THE COMPETITION PROBLEMS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIADS. Volume 1. 1 st 20 th ICHO

Transcription

1 THE COMPETITION PROBLEMS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIADS Volume 1 1 st 0 th ICHO Edited by Anton Sirota IUVENTA, Bratislava, 008

2 Editor: Anton Sirota ISBN Copyright 008 by IUVENTA You are free to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt this publication or its parts for unlimited teaching purposes, however, you are obliged to attribute your copies, transmissions or adaptations with a reference to "The Competition Problems from the International Chemistry Olympiads, Volume 1" as it is required in the chemical literature. The above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Issued by IUVENTA in 008 with the financial support of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic Number of copies: 50 Not for sale. International Chemistry Olympiad International Information Centre IUVENTA Búdková Bratislava 1, Slovakia Phone: Fax: anton.sirota@stuba.sk Web:

3 Contents Preface VOLUME 1 The competition problems of the: 1 st ICHO nd ICHO rd ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO th ICHO

4 Preface This publication contains the competition problems from the first twenty International Chemistry Olympiads (ICHO) organized in the years It has been published by the ICHO International Information Centre in Bratislava (Slovakia) on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of this international competition. Not less than 15 theoretical and 50 practical problems were set in the ICHO in the mentioned twenty years. In the elaboration of this collection the editor had to face certain difficulties because the aim was not only to make use of past recordings but also to give them such a form that they may be used in practice and further chemical education. Consequently, it was necessary to make some corrections in order to unify the form of the problems. However, they did not concern the contents and language of the problems. Many of the first problems were published separately in various national journals, in different languages and they were hard to obtain. Some of them had to be translated into English. Most of the xerox copies of the problems could not be used directly and many texts, schemes and pictures had to be re-written and created again. The changes concern in particular solutions of the problems set in the first years of the ICHO competition that were often available in a brief form and necessary extent only, just for the needs of members of the International Jury. Some practical problems, in which experimental results and relatively simply calculations are required, have not been accompanied with their solutions. Recalculations of the solutions were made in some special cases ony when the numeric results in the original solutions showed to be obviously not correct. Although the numbers of significant figures in the results of several solutions do not obey the criteria generally accepted, they were left without change. In this publication SI quantities and units are used and a more modern method of chemical calculations is introduced. Only some exceptions have been made when, in an effort to preserve the original text, the quantities and units have been used that are not SI. Unfortunately, the authors of the particular competition problems are not known and due to the procedure of the creation of the ICHO competition problems, it is impossible to assign any author's name to a particular problem. Nevertheless, responsibility for the scientific content and language of the problems lies exclusively with the organizers of the particular International Chemistry Olympiads. 1

5 Nowadays many possibilities for various activities are offered to a gifted pupil. If we want to gain the gifted and talented pupil for chemistry we have to look for ways how to evoke his interest. The International Chemistry Olympiad fulfils all preconditions to play this role excellently. This review of the competition problems from the first twenty International Chemistry Olympiads should serve to both competitors and their teachers as a source of further ideas in their preparation for this difficult competition. For those who have taken part in some of these International Chemistry Olympiads the collection of the problems could be of help as archival and documentary material. The edition of the competition problems will continue with its second part and will contain the problems set in the International Chemistry Olympiads in the years The International Chemistry Olympiad has its 40th birthday. In the previous forty years many known and unknown people - teachers, authors, pupils, and organizers - proved their abilities and knowledge and contributed to the success of this already well known and world-wide competition. We wish to all who will organize and attend the future International Chemistry Olympiads, success and happiness. Bratislava, July 008 Anton Sirota, editor

6 1 st 4 theoretical problems practical problems

7 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD 18 1 JULY 1968, PRAGUE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA THEORETICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine kept in a closed flask at a constant temperature was irradiated by scattered light. After a certain time the chlorine content decreased by 0 % compared with that of the starting mixture and the resulting mixture had the composition as follows: 60 volume % of chlorine, 10 volume % of hydrogen, and 30 volume % of hydrogen chloride. Problems: 1.1 What is the composition of the initial gaseous mixture? 1. How chlorine, hydrogen, and hydrogen chloride are produced? SOLUTION 1.1 H + Cl HCl 30 volume parts of hydrogen chloride could only be formed by the reaction of 15 volume parts of hydrogen and 15 volume parts of chlorine. Hence, the initial composition of the mixture had to be: Cl : % H : % 1. Chlorine and hydrogen are produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of NaCl: NaCl(aq) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) anode: Cl - e Cl cathode: Na + + e Na 4

8 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 Na + H O NaOH + H Hydrogen chloride is produced by the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine. 5

9 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 PROBLEM Write down equations for the following reactions:.1 Oxidation of chromium(iii) chloride with bromine in alkaline solution (KOH).. Oxidation of potassium nitrite with potassium permanganate in acid solution (H SO 4 )..3 Action of chlorine on lime water (Ca(OH) ) in a cold reaction mixture. SOLUTION.1 CrCl Br + 16 KOH K CrO KBr + 6 KCl + 8 H O. 5 KNO + KMnO H SO 4 MnSO 4 + K SO KNO H O.3. Cl + Ca(OH) CaOCl + H O 6

10 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 PROBLEM 3 Problems: The gas escaping from a blast furnace has the following composition: 1.0 volume % of CO 8.0 volume % of CO 3.0 volume % of H 0.6 volume % of CH 4 0. volume % of C H volume % of N 3.1 Calculate the theoretical consumption of air (in m 3 ) which is necessary for a total combustion of 00 m 3 of the above gas if both the gas and air are measured at the same temperature. (Oxygen content in the air is about 0 % by volume). 3. Determine the composition of combustion products if the gas is burned in a 0 % excess of air. SOLUTION O 3.1 CO + O CO 14 H + O H O 1.5 CH 4 + O CO + H O 1. C H O CO + H O parts x parts of the air 00 m 3 of the gas... x m 3 of the air + 0 % 34.6 m m 3 of the air : parts of O : 0.76 parts of O for 100 m 3 of the gas 0.76 x parts of N for 100 m 3 of the gas 7

