N ew Area of Focus: Groundwater G roundwater W ater stored in the ground N egative Effects of Groundwater Depletion D rying up of wells R eduction of

Transcription

1 W ater Molecule Unit Notes N ame: D O NOT LOSE! P UT IN SCIENCE BINDER A rea of Focus: Where is our T he six ways humans use water S urvival / Health H ousehold R ecreational I ndustrial T ransportation A gricultural water? E arth s Water Supply O ceans 97.3% - Salt (Cannot drink or use for A griculture) I ce Caps 2.19% (Locked) G roundwater 0.5% (Most is too Deep) S oil Moisture 0.005% (Can t Obtain) A tmosphere 0.001% (Can t Obtain) I nland Lakes 0.018% (Available) R ivers % (Available)

2 N ew Area of Focus: Groundwater G roundwater W ater stored in the ground N egative Effects of Groundwater Depletion D rying up of wells R eduction of water in streams and lakes D eterioration of water quality I ncreased pumping costs L and use decreases in q uality Please create a line graph in journal with the f ollowing data. Y ear Water level below land ( Cook Co. Georgia) ft ft ft ft ft ft ft

3 G roundwater Contamination: The act of c ontaminating or polluting the groundwater. NEW AREA OF W ATER W ater is H2O. FOCUS: Two hydrogen atoms, PROPERTIES one oxygen. OF Properties of Water: Water has unique properties because of its l opsided + and e nds. Some wate r basics W ater freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, and boils at 100 degrees Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and boils at 212 degrees F (Sea- L evel) W ater weighs 28.3 Kilograms per cubic foot.

4 W eight: pounds per cubic foot at 32 F (It s D ensity: 1 gram per cubic centimeter W ater is H2O. Two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen. heavy). Structure- H 2 0 (water) One oxygen bound by two hydrogen. O xygen shares one electron with each hydrogen atom. P olar molecule: One end of the water molecule tends to have a p ositive charge while the other has a negative charge. Non-p olar (lipids) equal charge P roperties of Water Cohesion- Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together to e ach other. A dhesion H olds water to a surface A meniscus is the curved surface at the top of a column of liquid

5 C apillary action w ater can move up plants by adhesion. Chromatography - A method used to separate complex mixtures S urface tension: Water molecules stick to themselves. High Specific Heat- H ydrogen bonds absorb heat when they break, a nd release heat when they form. It takes a lot of energy to heat water, a nd a lot of energy to melt ice. a lot of energy to freeze it, W ater stabilizes the temperature of the earth. Lower Density of Ice- Molecules are spaced far apart. Ice floats L ake Turnover Notes

6 E pilimnion: The upper layer in a layered lake. Thermocline: A layer within a body of water where the t emperature changes rapidly with depth. Hypolimnion - The bottom and most dense layer of water in a lake. Non- c irculatory and remains cold throughout the year Throughout the year, a lake goes through many changes. In the summer the lake has three distinct layers. Colder temperatures and w ind in the fall mix the layers. After the ice forms across the lake, winter layers form. The melting ice mixes the layers in the spring. The l ake returns to its summer layering when the temperatures

7 The hydrologic cycle: The continuous a nd below the surface of the earth. movement of water on, above, E vapora tion Substance changes from a liquid state to gas state ( requires energy). C ondensation Water vapor (gas) turns back to a liquid. (energy required / cold) - c loud formation.

8 P recipitation W ater that is so heavy it falls as liquid / solid. S ublimat ion Solid state turns directly to a gas state skipping liquid p hase. T ranspiration W ater released by plants into air. Non- l iving to the living, and back again. Surface run- off: The water flow which occurs when soil c apacity and excess water travels over the land. is full to P ercolation: The slow movement of water through the soil. Groundwater discharge: Water that has been underground seeps b ack into the oceans, or into rivers or lakes. Water in a pure state has neither a cidic nor b asic. a neutral p H. As a result, pure water is ph scale goes is neutral or very little ph 1 is Acidic 14 is basic ph - A n expression for the effective concentration of i n a solution. hydrogen ions

9 The strength of an acid is based on the concentration of H+ ( hydrogen) ions in the solution. H ydrochloric Acid can induce chemical Zn + 2HCl -----> ZnCl2 + H2 ( gas) change. A cid rain: Any form of a round a ph of 5 precipitation that is unusually acidic. Usually A cid Rain is caused by Nitrogen and Sulfur dioxides. Aka Air p ollution. U niversal Solvent: Liquid water is d ifferent chemical compounds. able to dissolve a large number of H omogeneous mixture S ame throughout. H eterogeneous A mixture o f two or more compounds. S olvent The substance that does the dissolving (usually larger a mount) S olute T he substance that gets dissolved (usually lesser amount) S olubility - How much solute can dissolve in a substance before it b ecomes saturated. S upersaturated: When no more solute will dissolve. (crystals visible) C opyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

10