Top panels: deviation of DOM peak intensity in (a) raw water and (b) after chlorination (chlorinated water ) of Plant B. Bottom panels: absolute intensity of DOM peaks in different sample concentrations relative to non-dilute samples of (c) raw water and (d) after chlorination (chlorinated water ) of Plant B. Each sample was measured in triplicate to check the reproducibility of the instrument. Peaks were normalized by their average and before calculation of the % deviation. For the bottom figures, absolute intensity of peaks in dilute samples (9, 8,, 1% concentration) were relative to the absolute intensity of the same peak in the non-dilute sample (1% concentration). All peaks detected in non-diluted samples (564 and 624 peaks in raw water and chlorinated water, respectively) were also detected in the diluted samples. Figure S5. Histogram expressed distribution of molecular characteristics for identified formulae in raw water of Plant B. Figure S6. (a) number and (b) percentage of unique and shared of DOM formulae in each water sample. Common indicate number of DOM formulae similarly found in both Plant A and Plant B samples while Unique A and B indicate DOM formulae only found in Plant A or Plant B. Figure S7. 2-dimensional scaling of all molecular-assigned peaks in water samples from water treatment processes of (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. The number after each sample s name indicates the order of treatment. The distances between plots indicate the degree of dissimilarity among water samples. Figure S8. Number of CHO-DOM changed during ozonation. Changes were categorized by the change in intensity by the treatment. Black: newly formed; red: increased by more than 3%; orange: decreased by more than 3%; green: unchanged (less than 3 % change). Commonly changed bars indicate the number of CHO molecules with identical formulae similarly changed during ozonation in both DWTPs. Figure S9. Changes in CHO-DOM during ozonation expressed by (DBE O)/C vs C os. (a) Plant A, (b) Plant B and (c) common CHO molecules in both plants. Dot: newly formed; S2

3 triangle: increased by more than 3%; filled cross: decreased by more than 3%; diamond: unchanged (less than 3% change). Figure S1. Changes of Ozone-OBP formulae during BAC are shown in (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. Superimposed figures reveal CHO-DOM in in (a-1 and a-2) 3 55 Da and (b-1 and b-2) 1 25 Da. Table S1. Number of CHO DOM changed during treatment processes of Plant B. Table S2. p-values of ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test of molecular characteristics of decreased, increased, unchanged and newly formed CHO DOM by the treatment processes before and after primary treatment in Table 2. Table S3. Number of chlorine and brominated DBP formulae. Table S4. Molecular formulae containing chlorine atoms detected from the reaction between chlorine residual in Milli-Q and PPL resin. Table S5. -CHO DBP formulae detected in chlorinated water. Table S6. CHOS-DBP formulae detected in chlorinated water. Table S7. Behavior of putative precursors of DBPs formed via electrophilic substitution and addition reaction in advanced treatment processes of Plant B. S3

4 Figure S1. Schematic diagrams of drinking water treatment processes. Pentagons indicate sampling points. S4

5 Organic carbon concentration (mgc/l) Elutable DOC Non-extracable DOC %DOC Recovery (a) Plant A (b) Plant B Raw water Coagulation RSF Ozonation BAC Chlorination Raw water Coagulation Ozonation BAC RSF Chlorination DOC recovery (%) Figure S2. Elutable and non-extractable DOC concentration of water samples from (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. Non-extractable DOC is both irreversible DOC and DOC unabsorbable by the PPL cartridge. S5

6 Absolute intensity Absolute intensity (a) Plant A 1 75 Raw water Coagulation/Sedimentation RSF Ozonation BAC Chlorination m/z (b) Plant B Raw water Coagulation/Sedimentation Ozonation Chlorination Figure S3. Negative ESI mass spectra of PPL extracted DOM during drinking water treatment processes of (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. BAC S6

7 (a) Raw water (b) Chlorination Number of peaks SD = 8.17 Skew = -.16 Kur = 7.98 NO. = % 99.53% SD = 8.67 Skew = 1.19 Kur = 4 NO. = %Relative intensity in diluted samples to non-diluted %Deviation of peak intensity (c) Raw water (d) Chlorination %Concentration Figure S4. Top panels: deviation of DOM peak intensity in (a) raw water and (b) after chlorination (chlorinated water) of Plant B. Bottom panels: absolute intensity of DOM peaks in different sample concentrations relative to non-dilute samples of (c) raw water and (d) after chlorination (chlorinated water) of Plant B. Each sample was measured in triplicate to check the reproducibility of the instrument. Peaks were normalized by their average and before calculation of the % deviation. For the bottom figures, absolute intensity of peaks in dilute samples (9, 8,, 1% concentration) were relative to the absolute intensity of the same peak in the non-dilute sample (1% concentration). All peaks detected in non-diluted samples (564 and 624 peaks in raw water and chlorinated water, respectively) were also detected in the diluted samples. S7