11 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 Balance: CO H O N O (volume parts) Total: of volume parts of the gaseous components % HO % N % O

12 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 PROBLEM 4 A volume of 31.7 cm 3 of a 0.1-normal NaOH is required for the neutralization of 0.19 g of an organic acid whose vapour is thirty times as dense as gaseous hydrogen. Problem: 4.1 Give the name and structural formula of the acid. (The acid concerned is a common organic acid.) SOLUTION 4.1 a) The supposed acid may be: HA, H A, H 3 A, etc. n(naoh) c V 0.1 mol dm -3 x dm mol n(acid) v 3 mol where v 1,, 3,... n (acid) m(acid) M(acid) 0.19 g 1 M (acid) v v 60 g mol (1) mol b) From the ideal gas law we can obtain: ρ ρ M M 1 1 M(H ) g mol -1 M(acid) 30 x 60 g mol -1 By comparing with (1): v 1 The acid concerned is a monoprotic acid and its molar mass is 60 g mol -1. The acid is acetic acid: CH 3 COOH 9

13 THE 1 ST INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1968 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 (Practical) There are ten test tubes in the rack at your disposal (1 10) and each test tube contains one of aqueous solutions of the following salts: Na SO 4, AgNO 3, KI, Ba(OH), NH 4 Cl, Ag SO 4, Pb(NO 3 ), NaOH, NH 4 I, KCl. For identification of the particular test tubes you can use mutual reactions of the solutions in the test tubes only. Determine in which order the solutions of the salts in your rack are and write chemical equations of the reactions you used for identification of the salts. PROBLEM (Practical) Each of the six test tubes (A F) in the rack contains one of the following substances: benzoic acid, salicylic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid and glucose. Determine the order in which the substances in the test tubes are placed in your rack and give chemical reactions you used for identification of the substances. For identification of the substances the following aqueous solutions are at your disposal: HCl, H SO 4, NaOH, NH 4 OH, CuSO 4, KMnO 4, FeCl 3, KCl, and distilled water. 10

14 nd 4 theoretical problems practical problems

15 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD 16 0 JUNE 1969, KATOWICE, POLAND THEORETICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 An amount of 0 g of potassium sulphate was dissolved in 150 cm 3 of water. The solution was then electrolysed. After electrolysis, the content of potassium sulphate in the solution was 15 % by mass. Problem: What volumes of hydrogen and oxygen were obtained at a temperature of 0 C and a pressure of Pa? SOLUTION On electrolysis, only water is decomposed and the total amount of potassium sulphate in the electrolyte solution is constant. The mass of water in the solution: 1.1 Before electrolysis (on the assumption that ρ 1 g cm -3 ): m(h O) 150 g 1. After electrolysis: m(h O) m(solution) m(k SO 4 ) 0 g 0.15 The mass of water decomposed on electrolysis: m(h O) g, i. e. n(h O).04 mol Since, H O H + O thus, n(h ).04 mol n(o ) 1.0 mol 0 g g 1

16 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, (H ) RT.04 mol J mol K K n V(H ) p Pa m 3, resp. 49 dm 3 V(O ) ½ V(H ) m dm 3 13

17 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 PROBLEM A compound A contains % of potassium, % of nitrogen, and % of oxygen. On heating, it is converted to a compound B containing % of potassium, % of nitrogen, and % of oxygen. Problem:.1 What are the stoichiometric formulas of the compounds?. Write the corresponding chemical equation. SOLUTION.1 Compound A: K x N y O z x : y : z : : : 1 : 3 A : KNO 3 Compound B: K p N q O r p : q : r : : : 1 : B : KNO. Equation: KNO 3 KNO + O 14

18 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 PROBLEM 3 A 10 cm 3 sample of an unknown gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with 70 cm 3 of oxygen and the mixture was set on fire by means of an electric spark. When the reaction was over and water vapours were liquefied, the final volume of gases decreased to 65 cm 3. This mixture then reacted with a potassium hydroxide solution and the volume of gases decreased to 45 cm 3. Problem: What is the molecular formula of the unknown hydrocarbon if volumes of gases were measured at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions? SOLUTION The unknown gaseous hydrocarbon has the general formula: C x H y dm n (C Hy ) dm mol x Balance of oxygen: mol - Before the reaction: 70 cm 3, i. e mol - After the reaction: 45 cm 3, i. e mol Consumed in the reaction: mol of O According to the equation: C x H y + (x + y 4 ) O x CO + y H O Hence, (C + O CO ), mol of O reacted with carbon and mol O combined with hydrogen and ( H + O H O) mol of CO was formed mol of water was obtained 15

19 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, n(c) n(co ) mol n(h ) n(h O) mol x : y n(c) : n(h ) 0.00 : : 1 From the possible solutions C H, C 3 H 3, C 4 H 4, C 5 H 5.only C H satisfies to the conditions given in the task, i. e. the unknown hydrocarbon is acetylene. 16

20 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 PROBLEM 4 Calcium carbide and water are the basic raw materials in the production of: a) ethanol b) acetic acid c) ethylene and polyethylene d) vinyl chloride e) benzene Problem: Give basic chemical equations for each reaction by which the above mentioned compounds can be obtained. SOLUTION Basic reaction: CaC + H O Ca(OH) + C H From acetylene can be obtained: a) ethanol HgSO 4 (catalyst) CH CH + H O diluted H SO 4 CH CH OH vinyl alcohol rearrangement reduction CH 3 CH O CH 3 CH OH acetaldehyde ethanol b) acetic acid HgSO 4 (catalyst) CH CH + H O diluted H SO 4 CH CH OH vinyl alcohol rearrangement oxidation CH 3 CH O CH 3 COOH acetaldehyde acetic acid 17

