CLASS VIII XI. Month Unit Topic Sub Topic

Transcription

1 April- Bridge Some Basic General Introduction : Importance and scope of May Course Concepts of chemistry. Historical approach to particulate Chemistry nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton s atomic theory : concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula. chemical reactiions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry. June- 2 Structure of Atom Bohr s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli s exclusion principle and Hund s rule electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals. July 3 Classification of Modern periodic law and the present form of Elements and periodic table, periodic trends in properties of Periodicity in elements - atomic radil, ionic radii, lonization Properties enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic no > 100. July 4 Chemical Bonding Valence electrons, ionic bond, coalent bond; bond and Molecular parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of Structure covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization, involving s, p and d orbital and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond. July 5 States of Matter: Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, Gases and types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role 55

2 Liquids of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle s law, Charles law, Gay Lussac s law, Avogadro s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro s number, ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea) Liquid State - Vapour pressure. Solid State - Classification of solids based on different binding forces : molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell of & 2D and 3D and lattices, calculation of density fo unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids no of atoms per unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. August 6 Thermodynamics System and types of systems, surroundings, work heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties state functions - internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, capacity and specific heat, measurement of Δ U and Δ H, Hess s law of constant heat summation, enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transformation, ionization and solution. Introduction of entropy as a state function, free energy change for spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes, citeria for equilibrium. Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction) August 7 Equilibrium Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, 56

3 CLASS VIII XI September (Physical and Chemical Equilibria) dynamic nature of equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chateliers principle Revision for BT-I 1 st Block- Test. October 7 Ionic lonic equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases, Equilibrium strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, concept of ph, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect. November 8 Redox Reactions Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, applications of redox reactions. 9 Hydrogen Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial, physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxidepreparation, properties and structure, hydrogen as a fuel. December 12 Organic Chemistry General introduction, classification and IUPAC Some Basic nomenclature of organic compounds Electronic Principles displacements in a covalent bond : inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions, Isomerism. December 13 Hydrocarbons Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical 57

4 mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethyne), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemial reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markonikov s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes - Nomenclature, strucure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions : acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction with - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic Hydrocarbons : Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene : resonance, aromaticity, chemical reactions : nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Fridel Craft s alkylation and acylation mechanism of electrophilic substitution. directive influence of a substituent in monosubstituted benzene, carcinogenicity and toxitcity. January 10 s-block Elements General introducton, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionication enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses. Preparation and properties of some Important Compounds : Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. Calcium oxide and Calcium carbonate and industrial uses of lime and limestone, biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium. 58

5 January 11 Some p-block Group 13 Elements : General introduction, Elements electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron-physical and chemical properties, some important compounds borax, boric acids, boron hydrides, Aluminium : reactions with acids and alkalies uses. Group 14 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behavious of first element of the group Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties, uses of some important compounds, oxides. Important compounds of silicon and their uses : silicon tetrachloride, silicons, silicates and zeolites. Group 15 elements - General Introduction, electronic configuration, occurance, oxidation state, trends in physical and chemical properties, Nitrogen preparation properties and uses : Compound of nitrogens, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acids, oxides of nitrogen (structure only), Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus : preparation and properties of phosphine, halides and oxo-acids (elements idea only) January 14 Environmental Environmental pollution - air, water and soil Chemistry pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, sm0g major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, depletion of ozone layer and its effect, greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to indsutrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution. Revision for annual examination. February Revision for BT-2, Annual Examination 59