8 No. of formulae No. of formulae H/C DBE-O O/C Cos No. of formulae No. of formulae Figure S5. Histogram expressed distribution of molecular characteristics for identified formulae in raw water of Plant B S8

9 Number of DOM formulae % 9% 8% (a) (b) Raw water Coagulation Ozonation BAC Purified water CHOS Unique Unique A A CHO Unique B B CHO Common Shared %of DOM formulae 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Raw water Coagulation Ozonation BAC Purified water Figure S6. (a) number and (b) percentage of unique and shared of DOM formulae in each water sample. Common indicate number of DOM formulae similarly found in both Plant A and Plant B samples while Unique A and B indicate DOM formulae only found in Plant A or Plant B. S9

10 Figure S7. 2-dimensional scaling of all molecular-assigned peaks in water samples from water treatment processes of (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. The number after each sample s name indicates the order of treatment. The distances between plots indicate the degree of dissimilarity among water samples. S1

11 Number of formulae Unchanged Increased Decreased Newly formed Plant A Plant B Commonly changed Figure S8. Number of CHO-DOM changed during ozonation. Changes were categorized by the change in intensity by the treatment. Black: newly formed; red: increased by more than 3%; orange: decreased by more than 3%; green: unchanged (less than 3 % change). Commonly changed bars indicate the number of CHO molecules with identical formulae similarly changed during ozonation in both DWTPs. S11

12 .6 (a) Plant A (b) Plant B (DBE O)/C (c) Common CHO molecules C o Figure S9. Changes in CHO-DOM during ozonation expressed by (DBE O)/C vs C os. (a) Plant A, (b) Plant B and (c) common CHO molecules in both plants. Dot: newly formed; triangle: increased by more than 3%; filled cross: decreased by more than 3%; diamond: unchanged (less than 3% change). s S12

13 .5.4 (a) Plant A Unchanged None OBP formulae Series5 Decreased OBP Newly Unchanged formed (b) Plant B.3 KMD (a-1).36 (b-1) (a-2) (b-2) Nominal KM (Da) Figure S1. Changes of Ozone-OBP formulae during BAC are shown in (a) Plant A and (b) Plant B. Superimposed figures reveal CHO-DOM in in (a-1 and b-1) 3 55 Da and (a-2 and b-2) 1 25 Da. S13

14 Table S1. Number of CHO DOM changed during treatment processes of Plant B. Common Common formulae with the %Same behaviors September* October* CHO DOM (%)** same behaviors*** Ozonation (72%) BAC (73%) Chlorination (7%) * discussion in main manuscript were based on CHO DOM in September samples while analysis for October samples were only for validation of reproducibility of the method. ** Percentages of number of CHO DOM commonly detected in both September and October samples over September samples. *** number indicate common CHO DOM identically increased, newly formed, unchanged or decreased by treatment processes in both September and October samples. S14

15 Table S2. p-values of ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test of molecular characteristics of decreased, increased, unchanged and newly formed CHO DOM by the treatment processes before and after primary treatment in Table 2. Group vs Group p-values MW (DBE O)/C C os H/C O/C Ozonation of Plant A Decreased vs Increased.841 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 Decreased vs Newly formed <.1 <.1 < <.1 Decreased vs Unchanged.992 < < Increased vs Newly formed < Increased vs Unchanged.75 < <.1 <.1 Newly formed vs Unchanged <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 Ozonation of Plant B Decreased vs Increased.33 <.1 <.1 <.1.32 Decreased vs Newly formed <.1 <.1.1 <.1 <.1 Decreased vs Unchanged.534 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 Increased vs Newly formed <.1 < <.1 Increased vs Unchanged.394 <.1.92 <.1 <.1 Newly formed vs Unchanged <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 Chlorination of Plant A Decreased vs Unchanged.886 <.1.6 <.1 <.1 Chlorination of Plant B Decreased vs Unchanged <.1.2 < S15

16 Table S3. Number of chlorine and brominated DBP formulae. DWTP CHOCl CHOBr CHOBrCl CHOSCl CHOSBr CHOSCBrCl DBP formulae detected after chlorination Plant A Plant B Shared S16