21 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 c) ethylene, polyethylene catalyst CH CH + H O CH CH ethylene CH CH pressure, temperature catalyst ( - CH - CH - ) n polyethylene d) vinyl chloride CH CH + HCl CH CH Cl vinyl chloride e) benzene 3 CH CH C 18

22 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 (Practical) a) Three numbered test-tubes (1-3) contain mixtures of two substances from the following pairs (4 variants): 1. ZnSO 4 - NaBr NaCl - Ca(NO 3 ) MgSO 4 - NH 4 Cl. AlCl 3 - KBr CaCl - NaNO 3 ZnCl - (NH 4 ) SO 4 3. KNO 3 - Na CO 3 KCl - MgSO 4 NH 4 Cl - Ba(NO 3 ) 4. MgCl - KNO 3 K CO 3 - ZnSO 4 Al(NO 3 ) 3 - NaCl b) Each of the test-tubes numbered 4 and 5 contains one of the following substances: glucose, saccharose, urea, sodium acetate, oxalic acid. Problem: By means of reagents that are available on the laboratory desk determine the content of the individual test-tubes. Give reasons for both the tests performed and your answers and write the chemical equations of the corresponding reactions. Note: For the identification of substances given in the above task, the following reagents were available to competing pupils: 1 N HCl, 3 N HCl, 1 N H SO 4, concentrated H SO 4, FeSO 4, N NaOH, 0 % NaOH, N NH 4 Cl, N CuSO 4, N BaCl, 0,1 N AgNO 3, 0,1 % KMnO 4, distilled water, phenolphtalein, methyl orange. In addition, further laboratory facilities, such as platinum wire, cobalt glass, etc., were available. 19

23 THE ND INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1969 PROBLEM (Practical) Allow to react 10 cm 3 of a 3 N HCl solution with the metal sample (competing pupils were given precisely weighed samples of magnesium, zinc or aluminium) and collect the hydrogen evolved in the reaction in a measuring cylinder above water. Perform the task by means of available device and procedure. In order to simplify the problem, calculate the mass of your metal sample from the volume of hydrogen on the assumption that it was measured at STP conditions. 0

24 3 rd 6 theoretical problems practical problems

25 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD 1 5 JULY 1970, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY THEORETICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 An amount of 3 g of gas (density ρ.05 g dm -3 at STP) when burned, gives 44 g of carbon dioxide and 7 g of water. Problem: What is the structural formula of the gas (compound)? SOLUTION The unknown gas : X ρ(x) R T From the ideal gas law : M(X) 46 g mol p 3 g n(x) 0.5 mol 1 46 g mol 44 g n (CO ) 1 44 g mol 1 mol 1 n(c) 1 mol m(c) 1 g 7 g n (H O) 1 18 g mol n(h) 3 mol m(h) 3 g 1.5 mol

26 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 The compound contains also oxygen, since m(c) + m(h) 1 g + 3 g 15 g < 3 g m(o) 3 g - 15 g 8 g n(o) 0,5 mol n(c) : n(h) : n(o) 1 : 3 : 0,5 : 6 : 1 The empirical formula of the compound is C H 6 O. C H 5 OH ethanol C H 6 O CH 3 O CH 3 dimethyl ether Ethanol is liquid in the given conditions and therefore, the unknown gas is dimethyl ether. 3

27 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PROBLEM A sample of crystalline soda (A) with a mass of 1.87 g was allowed to react with an excess of hydrochloric acid and cm 3 of a gas was liberated (measured at STP). Another sample of different crystalline soda (B) with a mass of g was decomposed by 50 cm 3 of 0. N sulphuric acid. After total decomposition of soda, the excess of the sulphuric acid was neutralized which required 50 cm 3 of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution (by titration on methyl orange indicator). Problems:.1 How many molecules of water in relation to one molecule of Na CO 3 are contained in the first sample of soda?. Have both samples of soda the same composition? Relative atomic masses: A r (Na) 3; A r (H) 1; A r (C) 1; A r (O) 16. SOLUTION.1 Sample A: Na CO 3. x H O m(a) 1.87 g p V n(co ) mol n(a) R T M (A) 1.87 g mol 86 g mol 1 M(A) M(Na CO 3 ) + x M(H O) M(A) M(Na CO M(H O) ) (86 106) g mol 18 g mol 3 x Sample A: Na CO 3.10 H O 4

28 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, Sample B: Na CO 3. x H O m(b) g H SO 4 + NaOH Na SO 4 + H O n(naoh) c V 0.1 mol dm dm mol Excess of H SO 4 : n(h SO 4 ) mol Amount of substance combined with sample B: n(h SO 4 ) mol n(b) g M (B) g mol g mol -1 Sample B: Na CO 3.10 H O 5

29 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PROBLEM 3 Carbon monoxide was mixed with 1.5 times greater volume of water vapours. What will be the composition (in mass as well as in volume %) of the gaseous mixture in the equilibrium state if 80 % of carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide? SOLUTION CO + H O CO + H Assumption: n(co) 1 mol n(h O) 1.5 mol After reaction: n(co) 0. mol n(h O) 0.7 mol n(co ) 0.8 mol n(h ) 0.8 mol V(CO) 0. mol ϕ (CO) V.5 mol 0.08 i.e. 8 vol. % of CO V(HO) 0.7 mol ϕ (HO) 0.8 i.e. 8 vol. % of HO V.5 mol V(CO ) 0.8 mol ϕ (CO ) 0.3 i.e. 3 vol. % of CO V.5 mol V(H ) 0.8 mol ϕ (H ) 0.3 i.e. 3 vol. % of H V.5 mol Before reaction: m(co) n(co) M(CO) 1 mol 8 g mol -1 8 g m(h O) 1.5 mol 18 g mol -1 7 g 6

