AS-LEVEL AS-LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY NOTES

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1 AS-LEVEL AS-LEVEL CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY NOTES snaprevise.co.uk

2 I have designed and compiled these beautiful notes to provide a detailed but concise summary of this module. I have spent a lot of time perfecting the content as well as the presentation to make your learning as easy as possible and less daunting. A-LEVEL REVISION & EXAM PREP IN A SNAP Concise & exam board specific videos High quality notes and summaries Visit snaprevise.co.uk to find out more DISCLAIMER The information presented is no way produced or endorsed by any exam board. Created by A* students

3 INDEX MODULE 1 (AS): PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY TOPIC 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE Fundamental particles Mass number and isotopes Electronic configuration TOPIC 2: AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass The mole and the Avogadro constant The ideal gas equation Empirical and molecular formula Balanced equations and associated calculations TOPIC 3: BONDING Ionic bonding Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds Metallic bonding Bonding and physical properties Shapes of molecules and ions Bond polarity Forces between molecules TOPIC 4: ENERGETICS Enthalpy change Calorimetry Applications of Hess Law Bond enthalpies TOPIC 5: KINETICS Collision theory Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution Effect of temperature on reaction rate Effect of concentration and pressure Catalysts TOPIC 6: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA, LE CHATELIER S PRINCIPLE AND K C Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier s principle Equilibrium constant K c for homogeneous systems

4 TOPIC 7: OXIDATION, REDUCTION AND REDOX EQUATIONS Oxidation, reduction and redox equations MODULE 2 (AS): INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TOPIC 1: PERIODICITY Classification Physical properties of Period 3 elements TOPIC 2: GROUP 2,THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2, the alkaline earth metals TOPIC 3: GROUP 7(17), THE HALOGENS Trends in properties Uses of chlorine and chlorate(i) MODULE 3 (AS): ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Structures & Nomenclature IUPAC Naming Rules Functional groups and homologous series Reaction mechanisms Isomerism TOPIC 2: ALKANES Combustion of alkanes Chlorination of alkanes TOPIC 3: HALOGENOALKANES General Properties Nucleophilic substitution Elimination Ozone depletion TOPIC 4: ALKENES Structure, bonding and reactivity Addition reactions of alkenes Electrophilic addition with conc. H 2 SO Addition polymers

5 TOPIC 5: ALCOHOLS Alcohol production Production of an alcohol from ethene and steam, in the presence of an acid catalyst Oxidation of alcohols Elimination TOPIC 6: ORGANIC ANALYSIS Mass spectrometry High resolution mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy Identifying functional groups in IR spectra Interpretation of spectra Identifying impurities

6 MODULE 1 (AS) PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

7 TOPIC 1 Atomic Structure

8 Atomic Structure 1 Fundamental particles Atoms are made up of protons, electrons and neutrons Protons and neutrons exist in the nucleus and are sometimes called nucleons Neutral atoms have the same number of protons and electrons Particle Position Relative Mass Charge Proton Nucleus 1 +1 Neutron Nucleus 1 0 Electron Shells around nucleus 1/ Mass number and isotopes You can work out numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons from the element symbol To find the total number of electrons for positive ions take away the same number of electrons from the atom (e.g. 3 from a 3+ ion) and for negative ions add the same number of electrons Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons They have the same electronic configuration and identical chemical reactions as a result snaprevise.co.uk 8

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