GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SULPHATE CRYSTALS

Transcription

1 GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SULPHATE CRYSTALS Thesis Submitted to Bharathiar University in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION BY AZHA. PERIASAMY Under the Guidance and Supervision of Dr. S. MURUGANAND, M.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D., VLSI AND FPGA SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY COIMBATORE TAMIL NADU JULY 2012

2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SULPHATE CRYSTALS submitted to the Bharathiar University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION is a record of original research work done by Mr. AZHA.PERIASAMY during the period of July 2009 to July 2012 his study in the Department of Electronics and Instrumentation at Bharathiar University, under my supervision and guidance and the thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma /Associateship / Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any University. Research Supervisor Dr. S. Muruganand Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Bharathiar University Coimbatore Countersigned Dr. D. Mangalaraj, Ph.D., Professor and Head I/C Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Bharathiar University Coimbatore

3 DECLARATION I AZHA. PERIASAMY hereby declare that the thesis, entitled GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME SULPHATE CRYSTALS submitted to the Bharathiar University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION is a record of original and independent research work done by me during July 2009 to July 2012 under the supervision and guidance of Dr. S. MURUGANAND, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation and it has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree /Diploma / Associate ship / Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate in any University. Countersigned Signature of the Candidate (Research Supervisor)

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I submit my heartfelt thanks many people who helped and supported me during my research period to submit this thesis successfully. First of all, I feel proud and privileged in my sincere and deepest sense of gratitude to my Research Supervisor and Guide Dr. S. Muruganand, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for his constant encouragement, discussion and guidance. It is no doubt that this thesis would not have completed successfully without his timely help. I record my sincere thanks to Dr. D. Mangalaraj, Professor and Head in Charge, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation for his moral support during my research work. I am grateful to Er. M. Palaniswamy, Former Reader and Head-in-charge (Retd), Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for his effective support for my research work. I express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. G. Chinnasamy, Ms. M. Pavithra, Guest Lecturers, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for their support to complete the SEM image study successfully. I pay my sincere thanks to Mr. R. Maheswaran, Ms. D. Devilalitha (Computer Operators), Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore to complete this thesis in fruitful manner. I am very much thankful to Mr. B. Dinesh Kumar (Computer Operator), University Data centre, Mr. T. Murugan (Project fellow DST PURSE), Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for their help to complete this thesis in neat manner.

5 I extend my sincere thanks to Part-time Research Scholars, G. Kandhasamy, R. Balamurugan, and Full time Research Scholars Mr. R. Balakrishnan, B.Sriram, V. Sivashankaran, K.G. Padmasine, S.R. Vijayalakshmi, for their help. It is my pleasure to express my sincere thanks to 2011 batch M.Phil Scholars Ms. S. Siddharthy, C. Hemalatha, S. Thanavel, S. Sanjay Gandhi and 2012 Batch P. Subbuthai, D. Anna Bharathi, P. Vijaya Abirami, S. Saranya, G. Madhan M. Pandiarajan and A. Seethai (PT) for their help during my thesis. I am very much thankful to M.Sc Students of Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for their moral support. I render my sincere thanks to Dr. O. N. Balasundaram, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore for his valuable suggestions in publishing the research paper. I express my thanks to staff members of the Department of Physics and Electronics, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore for their moral support. My special thanks are due to Dr. K. Prem Nazeer, Principal, Islamiah College, Vaniambadi, Dr. N. Periasamy, PG Assistant, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Higher Secondary School, Perianaickenpalayam, Dr. K. Senthilkumar, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore for their encouragement during my thesis work. I express my thanks to the staff members of RSIC, IIT, Madras, Ayurvedic Institute, Coimbatore for taking IR and and Raman Spectrum. I also express my thanks to Dr. K. Kathirvel, Joint Director and Mr. T. Palanivel, Research Scholar, DRDO Bharathiar University for taking SEM image of the crystals. I express my thanks to the staff members of Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for taking Dielectric Studies.

6 I also express my thanks to Dr. C. Gunasekaran, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Mr. T. Ramesh, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Information Technology, Mr. N. Selvan, Junior Engineer, Mr. N. Moorthy, Office Asst. Bharathiar University. I am extremely happy to record my gratitude to my mother A. Nallammal, my aunty R. Navarathinamani, Brother A. Rajendran, S. Selvi (a) Mangaiyarkarasi, A. Ilango, S. Dhanam, and all other family members for their moral support to complete this thesis. Last but not least, I am extremely happy to express my heartfelt thanks to my wife Mrs. S. Mangaiyarkarasi, Son Master P. Bhuvaneshwaran and daughter P. Sudhandira for their involvements in completing this thesis.

7 PREFACE In the recent development of science and technology, crystals play an important role in the field of electronic world In particular, quartz crystal has numerous applications in electronic equipments. Hence it is essential to develop the production of crystals in large quantity. Growing crystal is an art in the field of solid state physics. Researchers are interested in the field of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) for the fabrication of chips and also they have drawn their attention in the field of FPGA. Sulphate crystals Sodium sulphate (SS), Potassium Sulphate (PS), Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate (SHS), Potassium Hydrogen Sulphate (PHS), Sodium Potassium Sulphate (SPS) and Lithium Hydrazine Sulphate (LHS) have grown and characterized by many researchers for their properties. From the literature survey, it is noticed that LHS crystals have been studied by many researchers. First Chapter deals with the basic concepts of crystals. In this chapter, it is also discussed about the periodicity in crystals, different lattice types of unit cell, symmetry elements and symmetry operation of the molecules. Second chapter discuss about the crystal growth and its different methods involved in the crystal growth. Every method has its own merits and demerits. In the present investigation, Crystal growth is done by slow evaporation technique which is the easiest method among the other techniques. Vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared and Raman) has been discussed in the third chapter. This chapter describes about the selection rule for infrared and Raman active and inactive fundamentals of the molecules. The effect of the diatomic molecule in the spectra has also been discussed. Dielectric study of the crystal has been dealt in the fourth chapter. The physics of dielectrics is based on the capacitance obtained for the particular material. In this chapter the factors influences the dielectric study such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, permittivity, temperature dependent capacitance and frequency dependent are also discussed.

8 Fifth chapter discusses about SEM image study of the crystals which can be implemented in FPGA signal processing. The various techniques involved in the image processing (canny, blob analysis. circular hough transform) are discussed. Sixth chapter analyses the vibrational spectrum, dielectric graphs and SEM images obtained for the grown crystals of sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, sodium hydrogen sulphate, potassium hydrogen sulphate, sodium potassium sulphate and lithium hydrazine sulphate crystals. Vibrational assignments have been done for the corresponding crystals. Temperature dependent permittivity, frequency dependent dielectric constant and frequency dependent dielectric loss are discussed. Edge detection, Blob analysis, circular hough transform are analyzed for the grown crystals to study about the surface morphology of the crystals..