30 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 After reaction: m(co) 0, mol 8 g mol g m(h O) 0.7 mol 18 g mol g m(co ) 0.8 mol 44 g mol g m(h ) 0.8 g mol g m(co) 5.6 g w ( CO) m 55.0 g 0.10 i.e. 10. mass % of CO m(ho) 1.6 g w( H O) 0.9 i.e..9 mass % of HO m 55.0 g m(co ) 35. g w( CO m 55.0 g ) i.e mass % of CO m(h ) 1.6 g w( H ) 0.09 i.e..9 mass % of H m 55.0 g 7

31 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PROBLEM 4 An alloy consists of rubidium and one of the other alkali metals. A sample of 4.6 g of the alloy when allowed to react with water, liberates.41 dm 3 of hydrogen at STP. Problems: 4.1 Which alkali metal is the component of the alloy? 4. What composition in % by mass has the alloy? Relative atomic masses: A r (Li) 7; A r (Na) 3; A r (K) 39; A r (Rb) 85.5; A r (Cs) 133 SOLUTION 4.1 M - alkali metal Reaction: M + H O MOH + H n(h ) 0.1 mol n(m) 0. mol Mean molar mass: M 4.6 g 3 g mol mol 4. Concerning the molar masses of alkali metals, only lithium can come into consideration, i.e. the alloy consists of rubidium and lithium. n(rb) + n(li) 0. mol m(rb) + m(li) 4.6 g n(rb) M(Rb) + n(li) M(Li) 4.6 g n(rb) M(Rb) + (0. n(rb)) M(Li) 4.6 n(rb) (0. n(rb)) n(rb) mol n(li) mol % Rb mol 85.5 g mol 4.6 g

32 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 % Li mol 7 g mol 4.6 g

33 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PROBLEM 5 An amount of 0 g of cooper (II) oxide was treated with a stoichiometric amount of a warm 0% sulphuric acid solution to produce a solution of copper (II) sulphate. Problem: How many grams of crystalline copper(ii) sulphate (CuSO 4. 5 H O) have crystallised when the solution is cooled to 0 C? Relative atomic masses: A r (Cu) 63.5; A r (S) 3; A r (O) 16; A r (H) 1 Solubility of CuSO 4 at 0 o C: s 0.9 g of CuSO 4 in 100 g of H O. SOLUTION CuO + H SO 4 CuSO 4 + H O n(cuo) m(cuo) M(CuO) 0 g 79.5 g mol g n(h SO 4 ) n(cuso 4 ) mol Mass of the CuSO 4 solution obtained by the reaction: m(solution CuSO 4 ) m(cuo) + m(solution H SO 4 ) n(hso 4 ) M(HSO 4 ) mol 98 g mol m(cuo) + 0 g + w(h SO ) 0.0 m(solution CuSO 4 ) g Mass fraction of CuSO 4 : a) in the solution obtained: w 4 m(cuso ) n(cuso ) M(CuSO ) (CuSO 4 ) 0.8 m(solution CuSO 4 ) m(solution CuSO 4 ) b) in saturated solution of CuSO 4 at 0 o C: 0.9 g w ( CuSO 4 ) g -1 30

34 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 c) in crystalline CuSO 4. 5 H O: w (CuSO M(CuSO 4 ) ) M (CuSO.5H O) 4 Mass balance equation for CuSO 4 : m m m m - mass of the CuSO 4 solution obtained by the reaction at a higher temperature. m 1 - mass of the crystalline CuSO 4. 5H O. m - mass of the saturated solution of CuSO 4 at 0 o C m ( m 1 ) m g The yield of the crystallisation is 3.9 g of CuSO 4. 5H O. 31

35 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PROBLEM 6 Oxide of a certain metal contains.55 % of oxygen by mass. Another oxide of the same metal contains mass % of oxygen. Problem: 1. What is the relative atomic mass of the metal? SOLUTION Oxide 1: M O x : x w(m) A (M) : r A r w(o) (O) : x : (1) A r (M) 16 A r (M) Oxide : M O y : y w(m) w(o) : Ar (M) A r (O) : y : A (M) 16 A (M) () When (1) is divided by (): y x y x r By substituting x into equation (1): A r (M) M Mn Oxide 1 MnO Oxide Mn O 7 r 3

36 THE 3 RD INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1970 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 (Practical) An unknown sample is a mixture of 1.-molar H SO 4 and 1.47-molar HCl. By means of available solutions and facilities determine: 1. the total amount of substance (in val) of the acid being present in 1 dm 3 of the solution,. the mass of sulphuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid present in 1 dm 3 of the sample. PROBLEM (Practical) By means of available reagents and facilities perform a qualitative analysis of the substances given in numbered test tubes and write down their chemical formulas. Give 10 equations of the chemical reactions by which the substances were proved: 5 equations for reactions of precipitation, equations for reactions connected with release of a gas, 3 equations for redox reactions. 33

37 4 th 6 theoretical problems practical problems

38 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD 1 10 JULY 197, MOSCOW, SOVIET UNION THEORETICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 A mixture of two solid elements with a mass of 1.5 g was treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid. A volume of dm 3 of a gas was liberated in this process and 0.56 g of a residue remained which was undissolved in the excess of the acid. In another experiment, 1.5 g of the same mixture were allowed to react with an excess of a 10 % sodium hydroxide solution. In this case dm 3 of a gas were also evolved but 0.96 g of an undissolved residue remained. In the third experiment, 1.5 g of the initial mixture were heated to a high temperature without access of the air. In this way a compound was formed which was totally soluble in hydrochloric acid and dm 3 of an unknown gas were released. All the gas obtained was introduced into a one litre closed vessel filled with oxygen. After the reaction of the unknown gas with oxygen the pressure in the vessel decreased by approximately ten times (T const). Problem: 1.1 Write chemical equations for the above reactions and prove their correctness by calculations. In solving the problem consider that the volumes of gases were measured at STP and round up the relative atomic masses to whole numbers. SOLUTION 1.1 a) Reaction with hydrochloric acid: 1.5 g 0.56 g 0.96 g of a metal reacted and dm 3 of hydrogen (0.04 mol) were formed. 35

