Summer Assignment & Class Information

Transcription

1 Summer Assignment & Class Infrmatin Dear AP Chemistry Student and Parent: I am very excited t have yu in class next year! As yu prbably already knw, AP Chemistry is a very challenging curse with an equally challenging AP test. The material is detailed and we have several tpics t cver. T aid in getting the mst ut f yur AP Chemistry curse, yu will need t refresh yur memry n infrmatin that was taught in PAP Chemistry. This will allw us t review the basics f chemistry within the first week f class, and then mve n t expand yur knwledge base. Yu are required t cmplete the summer assignment belw and bring it and any questins yu may have t class the first day. We will reinfrce this review with sme lab activities during the beginning f the semester. Yu shuld anticipate test within the first week f class. Yu need t master the frmulas, charges, and names f cmmn ins. Yu will be asked t cmplete a few tasks invlving naming ins and cmpunds, determining frmulas fr cmpunds, use the rules fr slubility, xidatin reductin, and transitin metal charges. I have included several resurces in this packet. First, there is a list f the ins that yu must knw. This list als has sme suggestins fr making the prcess f memrizatin easier. Fr instance, many f yu will remember that mst f the mnatmic ins have charges that are directly related t their placement n the peridic table. There are naming patterns that greatly simplify the learning f the plyatmic ins as well. Als included is a cpy f the peridic table used in AP Chemistry. Ntice that this is nt the table used in first year chemistry. The AP table is the same that the Cllege Bard allws yu t use n the AP Chemistry test. Ntice that it has the symbls f the elements but nt the written names. Yu need t take that fact int cnsideratin when studying! Dubtless, there will be sme students wh will prcrastinate and try t d all f this studying just befre the start f schl. Thse students may even cram well enugh t d well n the initial test. Hwever, they will quickly frget the ins, and struggle every time that these frmulas are used in lecture, hmewrk, quizzes, tests and labs. All research n human memry shws us that frequent, shrt perids f study, spread ver lng perids f time will prduce much greater retentin than lng perids f study f a shrt perid f time. I culd wait and thrw these at yu n the first day f schl, but I dn t think that wuld be fair t yu. Use every mdality pssible as yu try t learn these speak them, write them, visualize them. I lk frward t seeing yu all at the beginning f the next schl year. If yu need t cntact me during the summer, yu can me and I will get back t yu. Yu may check my ggle classrm fr any updates and als t access review material that will give yu an idea whether yu have adequately mastered the summer assignment. ***Befre summer begins, please cme by my rm (S-213) with a flash drive s that I can give yu an electrnic cpy f yur textbk. Als, sign up fr my ggle classrm. Yur user name is yur DISD (DISDstudentid@apps.dickinsnisd.rg) and yur passwrd is DisdMMDDYYYY(yur birthday). The classrm cde is cjg8k1r***. AP Chemistry Test Mnday, May 7, 2017 Sincerely, Mrs. Staci Wagner Swagner1@dickinsnisd.rg

2 Recmmended supplementary study materials: AP Chemistry Princetn/Barrn s Review This bk is excellent when preparing fr the actual AP Chem exam. It gives prvides many sample questins and practice questins that will help yu prepare fr the AP exam. 5 Steps t a 5 is a mre basic review that yu will find useful thrughut the year. (I will have a few cpies f each f these available fr checkut thrughut the schl year) Study tls - please review these dcuments and begin t memrize! AP Chemistry is a challenging curse. While it is nt all abut memrizatin, having these items memrized is essential fr success in learning the cncepts cvered in the curse. Knw element symbls and names fr elements 1-38 and Ag, Cd, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, W, Hg, Pb, Sn, Rn, Fr, U, Th, Pu, and Am written crrectly. Students shuld be able t lcate these elements quickly n the peridic table prvided n the exam. This table will nt have the element names written n it. Knw the 6 strng acids: ( CBSPIN ) hydrchlric (HCl) hydrbrmic (HBr) Sulfuric (H2SO4) Perchlric (HClO4) hydrinic (HI) Nitric (HNO3) Knw strng bases Grup 1 metal hydrxides (NaOH, KOH, etc) Grup 2 metal hydrxides (Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 these are nly slightly sluble, s strng base thers (Mg, Be, and Ra) are insluble, s weak base)