17 Table S4. Molecular formulae containing chlorine atoms detected from the reaction between chlorine residual in Milli-Q and PPL resin. Molecular weight error Average intensity (n=3) Formulae (Da) (ppm) MeOH Milli-Q Chlorinated Milli-Q C 1H 11O 3Cl C 8H 5O 3Cl C 9H 7O 4Cl C 21H 25O 4Cl S17

18 Table S5. -CHO DBP formulae detected in chlorinated water. Molecular weight Error Detected No of reported Literature No. DBP formulae (Da) (ppm) in plant isomers 1) Compounds/formulae reported as DBP 2) References Analytical Method C 3H 3O 3Cl 3.92 A 3 3,3,3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropionic acid (putative) Bull (26) Chemical models bromochloro-propionoic acid Richardson (1998) GC-CI-MS and GC-IR C 3H 4O 2BrCl.92 A 6 bromochloromethyl acetate Krasner et al. (26) GC-EI-MS, and GC-CI-MS C 4H 3O 4Cl 2.27 A 6 2-chlorobutenedioic acid (putative) Bull (26) Chemical models C 4H 3O 4Br.89 A 7 2-bromobutenedioic acid S18 Richardson et al. (23) Krasner et al. (26) Zhang et al. (28) Zhai and Zhang (211) Pan and Zhang (213) Zhai et al. (214) GC-EI-MS, and GC-CI-MS GC-EI-MS, and GC-CI-MS ESI-tqMS LC ESI-tqMS LC ESI-tqMS LC ESI-tqMS and UFLC/IT-TOF MS C 4H 5O 3Cl A 4 4,4,4-Trichloro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (putative) Bull (26) Chemical models C 5H 5O 4Br -.37 A 9 cis-2-bromo-3-methylbutenedioic acid Richardson et al. (23) GC-EI-MS, and GC-CI-MS Krasner et al. (26) GC-EI-MS, and GC-CI-MS C 6H 4O 2BrCl -.54 A 5 2,6-bromochloro-1,4-hydroquinone (putative analogue) Zhai et al. (214) and Jiang et al., (217) reported LC ESI-tqMS and UFLC/IT-TOF MS C 6H 4O 2Br 2 as 2,6-dibromo-1,4-hydroquinone ESI-tqMS C 6H 7O 4Br -.31 A C 7H 5O 3Br -.7 A and B 35 bromo-salicylic acid bromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid Ding et al. (213) Pan and Zhang (213) Jiang et al. (217) found both of them ESI-tqMS and LC ESI-tqMS LC ESI-tqMS ESI-tqMS C 7H 7O 7Br 2Cl A C 7H 9O 4Cl -.31 A C 7H 9O 5Cl.6 A C 8H 9O 4Br 1 A C 9H 11O 3Cl -.61 A C 9H 11O 4Cl 1.95 B C 9H 9O 4Br 2.31 B 83 bromodimethoxybenzoic acid (putative analogue) Gonsior et al. (214) reported C 9H 9O 4Cl as chlorodimethoxybenzoic acid C 9H 9O 5Cl -.1 A and B 5 chlorosyringic acid Gonsior et al. (214) C 9H 9O 7Cl -.44 A C 9H 11O 6Br 1.16 A C 1H 9O 5Br.64 B 32 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 1H 9O 7Cl -.98 A reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 1H 11O 5Br -.55 B 14 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 1H 11O 6Br.12 B 1 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 1H 11O 6Cl.42 B 4 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 1H 11O 7Cl -.44 A and B C 1H 13O 6Cl -.3 B 5 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) C 11H 11O 7Cl.53 A and B 4 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Lavonen et al. (213) Zhang et al. (214) C 11H 13O 6Cl -.62 B 3 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 12H 13O 7Br 1.88 A and B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 12H 13O 8Cl 1.55 A and B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 12H 15O 7Br.1 B 7 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) 1) number of isomers of a molecular formula reported on the ChemSpider database 2) Name of the posslble DBP compounds were listed for the formulae with the number of carbon less than 1 (#1-#19). For the formulae with more than 11 carbon atoms (#2 and above), only molecular forumlae in the previous studies were checked, due to the large number of possible isomers.