39 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 combining mass of the metal: g Possible solutions: Relative atomic mass of the metal Oxidation number Element Satisfying? 1 I C No 4 II Mg Yes 36 III Cl No Reaction: Mg + HCl MgCl + H b) Reaction with sodium hydroxide: 1.5 g 0.96 g 0.56 g of an element reacted, dm 3 (0.04 mol) of hydrogen were formed. combining mass of the metal: 11. Possible solutions: Relative atomic mass of the element Oxidation number g Element Satisfying? 7 I Li No 14 II N No 1 III Ne No 8 IV Si Yes Reaction: Si + NaOH + H O Na SiO 3 + H c) Combining of both elements: 0.96 g Mg g Si 1.5 g of silicide Mg x Si y 0.96 g 0.56 g w ( Mg) 0.63 w(si) 1.5 g 1.5 g

40 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, x : y : 4 8 silicide: Mg Si : 1 d) Reaction of the silicide with acid: Mg Si + 4 HCl MgCl + SiH g n ( Mg Si) 1 76 g mol 0.0 mol dm n ( SiH ) dm mol mol e) Reaction of silane with oxygen: SiH 4 + O SiO + H O V 1 dm 3 n On the assumption that T const: p p1 n dm n ( O ) dm mol mol Consumption of oxygen in the reaction: n(o ) 0.04 mol The remainder of oxygen in the closed vessel: n (O ) mol 0.04 mol mol p mol mol p p 1 37

41 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PROBLEM A mixture of metallic iron with freshly prepared iron (II) and iron (III) oxides was heated in a closed vessel in the atmosphere of hydrogen. An amount of 4.7 g of the mixture when reacted, yields 3.9 g of iron and 0.90 g of water. When the same amount of the mixture was allowed to react with an excess of a copper(ii) sulphate solution, 4.96 g of a solid mixture were obtained. Problems:.1 Calculate the amount of 7.3 % hydrochloric acid (ρ 1.03 g cm -3 ) which is needed for a total dissolution of 4.7 g of the starting mixture.. What volume of a gas at STP is released? Relative atomic masses: A r (O) 16; A r (S) 3; A r (Cl) 35.5; A r (Fe) 56; A r (Cu) 64 SOLUTION.1 a) Reduction by hydrogen: FeO + H Fe + H O n(fe) n(feo); n(h O) n(feo) Fe O H Fe + 3 H O n(fe) n(fe O 3 ); n(h O) 3 n(fe O 3 ) The mass of iron after reduction: 3.9 g The total amount of substance of iron after reduction: 3.9 g n ( Fe) + n(feo) + n(fe O3 ) 0.07 mol (1) 1 56 g mol b) Reaction with copper(ii) sulphate: Fe + CuSO 4 Cu + FeSO 4 Increase of the mass: 4.96 g 4.7 g 0.4 g After reaction of 1 mol Fe, an increase of the molar mass would be: M(Cu) M(Fe) 64 g mol g mol -1 8 g mol -1 38

42 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 Amount of substance of iron in the mixture: 0.4 g n ( Fe) 0.03 mol 1 8 g mol () c) Formation of water after reduction: 0.90 g H O, i.e mol 0.05 mol n(fe) + 3 n(fe O 3 ) (3) By solving equations (1), (), and (3): n(feo) 0.0 mol n(fe O 3 ) 0.01 mol d) Consumption of acid: Fe + HCl FeCl + H FeO + HCl FeCl + H O Fe O HCl FeCl + 3 H O n(hcl) n(fe) + n(feo) + 6 n(fe O 3 ) 0.06 mol mol mol 0.16 mol A part of iron reacts according to the equation: Fe + FeCl 3 3 FeCl n(fe) 0.5 n(fecl 3 ) n(fe O 3 ) n(fe) 0.01 mol It means that the consumption of acid decreases by 0.0 mol. The total consumption of acid: n(hcl) 0.14 mol 1 n M 0.14 mol 36.5 g mol V ( 7.3% HCl) 3 w ρ g cm 68 cm 3. Volume of hydrogen: Fe + HCl FeCl + H Iron in the mixture: 0.03 mol Iron reacted with FeCl 3 : 0.01 mol Iron reacted with acid: 0.0 mol Hence, 0.0 mol of hydrogen, i.e dm 3 of hydrogen are formed. 39

43 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PROBLEM 3 A volume of 00 cm 3 of a -normal sodium chloride solution (ρ 1.10 g cm -3 ) was electrolysed at permanent stirring in an electrolytic cell with copper electrodes. Electrolysis was stopped when.4 dm 3 (at STP) of a gas were liberated at the cathode. Problem: 3.1 Calculate the mass percentage of NaCl in the solution after electrolysis. Relative atomic masses: A r (H) 1; A r (O) 16; A r (Na) 3; A r (Cl) 35.5; A r (Cu) 64. SOLUTION 3.1 Calculations are made on the assumption that the following reactions take place: NaCl Na + + Cl - cathode: Na + + e Na anode: Cl - e Cl Cl + Cu CuCl Because the electrolyte solution is permanently being stirred the following reaction comes into consideration: CuCl + NaOH Cu(OH) + NaCl On the assumption that all chlorine reacts with copper, the mass of NaCl in the electrolyte solution remains unchanged during the electrolysis. m(nacl) n M c V M mol dm dm g mol g V(H ).4 dm 3, i. e. n(h ) 1 mol The amount of water is decreased in the solution by: n(h O) mol m(h O) 36 g Before electrolysis: m(solution NaCl) V ρ 00 cm g cm -3 0 g 3.4 g % NaCl g