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4 Examples f sme Mnemnics fr Chemistry Electrchemistry OIL RIG (Oxidatin is Lss f electrns, Reductin is Gain f electrns) RC cola (Reductin at the Cathde, Oxidatin at the Ande) Diatmic Elements BrINClHOF (say Brinkelhf) Help Our Needy Class Finds Brains Immediately Plyatmic Anins: Nick the Camel ate a Clam Supper in Phenix -1 Nick- N with 3 cnsnants and 1 vwel therefre NO 3 (nitrate) -2 Camel C with 3 cnsnants and 2 vwels therefre CO 3 (carbnate) -1 Clam Cl with 3 cnsnants and 1 vwel therefre ClO 3 (chlrate) -2 Supper S with 4 cnsnants and 2 vwels therefre SO 4 (sulfate) -3 Phenix - P with 4 cnsnants and 3 vwels therefre PO 4 (phsphate) SI Prefixes The Great Mnarch King Henry Died By Drinking Chclate Milk Made Near Pland The Tera Drinking deci Great Giga Chclate centi Mnarch Mega Milk milli King Kil Made micr - µ Henry Hect Near nan Died Deca Pland - pic By base unit m, l, g, cal, J Slubility Rules: Learn the fllwing slubility rules: Salts cntaining the fllwing ins are nrmally sluble: All salts f Grup IA (Li +, Na +, etc.) and the ammnium in (NH4 + ) are sluble. All salts cntaining nitrate (NO3 1- ), acetate (CH3COO 1- ) and perchlates (ClO4 1- ) are sluble All chlrides (Cl 1- ), brmides (Br 1- ), and idides (I 1- ) are sluble except thse f Cu +, Ag +, Pb 2+, and Hg2 2+. All salts cntaining (SO4 2-, are sluble except thse f Pb 2+, Ca 2+, Sr 2+, and Ba 2+ ). Salts cntaining the fllwing ins are nrmally insluble: Mst carbnates (CO3 2- ) and phsphates (PO4 3- ) are insluble except thse f Grup IA and the ammnium in. Mst sulfides (S 2- ) are insluble except thse f Grup IA and IIA and the ammnium in. Mst hydrxides (OH 1- ) are insluble except thse f Grup IA, calcium, and barium. Mst xides (O 2- ) are insluble except fr thse f Grup IA and IIA which react with water t frm the crrespnding hydrxides

5 Tips fr Learning the Ins Frm the Table These are ins can be rganized int tw grups. 1. Their place n the table suggests the charge n the in, since the neutral atm gains r lses a predictable number f electrns in rder t btain a nble gas cnfiguratin. This was a fcus in first year chemistry, s if yu are unsure what this means, get help BEFORE the start f the year. a. All Grup 1 Elements (alkali metals) lse ne electrn t frm an in with a 1+ charge b. All Grup 2 Elements (alkaline earth metals) lse tw electrns t frm an in with a 2+ charge c. Grup 13 metals like aluminum lse three electrns t frm an in with a 3+ charge d. All Grup 17 Elements (halgens) gain ne electrn t frm an in with a 1- charge e. All Grup 16 nnmetals gain tw electrns t frm an in with a 2- charge f. All Grup 15 nnmetals gain three electrns t frm an in with a 3- charge Ntice that catins keep their name (sdium in, calcium in) while anins get an -ide ending (chlride in, xide in). 2. Metals that can frm mre than ne in will have their psitive charge dented by a rman numeral in parenthesis immediately next t the name f the Plyatmic Anins: Mst f the wrk n memrizatin ccurs with these ins, but there are a number f patterns that can greatly reduce the amunt f memrizing that ne must d. 1. ate anins have ne mre xygen then the ite in, but the same charge. If yu memrize the ate ins, then yu shuld be able t derive the frmula fr the ite in and vice-versa. a. sulfate is SO , s sulfite has the same charge but ne less xygen (SO 3 ) b. nitrate is NO - 3, s nitrite has the same charge but ne less xygen (NO 2-) 2. If yu knw that a sulfate in is SO 2-4 then t get the frmula fr hydrgen sulfate in, yu add a hydrgen in t the frnt f the frmula. Since a hydrgen in has a 1+ charge, the net charge n the new in is less negative by ne. a. Example: PO > HPO 4 --> H 2PO -1 4 phsphate hydrgen phsphate dihydrgen phsphate 3. Learn the hypchlrite --> chlrite --> chlrate --> perchlrate series, and yu als knw the series cntaining idite/idate as well as brmite/brmate. a. The relatinship between the ite and ate in is predictable, as always. Learn ne and yu knw the ther. b. The prefix hyp means under r t little (think hypdermic, hypthermic r hypglycemia ) i. Hypchlrite is under chlrite, meaning it has ne less xygen c. The prefix hyper means abve r t much (think hyperkinetic ) i. the prefix per is derived frm hyper s perchlrate (hyperchlrate) has ne mre xygen than chlrate. d. Ntice hw this sequence increases in xygen while retaining the same charge: ClO > ClO 2 --> ClO 3 --> ClO 4 hypchlrite chlrite chlrate perchlrate

