Mass number 10/15/2010. Identifying Numbers. Number of Neutrons. Mass Number
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1 10/15/010 Identifying Numbers Number of Neutrons Atomic number number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Isotopes of an atom have the same number of protons, but different numbers of electrons. Mass Number Mass number Mass number is the number of neutrons plus the number of protons. Average atomic mass the average mass of the mixture of an element s isotopes. Mass Number You can find the number of neutrons in an isotope by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. Strong Nuclear Force The strong nuclear force holds tightly packed protons together in a nucleus. 1
2 10/15/010 Radioactive decay occurs when an atom releases nuclear particles and energy. When a proton is released, one element changes into another, a process called transmutation. Transmutation is occurring in most of your homes right now. A smoke detector makes use of radioactive decay. This device contains americium-41 (a muh RIH shee um), which undergoes transmutation by ejecting energy and an alpha particle. In the smoke detector, the fast-moving alpha particles enable the air to conduct an electric current. As long as the electric current is flowing, the smoke detector is silent. The alarm is triggered when the flow of electric current is interrupted by smoke entering the detector. When americium expels an alpha particle, it s no longer americium.
3 10/15/010 After the transmutation, it becomes the element that has 93 protons, neptunium. Notice that the mass and atomic numbers of neptunium and the alpha particle add up to the mass and atomic number of americium. Alpha particles All the nuclear particles of americium still exist after the transmutation. Alpha particle Two protons and two electrons are released during transmutation. Atomic number decreases. Loss of Beta Particles Beta particle A high-energy electron from the nucleus is released with energy when an unstable neutron splits into an electron and a proton. Atomic number increases by one. Loss of Beta Particles Because a neutron has been changed into a proton, the nucleus of the element has an additional proton. 3
4 10/15/010 Rate of Decay Half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half the sample to decay. Half-lives range in length from fractions of a second to billions of years Calculating Half-Life Decay Iodine-131 has a half-life of eight days. If you start with a sample of 4 g of iodine- 131, after eight days you would have only g of iodine-131 remaining. Carbon Dating Carbon-14 dating is used to determine the age of artifacts and fossils. Carbon Dating When archaeologists find an ancient item, they can find out how much carbon-14 it has and compare it with the amount of carbon-14 the animal would have had when it was alive. Knowing the half-life of carbon-14, they can then calculate when the animal lived. Disposal of Radioactive Waste Making Synthetic Elements Radioactive waste must be disposed of carefully to avoid harming people and the environment. Synthetic elements are made in labs by smashing atomic particles into a target element. 4
5 10/15/010 Medical Uses The isotope iodine-131 has been used to diagnose problems with the thyroid, a gland located at the base of the neck. Medical Uses Technetium-99 is a radioisotope with a halflife of 6 h that is used for tracing a variety of bodily processes. Tumors and fractures can be found because the isotope will show up as a stronger image wherever cells are growing rapidly. Medical Uses Radioactive isotopes from artificial transmutation are called tracer elements and can be used for medical purposes. Environmental Uses In the environment, tracers such as phosphorus-3 are injected into the root system of a plant. In the plant, the radioactive phosphorus behaves the same as the stable phosphorus would. A detector then is used to see how the plant uses phosphorus to grow and reproduce. Environmental Uses Question 1 Tracer elements are also used to study the environmental impact of pesticides and fertilizers and to locate water sources. How can carbon-1 and carbon-14 both be carbon atoms? 5
6 10/15/010 Answer Atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons are isotopes. All carbon atoms have six protons but can contain different numbers of neutrons. Question What is the atomic number of an element? Answer The atomic number is the number of protons in a nucleus of the atom. The number of neutrons may vary. Question 3 Heavy elements, such as plutonium, can have too many (or too few) neutrons for stability. Repulsion builds up, and the nucleus ejects a particle to become stable. This process is known as. A. isotope decay B. metallic bonding C. radioactive decay D. radiometric dating Answer The answer is C, radioactive decay. This process allows an unstable nucleus to become more stable. 6
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