44 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 After electrolysis: m(solution NaCl) 0 g 36 g 184 g 3.4 g % NaCl g 41

45 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PROBLEM 4 Amount of 50 g of a 4 % sodium hydroxide solution and 50 g of a 1.85 % solution of hydrochloric acid were mixed in a heat insulated vessel at a temperature of 0 C. The temperature of the solution obtained in this way increased to 3.4 C. Then 70 g of a 3.5 % solution of sulphuric acid at a temperature of 0 C were added to the above solution. Problems: 4.1 Calculate the final temperature of the resulting solution. 4. Determine the amount of a dry residue that remains after evaporation of the solution. In calculating the first problem use the heat capacity value c 4.19 J g -1 K -1. Relative atomic masses: A r (H) 1; A r (O) 16; A r (Na) 3; A r (S) 3; A r (Cl) SOLUTION 4.1 a) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H O m(solution NaOH) w(naoh) 50 g 0.04 n(naoh) 1 M(NaOH) 40 g mol 0.05 mol n(hcl) 50 g g mol 0.05 mol unreacted: n(naoh) 0.05 mol b) When 1 mol of water is formed, neutralization heat is: 1 1 m c t 100 g 4.19 J g K 3.4 K Hneutr J mol n(h O) 0.05 mol 1 c) NaOH + H SO 4 NaHSO 4 + H O The temperature of the resulting solution is calculated according to the equation: m 1 c 1 t 1 + m c t m c t c 1 c c 4

46 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 m 1 t 1 + m t m t m1 t1 + m t ( ) + (70 0.0) t C m 170 d) The temperature increase due to the reaction of NaOH with H SO 4 is as follows: t n(h O) H 0.05 mol J mol m c g 4.19 J g K neutr -1 K The final temperature of the solution: t + 4 o C 4. e) When the solution has evaporated the following reaction is assumed to take place: NaCl + NaHSO 4 Na SO 4 + HCl Na SO 4 is the dry residue. m(na SO 4 ) n M 0.05 mol 14 g mol g 43

47 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PROBLEM 5 Only one product was obtained by the reaction of bromine with an unknown hydrocarbon. Its density was 5,07 times as great as that of the air. Problem: 5.1 Determine the structural formula of the unknown hydrocarbon. Relative atomic masses: A r (H) 1; A r (C) 1; A r (Br) 80. SOLUTION 5.1 Relative molecular mass of the initial hydrocarbon can be calculated from the density value: M r (RBr) Monobromo derivative can only come into consideration because the relative molecular mass of dibromo derivative should be greater: M r (RBr ) > 160 M r (RH) The corresponding summary formula: C 5 H 1 The given condition (the only product) is fulfilled by,-dimethyl propane: CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 44

48 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PROBLEM 6 Organic compound A is % carbon, 3.45 % hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. Compound A when heated with ethanol in the presence of an acid yields a new substance B which contains % carbon, 6.97 % hydrogen, and oxygen. The initial compound A when allowed to react with hydrobromide yields product C which on boiling in water gives substance D containing 35.8 % carbon, 4.48 % hydrogen, and oxygen. An amount of.68 g of substance D required reacting with 0 cm 3 of a N solution of potassium hydroxide. Problems: 6.1 Determine structural formulas of all the above mentioned substances A, B, C and D. Use the finding that compound A splits off water when heated. 6. Write chemical equations for the above reactions. Relative atomic masses: A r (H) 1; A r (C) 1; A r (O) 16; A r (K) 39. SOLUTION 6.1 Stoichiometric formulas of compounds: A : C x H y C z x : y : z : : : 1 : 1 B : C m H n O p m : n : p : : : 3 : 1 D : C a H b O c , a : b : c : : : 6 : 5 0 cm 3 of N KOH correspond 0.04 / v mol of substance D and it corresponds to.68 g of substance D v 1,, 3,... 1 mol of compound D v 67 g 45

49 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 M r (D) 67 or 134 or 01, etc. Due to both the stoichiometric formula and relative molecular mass of compound D, its composition is C 4 H 6 O 5. Then molecular formulas for compounds A, B, and C are as follows: A: C 4 H 4 O 4 B: C 8 H 1 O 4 C: C 4 H 5 O 4 Br 6. Equations: CH - COOH CH - COOCH CH 3 + CH 3 CH OH H O + CH - COOH CH - COOCH CH 3 A B CH - COOH CH - COOH CH - COOH HBr CH - COOH CHBr - COOH CH(OH) - COOH A C D H O CH - COOH CH(OH) - COOH + KOH H O + CH - COOK CH(OH) - COOK CH - COOH CH - COOH heating CH - CO O CH - CO Compound A: maleic acid 46

50 THE 4 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 197 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 (Practical) Determine unknown samples in ten numbered test tubes using reagents and facilities available on the laboratory desk. Write chemical equations for the most important reactions that were used to identify each substance. In case that the reactions take place in solutions, write equations in a short ionic form. PROBLEM (Practical) On June 10th, a mixture of formic acid with an excess of ethanol was prepared. This mixture was kept in a closed vessel for approximately one month. Determine quantitatively the composition of the mixture on the day of the competition, using only reagents and facilities available on the laboratory desk. Calculate the amounts of the acid and ethanol in per cent by mass which were initially mixed together. 47

51 5 th 6 theoretical problems 3 practical problems

52 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD 1 10 JULY 1973, SOFIA, BULGARIA THEORETICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 In nitrating a hydroxy derivative of benzene a compound is formed which contains 49.0 % by mass of oxygen. A charge of 4350 C is required for a total electroreduction of g of the compound, efficiency being 80 %. Problem: 1.1 Determine the stoichiometric as well as structural formulas of the compound if the product of the electrochemical reduction is an aromatic hydroxy amino derivative. F (Faraday's charge) C mol -1 SOLUTION 1.1 a) Formula of the compound: C 6 H x O y N z The compound is a hydroxy nitroderivative of benzene: C 6 H 6-(y-z)-z (OH) y-z (NO ) z b) Equation of the reduction: R-NO + 6 H R-NH + H O Combining mass of the compound: E M r (compound) (1) 6 z An amount of charge which is required for the electrochemical reduction: Q 4350 C C Combining mass of the compound: 49

