Semester 1 Honors Chemistry Notebook (unit 1)

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1 Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) Basic infrmatin Chemistry: study f matter Matter: has mass and takes up space Organized by using the peridic table cntains elements Prtns, neutrns, and electrns atms elements In: a charged atm Catin: a psitively charged in Anin: negatively charged in Grup 1 ins: 1+ Grup 2 ins: 2+ Grup 3-12 ins: metals, catins, irregular patterns Metals becme psitive ins (catins) Grup 13 ins: 3+ Grup 14 ins: varies Grup 15 ins: 3- Grup 16 ins: 2- Grup 17 ins: 1- Grup 18 ins: 0 (unreactive elements) Nnmetals becme negative ins (anins) Diatmic Mlecules: H O F Br I N Cl (all have a subscript f 2) Metals Malleability: hammered int sheets Ductility: pulled int wires High melting pint: high biling pint Slids (except fr Mercury- Hg) Frm psitive catins Nnmetals Lw melting and biling pints Can be slid, liquid, r gas Frm negative anins Inic Cmpunds: Metals and nnmetal(s) Binary inic cmpunds: nly 2 elements Metal is n the right Nnmetal is n the left (+) catin (-) anin Name: name f metal + name f nnmetal+ide Overall cmpund must be neutral The ttal number f prtns (psitives) must equal the ttal number f electrns (negatives) Binary Inic Cmpunds with transitin metals When writing the name, place the charge f the transitin metal in parentheses in rman numerals next t the element (i.e. Irn (IV) Oxide) Zinc and Silver d nt use rman numerals 1 Made by Ashley Thmas

2 Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) Tin and lead need rman numerals Ternary Inic Cmpunds: 3+ elements Treat a plyatmic ins as a unit, put it in parentheses unless the subscript is ne D nt change any subscripts within plyatmic ins Rules: (1) name the catin, use rman numeral if needed (2) name the anin, use the assigned name (3) DO NOT add a suffix Mlecular/Cvalent Cmpunds: ONLY nnmetals Prefixes 1 Mn 6 Hexa 2 Di 7 Hepta 3 Tri 8 Octa 4 Tetra 9 Nna 5 Penta 10 Deca Rules: (1) the first wrd takes the name f the element with the suitable prefix but mnisn t used when there is ne atm in the first element (2) the send wrd thatches the name f the element with the suffix ide and the prper prefix Acidic Cmpunds Acid: an aqueus slutin f hydrgen cmpunds ph: part f hydrgen H= ALWAYS catin All cmpunds start with H except fr acetic acid (CH3COOH) Binary General frm: X a Y b Always named Hydr- (name f element) -ic acid EXCEPTIONS: HCN: hydrcyanic acid H2O: cvalent cmpund (dihydrgen mnxide) Ternary Acids Cntain xygen Cntain plyatmic ins General frm: X a Plyatmic In b Named after their plyatmic in -ate -ic ( -ic acid) I ate smething icky -ite -us ( -us acid) Hydrates Hydrate: an inic cmpund with water nlecules attached Naming steps 1) Write the frmula fr the inic cmpund 2 Made by Ashley Thmas

3 Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) 2) Add a dt ( ) 3) Add the crrect number f waters frm prper prefix Organic Cmpunds Organic cmpund: cmpunds that cntain the element carbn (C) Exceptins: carbnates, carbn dixide, carbn mnxide, graphite Mst cmpunds are rganic. Why? Carbn bnds t itself in different ways Frms lng chains Frms rings Carbn bnds with many ther elements Hydrgen, xygen, nitrgen, sulfur, and halgens especially Hydrcarbns: cntain ONLY carbn (C) and hydrgen (H) Saturated Alkanes Unsaturated Alkenes Alkynes Armatic Hydrcarbns Prefixes Number Prefix Alkane Name Cmpund 1 Meth- Methane CH 4 2 Eth- Ethane C 2 H 6 3 Prp- Prpane C 3 H 8 4 But- Butane C 4 H 10 5 Pent- Pentane C 5 H 12 6 Hex- Hexane C 6 H 14 7 Hept- Heptane C 7 H 16 8 Oct- Octane C 8 H 18 9 Nn- Nnane C 9 H Dec- decane C 10 H 22 Alkanes Naming Prefix: number f carbns in a single chain plus the suffix -ane Calculate the number f hydrgens needed (single bnds) C n H 2n+2 Structural Ismers Ismer: way t draw the cmpund Cmpunds that have the same chemical frmula but different arrangements f atms Methane, ethane and prpane each have ne ismer Butane has tw ismers 3 Made by Ashley Thmas

4 Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) Pentane has three ismers Nmenclature after pentane Steps 1. Cunt the carbn atms in the lngest cntinuus carbn chain and add the suffix -ane 2. Name the secndary alkane grup accrding t the fllwing ntes (add as a prefix t the chain name) 3. Number the carbn chain s that the secnd alkane falls n the lwest pssible number Methyl: CH 3 Ethyl: CH 2 CH 3 Prpyl: CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Butyl: CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Alkenes Naming -ene: duble bnd present with same prefixes Unsaturated: rm fr mre hydrgens Calculate number f hydrgens needed C n H 2n All alkenes have at least ne duble bnd (between carbns) Remember: we must nw shw/tell where the duble bnd(s) are Cis: carbn chain fllws same side Trans: carbn chain fllws ppsite sides Steps: Number the carbns in the parent chain starting with the end clsest t the duble bnd The lcatin f the duble bnd is identified by the number assciated with the first carbn that takes part in the duble bnd The presence f multiple duble bnds is indicated by the fllwing prefixes Adi- Tw Atri- Three They cme right befre the -ene suffix i.e. Heptadiene Alkynes Triple bnds: -yne suffix with nrmal prefixes Calculate the number f hydrgens needed C n H 2n 2 All alkynes have at least ne triple bnd (between carbns) Steps Number the carbns in the parent chain starting with the end clsest t the duble bnd The lcatin f the duble bnd is identified by the number assciated with the first carbn that takes part in the duble bnd 4 Made by Ashley Thmas

5 Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) The presence f multiple duble bnds is indicated by the fllwing prefixes Adi- Tw Atri- Three They cme right befre the -yne suffix i.e. Heptadiyne Armatic Cmpunds Many have a smell All have a benzene ring CH in every crner, alternating duble and single bnds Functinal Grups: Definitin: a grup f atms that are respnsible fr the characteristic chemical behavirs f that structure Alchl Add OH grup Ends in nl Length f the carbn chain + l Rund chain: Cycl + nrmal chain name 5 Made by Ashley Thmas