19 Table S5 CHO-DBP formulae detected in chlorinated water (Con't) No Molecular weight (Da) DBP formulae Error (ppm) Detected in plant No of reported isomers 1) C 13H 5O 8Cl A reported (only formula) Literature Compounds/formulae reported as DBP 2) References Analytical Method Zhang et al. (212) Lavonen et al. (213) Zhang et al. (214) C 13H 13O 7Br.71 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 13H 15O 7Cl.35 A and B 4 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 13H 15O 7Br -.15 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 13H 17O 7Br.42 B C 13H 17O 8Br.59 B C 13H 19O 7Cl -.17 A 3 reported (only formula) S19 Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 13H 2O 8Cl B C 13H 23O 11Cl.11 A C 14H 7O 9Cl -.6 A reported (only formula) Lavonen et al. (213) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 15O 8Br -.58 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 16O 9Cl A reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Lavonen et al. (213) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 17O 7Br.81 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 17O 8Br -.2 A and B 3 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 17O 9Br.21 A and B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 14H 27O 1Cl.84 A C 15H 7O 8Cl.85 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 15H 23O 2Cl.57 A C 16H 7O 9Cl -.88 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 16H 9O 8Cl.72 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 16H 9O 9Cl.88 A C 16H 11O 9Cl -.26 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 16H 11O 1Cl 1.16 A reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 17H 11O 8Cl 2.13 B reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 17H 23O 8Cl 1.59 A reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 17H 24O 11Cl 2.59 A C 17H 25O 6Cl.54 A reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 18H 11O 9Cl.66 B 2 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (214) C 18H 13O 2Cl A C 18H 23O 7Cl.55 A and B 3 reported (only formula) Zhang et al. (212) Zhang et al. (214) C 19H 13O 1Cl -.29 A C 19H 29O 9Cl.71 A C 2H 13O 1Cl.54 B C 21H 3O 4Cl A C 22H 13O 6Br 2.84 B C 23H 13OCl A 1) number of isomers of a molecular formula reported on the ChemSpider database 2) Name of the posslble DBP compounds were listed for the formulae with the number of carbon less than 1 (#1-#19). For the formulae with more than 11 carbon atoms (#2 and above), only molecular forumlae in the previous studies were checked, due to the large number of possible isomers.

20 Table S6. CHOS-DBP formulae detected in chlorinated water Molecular weight (Da) DBP formulae Error (ppm) Detected in plant No of reported isomers* C 4H 7OS 2Br.26 A C 5H 3OSBrCl 2.99 B C 5H 3OSBr 2Cl -.31 A and B C 5H 5O 2SBr 2Cl.39 B C 5H 11O 3S 2Br 1.48 A C 6H 2O 6S 2Cl 1.7 A C 6H 9O 2SBr.16 A C 7H 3O 4S 2Br -.75 A C 7H 5OSBr 2Cl A C 1H 8OS 2BrCl 1.5 A C 1H 13OS 2Br 1.13 A and B C 1H 17OS 2Cl 1.2 A C 11H 12O 3SBrCl -.76 A C 11H 13OS 2Cl 1.79 B C 11H 13O 2S 2Cl.95 A C 11H 15OS 2Cl 1.41 A C 12H 15OS 2Cl 2.13 A and B C 12H 16O 2S 2Cl A C 13H 5OS 2Cl 1.43 B C 13H 17O 2S 2Br 1.21 A and B C 14H 7O 6SCl A C 14H 19O 3S 2Br 1.45 A and B C 15H 6O 3SCl B C 15H 7O 5SCl 2.24 B C 17H 15OSCl.12 A C 18H 28OSCl 2.83 B C 2H 17O 3SCl -.68 A 27 *number of possible isomers of a molecular formula reported on the ChemSpider database S2