6 Nmenclature Review Frming binary inic cmpunds A. In a binary inic cmpund the ttal psitive charges must equal the ttal negative charges. The best way t write crrect frmula units fr inic cmpunds is t use the Criss-crss methd. B. Sample Prblem: What inic cmpund wuld frm when calcium ins cmbine with brmide in? Steps t the Criss-crss Methd: 1. Write the ins with their charges, catins are always first. Ca 2+ Br 1-2. Crss ver the charges by using the abslute value f each in s charge as the subscript fr the ther in. Ca 1Br 2 3. Check t make sure the subscripts are in the lwest whle number rati pssible. Then write the frmula. CaBr 2 Naming binary inic cmpunds A. Cmbine the names f the catin and the anin, and change the secnd half f the anin t -ide. B. Example: BaBr 2 is named barium brmide Naming binary inic cmpunds that cntain plyatmic ins. A. The plyatmic ins n yur cmmn in list shuld be memrized. B. The mst cmmn xyanins (plyatmic ins that cntain xygen) end in ate. Oxyanins with ne less xygen end in ite. Fr example: 1- NO 3 is nitrate SO 2-4 is sulfate NO 1-2 is nitrite SO 2-3 is sulfite C. Anins with ne less xygen than the ite in are given the prefix hyp-. D. Anins with ne mre xygen than the ate in are given the prefix per-. ClO 1- is hypchlrite ClO 1-3 is chlrate ClO 1-2 is chlrite ClO 1-4 is perchlrate E. Naming cmpunds with plyatmics is the same as naming ther cmpunds, just name the catin and then the anin. If there is a transitin metal invlved, be sure t check the charges t identify which in (+1, +2, +3, +4 ) it may be s that yu can put the crrect Rman numeral in the name.

7 Sme preliminary ntes frm Chapters 1-3 Chapter 1 Intrductin: Matter and Measurement A. Classificatin f Matter 1. States f Matter a. Gas(vapr) i. Has n fixed vlume r shape ii. Takes the shape f its cntainer iii. Can be cmpressed r expanded iv. Mlecules are far apart and mving at high speeds b. Liquid i. Definite vlume, cannt be cmpressed ii. Takes the shape f its cntainer iii. Mlecules are much clser than in a gas but still mve rapidly (they can slide past each ther) c. Slid i. Definite shape and vlume, cannt be cmpressed ii. Mlecules are held tightly tgether, typically in definite arrangements 2. Pure substances and mixtures a. Pure substances matter that has a fixed cmpsitin and distinct prperties i. Tw types 1. Elements substances that cannt be decmpsed int simpler substances 2. Cmpunds cmpsed f tw r mre elements chemically bnded tgether a. Law f Cnstant Cmpsitin (Jseph Prust) the makeup f cmpunds is always the same b. Mixtures cmbinatin f tw r mre substances in which each substance retains its wn chemical identity and prperties i. Prperties can vary 1. Example adding sugar t cffee is a mixture, yu can make it very sweet, add a little, r nne at all. ii. Tw types 1. Hetergeneus different cmpsitin thrughut a. Rcks, sand, wd, chclate chip ckies 2. Hmgeneus (aka slutins) unifrm cmpsitin thrughut a. Air(gaseus slutin), gasline(liquid slutin), brass(slid slutin) c. Separatin f Mixtures i. Filtratin separating a slid cmpnent frm a liquid cmpnent using a funnel, filter paper, and gravity ii. Distillatin separating liquid cmpnents utilizing different biling pints iii. Chrmatgraphy separating substances by hw they adhere t surfaces ( used frequently fr ink) 3. Prperties f Matter a. Physical prperties descriptin f what smething lks like i. Clr, dr, density, melting pint, biling pint, hardness b. Chemical prperties hw a chemical reacts with ther chemicals i. Flammability, reactivity with ther chemicals 4. Changes in Matter a. Physical changes physical appearance is changed i. Ripping paper, melting wax, ALL CHANGES OF STATE (BOILING, EVAPORATING) b. Chemical changes (reactins) chemically transfrmed int a new substance i. Sdium metal reacts with chlrine gas t frm salt