53 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 E m C C 3480 C 1.7 F In relation to (1): M r (compound) 76. z () c) % O 49 y Mr (O) 100 M (compound) r y M r (compound) M r (compound) 3.7 y d) M r (compound) 6 M r (C) + x M r (H) + y M r (O) + z M r (N) M r (compound) x + 16 y + 14 z Taking into consideration the general formula of the unknown hydroxy derivative of benzene: x 6 (y z) z + y z x 6 z (4) Then: M r (compound) z + 16 y + 14 z M r (compound) y + 13 z (5) By solving equations (), (3), (4), and (5) we obtain: M r (compound) 9 x 3 y 7 z 3 The molecular formula of the compound is: C 6 H 3 O 7 N 3 or C 6 H (OH)(NO ) 3. The compound is, 4, 6-trinitrophenol 50

54 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PROBLEM A mixture of a gaseous hydrocarbon and oxygen is in a vessel of a volume of 1 dm 3 at a temperature of K and a pressure of Pa. There is twice as much oxygen in the mixture as is needed for the reaction with the hydrocarbon. After combustion of the hydrocarbon the pressure in the vessel (at the same temperature) is increased by 5 %. Problem:.1 What hydrocarbon was in the mixture when the mass of water formed by the combustion was 0.16 g. SOLUTION.1 Amounts of substances of reactants and reaction products: Equation: C x H y + (x + y 4 )O x CO + y H O m(ho) 0.16 g n (H O) 1 M(H O) 18 g mol mol mol n ( C x Hy ) y y mol (1) y x + y mol n ( O ) 4 ) (x mol () 4 y y mol x n ( CO ) x y y mol (3) Before reaction: 3 p V kpa 1 dm n (mixture) 1 1 R T J mol K K 0.03 mol n(c x H y ) + n(o ) 0.03 mol (4) 51

55 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 After reaction: p kpa kpa 3 p V kpa 1 dm n (mixture) 1 1 R T J mol K K mol n(co ) + n(o ) + n(h O) mol n(co ) + n(o ) 0.05 mol (5) When (1), (), and (3) are substituted in (4) and (5), an equation of two unknowns is obtained which when solved yields x 3; y 6 The stoichiometric formula of the unknown hydrocarbon is: C 3 H 6. 5

56 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PROBLEM 3 Equal volumes (10 cm 3 ) of 0.01-molar solutions of CH 3 COOH and HClO were mixed and then diluted to a total volume of 100 cm 3. Ionisation constant of CH 3 COOH is equal to and that for HClO is 3, Problems: Calculate: 3.1 degree of ionisation for each of the acids in the solution, 3. degree of ionisation of HClO if the diluted solution would not contain CH 3 COOH, 3.3 ph value for the solution containing at the same time CH 3 COOH and HClO. SOLUTION CH 3 COOH: K 1, α 1, c 1 HClO: K, α, c c 1 c mol dm -3 c 3.1 K α1 + α α1 α1 + α α1 [H O ] [CH COO ] ( ) c c ( ) c [CH COOH] (1 α ) c 1 α (1) K α1 + α α1 [H O ] [ClO ] ( ) [HClO] 1 α c () K 1 >> K, therefore also α 1 >> α and α 1 + α α 1 K 1 (1 - α 1 ) α 1 c c α 1 + K 1 α 1 K 1 0 α 1 0,15 When () is divided by (1): K K (1 α ) α (1 α ) α After substitution of α 1 : α

57 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, K α c 1 α α << 1 K α c α 6, [H 3 O + ] α 1 c + α c (α 1 + α ) c (0,15 +, ) , mol dm -3 ph 3,9 54

58 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PROBLEM 4 When solutions of two unknown substances are mixed together in stoichiometric ratio, 1.5 g of a precipitate are formed which contain a salt of a bivalent metal M. The precipitate when heated to 1100 C is decomposed to 0.70 g of a solid metal oxide MO and another gaseous oxide. After evaporation of the filtrate, a dry residue with a mass of.0 g remains which yields two products by thermal decomposition at 15 C: a gaseous oxide and 0.90 g of water vapour. The total volume of the gaseous mixture is 1.68 dm 3 (at STP). Problem: 4.1 Determine the unknown compounds and write chemical equations for the above mentioned reactions. SOLUTION 4.1 a) Dry residue:.0 g H O: 0.90 g, i. e mol Gaseous oxide A x O y : 1.1 g dm n ( mixture) dm mol mol n(a x O y ) n(mixture) n(h O) 0.05 mol M (A x O y 1.1 g ) 0.05 mol 44 g mol 1 x M(A) M(A x O y ) y M(O) Solution 1: If x 1 and y 1, then M(A) M(A x O y ) M(O) (44 16) g mol -1 8 g mol -1 A Si. It does not satisfy the requirements of the task. Solution : If x and y 1 then M(A) 14 g mol -1 A N and the gaseous oxide is N O. Solution 3: If x 1 and y then M(A) 1 g mol -1 A C and the gaseous oxide is CO. 55

