SPUR a.s., trida Tomase Bati 299, Louky, Zlin, Czech Republic 2

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1 MODELING AND PREPARATION OF NANOFIBRE AND COMPOSITE NANOSTRUCTURES Dušan Kimmer 1a, Ivo Vincent 1, Lenka Lovecká 1, Wannes Sambaer 2, Martin Zatloukal 2, Jakub Ondráček 3, Jaroslav Lev 4, Tomáš Kazda 5, Tomáš Syrový 6, Jakub Mališ 7 1 SPUR a.s., trida Tomase Bati 299, Louky, Zlin, Czech Republic 2 Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, nám. T. G. Masaryka 275, Zlín, Czech Republic 3 Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135/1, Praha 6, Czech Republic 4 ASIO spol. s r.o., Ksirova 552/45, Brno, Czech Republic 5 The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology, Technicka 10/532, Brno, Czech Republic 6 Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Graphic Arts and Photophysics, University of Pardubice, Doubravice 41, Pardubice, Czech Republic 7 Department of inorganic technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, Praha 6, Czech Republic Corresponding author: Dušan Kimmer; dusan.kimmer@spur.cz Abstract Procedures permitting to prepare homogeneous nanofibre and composite structures of the desired morphology by employing a suitable combination of variables during the electrospinning process and consequent exploitations in various industrial spheres are presented. Nanostructures applied in air filtration exhibit excellent filtration efficiency first of all in separation of ultrafine particles from the polluted air [1-7]. Compared are electrospun (ES) and meltblown (MB) structures (Fig. 1) and their combinations. Sole MB filtration materials exhibit very good filtration efficiencies for separation of NaCl particles but separation of paraffin oils is rather poor. To eliminate this shortcomings the suitable combination of MB materials with ES nanostructures can be used.

2 (a) (b) FIGURE 1.SEM image of (a) MB (magnif ) and (b) ES (magnify ) material The structures studied were described using a new digital image analysis technique based on black and white scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images [8-10]. 3D filter models are presented in Fig. 2. Model prediction and experimentally measured values for the elimination of ammonium sulphate ultrafine particles (Fig. 3a-c) by means of ES nanostructure are in an excellent compliance (Fig. 3a). The prediction of filtration properties for MB materials is rather complicated, the treatment of microfibers by means of electrostatic charge can be the reason. In Fig. 3b we compare model prediction for the MB sample without any electrostatic interaction with experimental data for commercial charged MB filtration material Ecotextil FNAE 1809 at face velocity 5.9 cm/s. In accordance with the theoretical assumption the MPPS for MB structure without any electrostatic interaction is shifted to higher values. (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 2. Model of (a) MB filter (25 g/m²), (b) ES filter (0.2 g/m²), (c) Full ES+MB filter

3 (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 3. Model prediction (line) vs. the experimental data (points) for (a) the ES sample, (b) the MB sample (no electrostatic interactions) and (c) the ES+MB material combination (MB prediction without any electrostatic interactions) Nanostructured filters offer large filtration space for transfer of filtered medium. They can be used very effectively for the protection against virus infections transmitted by air as was proved on mice colonies in vivo test (Fig. 4). FIGURE 4. Protection against influenza virus by nanofibre based filter FIGURE 5. Flux for nanofibre layer only and the same layer fixed into porous membrane Liquid microfiltration materials made of nanofibers exhibit a higher flux. This advantage has been demonstrated by comparison with microfiber based water filtration materials (Fig. 5). Electrospinning process has also been used for the preparation of nanostructured materials based on particles of various fillers and polymeric nanofibers aimed to maximize distribution of filler in space and size of material active surface. Application of composite nanostructures (Fig. 6) prepared by spinning process in electrostatic field for energy storage (Fig. 7) and ion exchange processes is discussed too.

4 FIGURE 6. SEM picture of composite nanostructure prepared by nanofiber forming process in electrostatic field FIGURE 7. Ten discharging cycles of capacitor based on polyurethane, polyaniline and electrode material composite nanostructure References 1. D. Kimmer, P. Slobodian, D. Petras, M. Zatloukal, R. Olejnik, P. Saha, Polyurethane/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanowebs Prepared by an Electrospinning Process, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 111, , (2009). 2. D. Kimmer, M. Zatloukal, M. Tomasek, P. Slobodian, Investigation of Polyurethane Electrospinning Process Efficiency, in Novel Trends in Rheology III, pp , 2009, American Institute of Physics , doi: / D. Kimmer, I. Vincent, D. Petras, M. Zatloukal, W. Sambaer, H. Salmela, M. Lehtimaki, Application of nanofibres in filtration processes, in European Conference On Fluid-Particle Separation, October 5th-7th, 2010, Lyon France. 4. D. Kimmer, I. Vincent, J. Fenyk, D. Petras, M. Zatloukal, W. Sambaer, V. Zdimal, Morphology of Nano and Micro Fiber Structures in Ultrafine Particles Filtration, in Novel Trends in Rheology IV, , 2011, (CP 1375), American Institute of Physics D. Kimmer, I. Vincent, J. Fenyk, D. Petras, M. Zatloukal, W. Sambaer, V. Zdimal, Morphology of nanofiber structures in ultrafine particles filtration in 11th World Filtration congress & Exhibition, Graz - Austria, D. Kimmer, I. Vincent, J. Lev, L. Kalhotka, P. Mikula, R. Korinkova, W. Sambaer, M. Zatloukal, The Effect of Nanofiber Based Filter Morphology on Bacteria Deactivation during Water Filtration, in Novel Trends in Rheology V, , 2013, CP 1526, American Institute of Physics

5 7. D. Kimmer, I. Vincent, V. Marcian, J. Blahova, M. Kovarova, Application of nanofibres in filter media. European Conference on Fluid-Particle Separation FPS to 17 October - Lyon, France, abstracts, p W. Sambaer, M. Zatloukal, D. Kimmer, The use of novel digital image analysis and rheological tools to characterize nanofiber nonwovens, Polymer Testing 29, (2010), doi: /j.polymertesting W. Sambaer, M. Zatloukal, D. Kimmer, 3D modeling of filtration process via polyurethane nanofiber based nonwoven filters prepared by electrospinning process, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 66, , W. Sambaer, M. Zatloukal, D. Kimmer, 3D air filtration modeling for nanofiber based filters in the ultrafine particle size range, Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 82, , 2012.

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