General Chemistry. Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen. Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition
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1 General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice-Hall 2002 Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 1 of 32
2 Contents 8-1 The Atmosphere 8-3 Nitrogen 8-4 Oxygen 8-5 The Noble Gases 8-6 Hydrogen Focus on The Carbon Cycle Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 2 of 32
3 8-1 The Atmosophere Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 3 of 32
4 Composition of Dry Air trace Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 4 of 32
5 Water Vapor n H 2O%P H 2O in air. Relative Humidity = P H2O (actual) P H 2O (max) H 100% Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 5 of 32
6 Chemicals from the Atmosphere Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 6 of 32
7 8-2 Nitrogen Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 7 of 32
8 Haber Bosch Process Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 8 of 32
9 Anhydrous Ammonia as Fertilizer Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 9 of 32
10 Nitrogen Oxides Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 10 of 32
11 Nitric Acid Production Pt 4 NH 3 (g) + 5 O 2 (g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H 2 O(l) 2 NO(g) + O 2 (g) 2 NO 2 (g) 3NO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 2 HNO 3 (aq) + NO(g) Oxidizing acid. Nitration of organic compounds. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 11 of 32
12 Nitroglycerine Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 12 of 32
13 Smog Sunlight plus products of combustion photochemical smog. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 13 of 32
14 8-3 Oxygen Most abundant of elements in Earths crust. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 14 of 32
15 Electrolysis Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 15 of 32
16 Ozone O 3 is an allotrope of oxygen. An excellent oxidizing agent. 3 O 2 (g) 2 O 3 (g) H = +285 kj O 2 + UV radiation 2 O M + O 2 + O O 3 + M * O 3 + UV radiation O 2 + O O 3 + O 2 O 2 H = kj Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 16 of 32
17 Ozone Depletion Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 17 of 32
18 Ozone Depletion Natural: O 3 + NO NO 2 + O 2 NO 2 + O NO + O 2 Human activity: O 3 + O 2 O 2 CCl 2 F 2 + UV radiation CClF 2 + Cl O 3 + Cl ClO + O 2 ClO + O Cl + O 2 O 3 + O 2 O 2 Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 18 of 32
19 8-4 The Noble Gases In 1785 Cavendish could not get all the material in air to react in an electric discharge. 100 years later Rayleigh and Ramsay isolated argon. Greek argos the lazy one. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 19 of 32
20 Noble Gases Used in light bulbs, lasers and flash bulbs. He and Ar are used as blanket materials to keep air out of certain systems. He is used as a breathing mixture for deep diving applications. Superconducting magnets use He(l) as coolant. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 20 of 32
21 Helium Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 21 of 32
22 8-5 Oxides of Carbon 370 ppm CO 2 in air. CO only minor. Rich combustion: C 8 H 18 (l) O 2 8CO 2 (g) + 9 H 2 O(l) Lean combustion: C 8 H 18 (l) + 12 O 2 7CO 2 (g) + CO(g) + 9 H 2 O(l) Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 22 of 32
23 Hemoglobin Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 23 of 32
24 Industrial Preparation of CO 2 Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 24 of 32
25 Greenhouse Effect a) Incoming sunlight hits the earths surface. b) Earths surface emits infrared light. c) IR absorbed in atmosphere by CO 2 and other greenhouse gases. Atmosphere warms up. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 25 of 32
26 Predict 1.5 to 4.5 C average global temperature increase. Computer models. Global Warming Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 26 of 32
27 8-6 Hydrogen Minor component of atmosphere. 90% of atoms and 75% of universe mass. Produced using the water gas reactions: C(s) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + H 2 (g) CO(g) + H 2 O(g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g) Or by the reforming of methane: CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + 3 H 2 (g) Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 27 of 32
28 Compounds of Hydrogen Covalent hydrides HCl, NH 3 Ionic Hydrides CaH 2, NaH Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 28 of 32
29 Uses of Hydrogen Hydrogenation reactions Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 29 of 32
30 Uses of Hydrogen Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 30 of 32
31 Focus on The Carbon Cycle Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 31 of 32
32 Chapter 8 Questions 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 23, 29, 35, 41, 45, 53, 60, 63. Prentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Slide 32 of 32
General Chemistry. Contents. Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen. Composition of Dry Air. 8-1 The Atmosophere. Chemicals from the Atmosphere
General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci Harwood Herring 8 th Edition Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Gases and Hydrogen Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Contents 8-1
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