8 B. Units f Measurement 1. Metric System / Significant Figures / Dimensinal Analysis a. yu shuld ALREADY knw this Chapter 2 Atms, Mlecules, Ins A. The Atmic Thery f Matter 1. Histry f the Atm a. Demcritus first persn t speculate that matter was mass f atms. Greek philspher i. Plat and Aristtle refuted this idea, atmic thery faded fr many centuries b. Jhn Daltn came up with first atmic thery, English schl teacher i. Each element is cmpsed f extremely small particles called atms ii. All atms f a given element are identical; the atms f different elements are different and have different prperties (including different masses) iii. Atms f an element are nt changes int different types f atms by chemical reactins; atms are neither created nr destryed in chemical reactins iv. Cmpunds are frmed when atms f mre than ne element cmbine; a given cmpund always has the same relative number and kind f atm. Daltn thught that atms culd nt be brken dwn any further, this was expressed in the atmic mdel Billiard Ball Mdel Laws frm the time perid a. Law f Cnstant Cmpsitin b. Law f Cnservatin f Mass (LeChatelier) matter and energy cannt be created r destryed c. Law f Multiple Prprtins if elements cmbine t frm mre than ne cmpund they must be different by whle numbers. i. Carbn mnxide, CO, carbn dixide, CO2 c. Cathde Rays a high vltage electricity passed thrugh partially evacuated tubes prduced radiatin and mass glass fluresce, called cathde rays because they riginated frm the cathde i. Rays were deflected by electric and magnetic fields, suggesting that the rays were charged ii. J.J. Thmsn bserved that the rays were the same n matter what type f material was used, cncluded that the rays were actually particles with mass, these particles were called electr 1. Able t calculate the charge t mass ratin f an electrn, 1.76 x 10 8 Culmbs/gram 2. Came up with secnd atmic mdel Plum Pudding Mdel d. Rbert Millikan perfrmed the il drp experiment and determined the charge f an electrn (1.60 x ) and then determined the mass f an electrn (9.11 x g) e. Henri Becquerel studied an re f Uranium called pitchblende and discvered the spntaneus emissin f radiatin called radiactivity i. Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre als studied this f. Ernest Rutherfrd studied radiatin and discvered three types f radiatin: alpha, beta, and gamma i. Utilizing alpha particles, Rutherfrd perfrmed the Gld Fil Experiment and determined that the atm had a nucleus ii. Als discvered prtns g. James Chadwick discvered neutrns 2. Mdern View f Atmic Structure a. Atms are made f prtns, neutrns, and electrns b. Electrnic charge is measured in Culmbs (C) i. Electrns have a charge f x C ii. Prtns have a charge f x C iii. Fr simplicity we change this t +1 and -1, but yu shuld still knw what the value is iv. Neutrns have n charge