59 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 Solution is correct, since it is known that gaseous N O is formed by thermal decomposition of NH 4 NO 3. This conclusion is supported by the following calculation: M.0 g 0.05 mol -1 (dry residue) 80 g mol M(NH4NO 3 ) Reaction of the thermal decomposition: NH 4 NO 3 N O + H O b) The precipitation reaction can be described by the following equation: M(NO 3 ) + (NH 4 ) B MB + NH 4 NO 3 M (MB) M (MO) 1.5 g mol 0.70 g mol 100 g mol 56 g mol M(M) M(MO) M(O) g mol M Ca Since - the decomposition temperature of the precipitate is 1100 C, - the product of thermal decomposition is CaO, - the molar mass of the precipitate is 100 g mol -1, - the precipitate is CaCO 3. Reaction: Ca(NO 3 ) + (NH 4 ) CO 3 CaCO 3 + NH 4 NO 3 56

60 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PROBLEM 5 Using your knowledge about the properties of benzene and its derivatives, write chemical equations for reactions by which ethyl ester of benzoic acid as well as o-, m-, and p-amino benzoic acids are prepared in the shortest way. SOLUTION a) Synthesis of ethyl ester of benzoic acid CH 3 COOH COOC H 5 KMnO 4 C H 5 OH b) Synthesis of o- and p-amino benzoic acid CH 3 CH 3 COOH COOH HNO 3 NO KMnO 4 NO Fe NH H SO 4 H SO 4 and simultaneously CH 3 CH 3 COOH COOH HNO 3 H SO 4 KMnO 4 Fe H SO 4 NO NO NH c) Synthesis of m-aminobenzoic acid CH 3 COOH COOH COOH KMnO 4 nitration reduction NO NH 57

61 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PROBLEM 6 A gaseous mixture containing two neighbour hydrocarbons of the same homologous series was 14.4 times as dense as hydrogen. This mixture with a volume of 16.8 dm 3 was hydrated and 350 g of the solution were obtained when the products of hydration were absorbed in water. Ten grams of this solution were taken and heated in the presence of silver(i) oxide which was prepared from 70 cm 3 of a 1 N silver(i) nitrate solution. Unreacted Ag O was dissolved in an aqueous ammonia solution and a residual precipitate was filtered off. The filtrate was acidified with nitric acid and addition of an excess of sodium bromide to it resulted in 9.4 g of a precipitate. When the mixture of the hydrocarbons that remained unreacted, was mixed with a 50 % excess of hydrogen and transmitted above a heated Pt-catalyst, its resulting volume decreased to 11. dm 3. Volumes of gases were measured in STP conditions. Problems: 6.1 What hydrocarbons were in the starting mixture? 6. Write chemical equations for the above mentioned reactions. 6.3 Calculate the composition of the starting mixture in % by volume. 6.4 How much (in %) of each hydrocarbon was hydrated? SOLUTION 6.1 M r When reactivity of the hydrocarbons and the value of M r are taken into consideration then the mixture can only by formed from CH CH (M r 6) and CH 3 CH CH (M r 40) 6. (1) CH CH + H O CH 3 CHO () CH 3 C CH + H O CH 3 COCH 3 (3) AgNO 3 + NH 3 + H O Ag O + NH 4 NO 3 (4) CH 3 CHO + Ag O CH 3 COOH + Ag (5) Ag O + 4 NH 3 + H O [Ag(NH 3 ) ]OH 58

62 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 (6) CH 3 COOH + NH 3 CH 3 COONH 4 (7) [Ag(NH 3 ) ]OH + 3 HNO 3 AgNO 3 + NH 4 NO 3 + H O (8) CH 3 COONH 4 + HNO 3 NH 4 NO 3 + CH 3 COOH (9) NH 3 + HNO 3 NH 4 NO 3 (10) AgNO 3 + NaBr AgBr + NaNO 3 (11) CH CH + H CH 3 CH 3 (1) CH 3 C CH + H CH 3 CH CH According to (11) and (1) and regarding the excess of hydrogen, amounts of substances before catalytic hydrogenation are as follows: n(mixture) 11. dm dm, i. e. 0.5 mol 6 x + 40 (0.5 x) x 0. n(c H ) 0. mol n(c 3 H 4 ) 0.05 mol Before hydration: dm n (mixture) dm mol 0.75 mol n(agno 3 ) c V 1 mol dm dm mol According to (3): n(ag O) mol n ( AgBr) 9.4 g g mol 0.05 mol According to (10), (7) and (5): unreacted: n(ag O) 0.05 mol reacted: n(ag O) mol Due to dilution, reacted amounts of substances are as follows: n(ch 3 CHO) n(c H ) 0.35 mol 59

63 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 hydration hydrogenation total C H 0.35 mol 0.0 mol 0.55 mol C 3 H mol 0.05 mol 0.0 mol 0.75 mol 0.55 mol vol. % CH mol 0.0 mol vol. % C3H mol mol vol. % CH mol 0.15 mol vol. % C3H mol 60

64 THE 5 TH INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD, 1973 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS PROBLEM 1 (Practical) The following solutions of salts are available in twelve numbered test-tubes: AgNO 3, BaCl, (NH 4 ) CO 3, NaCl, KI, ZnCl, NH 4 Cl, Pb(NO 3 ), Al(NO 3 ) 3, CrCl 3, Cr(NO 3 ) 3, Hg(NO 3 ). The numbering of the test tubes does not correspond to the order of the salts given above. Prove the content of the test tubes by means of the least number of operations. In your answer align the proper salt with each number of the test tube. Write chemical equations for the reactions. PROBLEM (Practical) Six test tubes contain the following compounds: Na CO 3 or NaHCO 3 NiCl or CuCl AgNO 3 or Pb(NO 3 ) ZnCl or Al(NO 3 ) 3 ZnSO 4 or KI NH 4 NO 3 or Ba(NO 3 ) The numbers of the test tubes do not correspond to the order of the compounds. Prove the content of each test tube by available reagents. Describe the reactions by chemical equations. PROBLEM 3 (Practical) There are three test tubes marked by numbers 1,, and 3. Prove the content of each test-tube by means of available reagents and write the proper formula of the compound to each number. Write chemical equations for the reactions. 61