21 Table S7. Behavior of putative precursors of DBPs formed via electrophilic substitution and addition reaction in advanced treatment processes of Plant B. Putative precursor formulae* Electrophilic substitution Treatment processes Ozonation BAC DBP formulae C 7H 6O 3 Unchanged Unchanged C 7H 5O 3Br C 9H 1O 4 Unchanged Unchanged C 9H 9O 4Br C 9H 1O 5 Increased Unchanged C 9H 9O 5Cl C 9H 12O 4 Increased Unchanged C 9H 11O 4Cl C 1H 1O 5 Decreased Unchanged C 1H 9O 5Br C 1H 12O 5 Increased Unchanged C 1H 11O 5Br C 1H 12O 6 Increased Unchanged C 1H 11O 6Br C 1H 11O 6Cl C 1H 12O 7 Increased Unchanged C 1H 11O 7Cl C 11H 12O 7 Increased Increased C 11H 11O 7Cl C 11H 14O 6 Increased Unchanged C 11H 13O 6Cl C 12H 14O 7 Increased Increased C 12H 13O 7Br C 12H 14O 8 Increased Increased C 12H 13O 8Cl C 12H 16O 7 Increased Unchanged C 12H 15O 7Br C 13H 14O 7 Unchanged Increased C 13H 13O 7Br C 13H 16O 7 Increased Unchanged C 13H 15O 7Cl C 13H 18O 7 Increased Unchanged C 13H 17O 7Br C 13H 18O 8 Increased Unchanged C 13H 17O 8Br C 14H 16O 8 Increased Increased C 14H 15O 8Br C 14H 18O 7 Increased Unchanged C 14H 17O 7Br C 14H 18O 9 Increased Unchanged C 14H 17O 9Br C 14H 16O 9Cl 2 C 14H 2O 6 Increased Unchanged C 14H 18O 6Cl 2 C 18H 24O 7 Unchanged Unchanged C 18H 23O 7Cl Addition reaction C 9H 1O 3 Unchanged Unchanged C 9H 11O 4Cl C 9H 8O 4 Unchanged Decreased C 9H 9O 5Cl C 9H 8O 5 Unchanged Decreased C 9H 9O 6Cl C 9H 8O 6 Unchanged Unchanged C 9H 9O 7Cl C 1H 1O 6 Decreased Unchanged C 1H 11O 7Cl C 11H 12O 5 Unchanged Unchanged C 11H 13O 6Cl C 12H 12O 6 Unchanged Unchanged C 12H 13O 7Br C 12H 14O 6 Unchanged Unchanged C 12H 15O 7Br C 13H 14O 6 Unchanged Unchanged C 13H 15O 7Br C 13H 16O 6 Increased Unchanged C 13H 17O 7Br C 13H 18O 6 Increased Unchanged C 13H 2O 8Cl 2 C 14H 14O 7 Unchanged Unchanged C 14H 15O 8Br C 14H 16O 7 Unchanged Unchanged C 14H 17O 8Br C 14H 16O 8 Increased Increased C 14H 17O 9Br *all putative precursor formulae were detected in raw water and remained after all treatment processes to chlorination References: Bull, Richard J. 26. Use of toxicological and chemical models to prioritize DBP research: American Water Works Association. Ding, G., Zhang, X., Yang, M., and Pan, Y Formation of new brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination of saline sewage effluents. Water Res, 47 (8), doi: 1.116/j.watres Gonsior, M., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Stavklint, H., Richardson, S. D., Hertkorn, N., and Bastviken, D Changes in dissolved organic matter during the treatment S21

22 processes of a drinking water plant in sweden and formation of previously unknown disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol, 48 (21), doi: 1.121/es54349p Jiang, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., and Li, Y Removal of Intermediate Aromatic Halogenated DBPs by Activated Carbon Adsorption: A New Approach to Controlling Halogenated DBPs in Chlorinated Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol, 51 (6), doi: 1.121/acs.est.6b6161 Krasner, Stuart W., Weinberg, Howard S., Richardson, Susan D., Pastor, Salvador J., Chinn, Russell., Sclimenti, Michael J., et al. 26. Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol, 4 (23), Lavonen, E. E., Gonsior, M., Tranvik, L. J., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., and Kohler, S. J Selective chlorination of natural organic matter: identification of previously unknown disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol, 47 (5), doi: 1.121/es34669p Pan, Y., and Zhang, X Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water. Environ Sci Technol, 47 (3), doi: 1.121/es33729n Richardson, Susan D Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts (R. A. Meyers Ed.): Wiley Encyclopedia Series in Environmental Science, New York. Richardson, Susan D, Thruston, Alfred D, Rav-Acha, Chaim, Groisman, Ludmila, Popilevsky, Inna, Juraev, Olga, et al. 23. Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide. Environ Sci Technol, 37 (17), Zhai, H., and Zhang, X Formation and decomposition of new and unknown polar brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Environ Sci Technol, 45 (6), doi: 1.121/es Zhai, H., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Liu, J., and Ji, M Formation of brominated disinfection byproducts during Chloramination of drinking water: new polar species and overall kinetics. Environ Sci Technol, 48 (5), doi: 1.121/es Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Shi, Q., Zheng, H., and Yang, M Characterization of Unknown Brominated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol. Zhang, Xiangru, Talley, Jeffrey W, Boggess, Bill, Ding, Guoyu, and Birdsell, Dennis. 28. Fast selective detection of polar brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water using precursor ion scans. Environ Sci Technol, 42 (17), S22