9 c. Atms are typically neutral, which means they have the same number f prtns and electrns d. Prtns and neutrns are in the nucleus, electrns circle arund e. Vast majrity f an atm s vlume is the space where the electrns are fund f. Istpes atms f a given element that differ in the number f neutrns g. Prtns all atms f an element have the same number f prtns in the nucleus, aka atmic number h. Mass number number f prtns + number f neutrns 3. Peridic Table a. Yu shuld knw the general layut f the peridic table (grups, rws, where the metals, nnmetals, and metallids are) 4. Writing chemical frmulas (reviewed earlier in packet) Chapter 3 Stichimetry: Calculatins with Chemical Frmulas and Equatins 1. All chemical equatins need t be written crrectly and balanced apprpriately (kind f redundant I knw) 2. We will g ver all f the types f chemical reactivity but belw are sme fr review a. Mst cmmn invlve xygen as a reactant b. Often invlve hydrcarbns (cmpunds that cntain hydrgen and carbn) 3. Atmic and Mlecular Weight a. Atmic Mass Scale is based ff f Carbn 12, mass f carbn 12 = 12 amu b. Amu = atmic mass unit, 1g = x amu 4. Average Atmic Masses a. the masses listed n the peridic table are weighted averages based n the abundance in nature b. see example prblems in bk 5. Percent Cmpsitin frm Frmulas a. part/whle x 100% b. used t determine hw much f a cmpund is a particular kind f element 6. The Mle a. used t cnvert between the micrscpic and the macrscpic b. Avgadr s number = 6.02 x Prblems wrk thrugh chapter prblems if yu need extra help

10 AP CHEMISTRY SUMMER RECOMMENDED ASSIGNMENT Shw ALL wrk!!!! Use dimensinal analysis. Reprt answers using the crrect number f significant figures. Due secnd week f classes! The answers are given in parenthesis at the end f each prblem. Gd Luck and Have a Great Summer! 1. When Munt St. Helens erupted in 1980, analysts cllected ash samples t determine the amunt f txic heavy metals that were intrduced t the envirnment. The ash was determined t cntain % mercury. Hw many mles f mercury are cntained in 500.0g f ash frm the vlcan? (4.5*10-5 ml Hg) 2. One thyrid hrmne is thyrxine, C 15H 11I 4NO 4. Hw many mg f thyrxine culd be prduced frm 210 mg f idine atms, the amunt that a typical adult cnsumes per day? Hw many mlecules is this? (320mg; 2.5*10 20 mlecules) 3. A sample thught t be caffeine, the stimulant fund in cffee, tea, and cla, gave the fllwing elemental analysis: 49.5%C, 5.2%H, 28.8%N and 16.5%O. Is it pssible that this substance is caffeine which is C 8H 10N 4O 2? (Yes!) 4. Analysis f ibuprfen shws that is cntains 75.7% carbn, 8.8% hydrgen, and 15.5% xygen. The mass spectrum f ibuprfen shws that its mlar mass is apprximately 210g/ml. What is the chemical frmula fr ibuprfen? (C 13H 18O 2) 5. Butyric acid (a hydrcarbn cntaining C, H, and O), a cmpnent f rancid butter, has a vile stench. Burning 0.440g f butyric acid in excess xygen yields g f CO 2 and g f H 2O. The mlar mass f butyric acid is 88 g/ml. What are its empirical and mlecular frmula? (EF =C 2H 4O; MF = C 4H 8O 2) 6. An re f cpper is 80% cpper (II) xide. Hw many kg f cpper culd be recvered frm 846 kg f re?(5.4 x 10 2 kg Cu) 7. A slutin f sdium hydrxide is made by disslving 56.0 g f 92.0% pure sdium hydrxide int ml f water. What is the mlarity f the sdium hydrxide slutin?(1.71m NaOH) Density: 8. A slid blck f substance is 74.0 cm by 55.0 cm by 29.0 cm and it weighs 625 kg. Assuming that it did nt chemically react with water nr disslve in it, wuld it flat in water? (N, it wuld sink!) 9. A certain liquid has a density f g/ml. Hw many LITERS wuld weigh 1.00 kg? (1.17 L) Dimensinal Analysis: 10. The recrd lng jump is inches. Cnvert this t meters. There are 2.54 cm in an inch. (8.877m) 11. Hw many milligrams are there in a 5.00 grain aspirin tablet? 1 grain = unces. There are 454 grams/pund and 16.0 unces/pund. (325mg) 12. In 1980, the US prduces 18.4 billin punds (1.84 X lbs) f phsphric acid t be used in the manufacture f fertilizer. The average cst f the acid is $318/tn. (1 tn = 2000 lbs) What was the ttal value f the phsphric acid prduced? ($2.93 billin) 13. Light travels at a speed f 3.00 X cm/sec. What is the speed f light in km/hr? (1.08*10 9 km/hr) Stichimetry: 14. In the decmpsitin f sdium hydrxide, hw many mles f sdium hydrxide are needed t prduce 30.0 mles f water? (60.0 mles NaOH) 15. In the single replacement reactin f lithium and magnesium nitrate, what mass f lithium cmbines with 75.0 grams f magnesium nitrate? (7.02 g Li) 16. Hw many grams f lead (II) nitrate are needed t prduce 60.0 grams f ptassium nitrate in the duble replacement reactin f ptassium idide and lead (II) nitrate. (98.2 g lead (II) nitrate) 17. In the synthesis reactin f zinc(ii) and sulfur, what mass f zinc (II) sulfide is prduced frm grams f sulfur? (304.5 g ZnS) 18. A synthesis reactin f calcium and xygen was cmpleted in a lab and grams f calcium xide were prduced frm grams f xygen. What is the percent yield? (89.35%)

11 19. If yu begin with 1250 g f N 2 and 225 f H 2 in the reactin that frms ammnia gas (NH 3 ), hw much ammnia will be frmed? What is the limiting reagent? Hw much f the reagent is left when the maximum amunt f ammnia is frmed? (1265g NH 3; LR is H 2; 208.2g N 2 left) Cmpsitin 1. A gram piece f magnesium metal is heated and reacts with xygen. The resulting xide weighed grams. Determine the percent cmpsitin f each element in the cmpund. (60.3% Mg ;39.7% O) g f a mixture f sdium bicarbnate that is 77% sdium bicarbnate is decmpsed. Hw many liters f carbn dixide gas will be prvided frm the decmpsitin at 25ºC and mmhg? (4.96L) 3. Hw many mles f carbn atm are prduced frm the cmbustin f 82.0 ml f ethanl? The density f ethanl is g/ml. (2.82 ml) g f calcium carbnate is decmpsed at STP, what is the vlume f carbn dixide that will be prduced frm the decmpsitin? (1.85L ) 5. A cmpund has the empirical frmula f CH 3Br and a vapr density f 6.00 g/l, at 375 K and atm. Using these data, determine the fllwing: a) The mlar mass f the cmpund. (187.9 g/ml) b) The mlecular frmula f the cmpund. (C 2H 6Br 2) 6. One carrt may cntain 0.75 mg f vitamin A (C 20H 30O). Hw many mles f vitamin A is this? Hw many mlecules f vitamin A? Hw many atms f hydrgen? What mass f hydrgen is this? (2.6*10-6 ml; 1.6*10 18 mle c; 4.73*10 19 atms H; 7.86*10-5 g H) mL f M ptassium phsphate is mixed with 300.mL f M calcium chlride. Determine the mass f the precipitate frmed and the cncentratin f all ins remaining in slutin. (6.20g ppt; 0.240M K + ; M Ca 2+ ; 0.300M Cl - ) Naming Chemical Cmpunds 1) NaBr 2) Ca(C 2H 3O 2) 2 3) P 2O 5 4) Ti(SO 4) 2 5) FePO 4 6) K 3N 7) SO 2 8) CuOH 9) Zn(NO 2) 2 10) V 2S 3 Write the frmulas fr the fllwing chemical cmpunds: 11) silicn dixide 12) nickel (III) sulfide 13) manganese (II) phsphate 14) silver acetate 15) dibrn tetrabrmide 16) magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 17) ptassium carbnate 18) ammnium xide 19) tin (IV) selenide 20) carbn tetrachlride Predicting Reactin Prducts: Balance the equatins and predict the prducts and states f matter (assume reactins are taking place at STP) fr the fllwing reactins. If n reactin ccurs write NR. 1) Na + FeBr 3 2) NaOH + H 2SO 4 3) C 2H 4O 2 + O 2 4) NH 3 + H 2O 5) PbSO 4 + AgNO 3 6) PBr 3 7) HBr + Fe 8) KMnO 4 + ZnCl 2 9) MnO 2 + Sn(OH) 4 10) O 2 + C 5H 12O 2 11) H 2O 2 12) PtCl 4 + Cl 2