Prof Ray Cartwright, former member of NRPB radon group and AGIR
|
|
|
- Charleen Griffin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Prof Ray Cartwright, former member of NRPB radon group and AGIR DNE LLC meeting 1980s There is absolutely no point in looking at artificial sources until we have sorted out the natural sources because they account for 90+% of the alpha activity.
2 U238 decay series (a) nuclide 1/2 life nf air atoms lung alpha conc per activity Bq Bq/m3 litre ns s U238 4E9 yrs P E-6 ca.1e ?? Th days P equilib equilib Pa234 1 min P equilib equilib U234 2E5 yrs P equilib equilib Th230 8E4 yrs P equilib equilib Ra yrs P equilib equilib Rn222 4 days A ca.0.1 Po218 3 min A ca.3 total total Pb min A ca.25 of of Bi min A ca.20 about about Po214 E-4 secs A < Pb yrs A/P ca.1e Bi210 5 days A/P Po days A/P ca.2e-40.2 ca. O.1 ca. 0.4 Pb206 stable Pu E5 yrs P <c a.e ?? nf natural form.. type of source that occurs in our environment without human intervention (includes trichomes) unf unnatural form type of source that only occurs in our environment with human intervention P particulate..many unstable atoms in a single source A atomic...no more than one unstable atom in a single source F.....equlibrium factor between radon and its short lived daughters (=actual pae/equilib pae) s/ns.smoker/non smoker E3/E-2 etc 10x10x10/0.1x0.1x0.1 Radon decay products attach to condensation nuclei. There are typically 1E7-E8 cn per litre ieca.1dp atom/e7cn@20 Bq/m3
3 U238 decay series (b) nuclide 1/2 life nf air atoms lung alpha pot.alphas/day quotes photos refs/notes conc per activity Bq respirable P Bq/m3 litre ns s nf unf U238 4E9 yrs P E-6 ca.1e ?? <2 leu>100 Hegyi 2008 D(1)H,I(15) K(12) Th days P equilib equilib Th232/14E9 series.rn220 Pa234 1 min P equilib equilib U234 2E5 yrs P equilib equilib Th230 8E4 yrs P equilib equilib Ra yrs P equilib equilib 0..>1000 Kodak 1949 J(9) Rn222 4 days A ca.0.1 n/a Morken D E(15),J(8) Po218 3 min A ca.3 total total n/a Chamie, Pb min A ca.25 of of n/a 0..>1000 Cartwright R Goldstein, J(11), K(10) Bi min A ca.20 about about n/a Curie 1931 Po214 E-4 secs A < n/a Pb yrs A/P ca.1e <<1 Martell E D,F.G(4)H.J(6) Bi210 5 days A/P Po days A/P ca.2e ca. O.1 ca. 0.4 <<1 0..>1000 Henshaw D Sci.Am1959 D(4)F(2)F.G(5)J(13)K(14) Pb206 stable Pu E5 yrsp <ca.e ?? 0..>1000 D(4)F(7,2) Rn'sG6 uncle! nf natural form.. type of source that occurs in our environment without human intervention (includes trichomes) unf unnatural form.. type of source that only occurs in our environment with human intervention P particulate..many unstable atoms in a single source A atomic.... no more than one unstable atom in a single source F....equlibrium factor between radon and its short lived daughters (=actual paec/equilib paec) s/ns smoker/non smoker 3/E-2 etc.10x10x10/0.1x0.1x0.1 Radon decay products attach to condensation nuclei. There are typically 1E7-E8 cn per litre ie.ca.1dp atom/e6cn@20 Bq/m3
4 Questions (1) What causes this unnatural irradiation? leu, Ra, Daughter aggregates, Fallout, accidents,po210 (2) What are its consequences?
5 uranium particles
6 U238 decay series (b) nuclide 1/2 life nf air atoms lung alpha pot.alphas/day quotes photos refs/notes conc per activity Bq respirable P Bq/m3 litre ns s nf unf U238 4E9 yrs P E-6 ca.1e ?? <2 leu>100 Hegyi 2008 D(1)H,I(15) K(12) Th days P equilib equilib Th232/14E9 series.rn220 Pa234 1 min P equilib equilib U234 2E5 yrs P equilib equilib Th230 8E4 yrs P equilib equilib Ra yrs P equilib equilib 0..>1000 Kodak 1949 J(9) Rn222 4 days A ca.0.1 n/a Morken D E(15),J(8) Po218 3 min A ca.3 total total n/a Chamie, Pb min A ca.25 of of n/a 0..>1000 Cartwright R Goldstein, J(11), K(10) Bi min A ca.20 about about n/a Curie 1931 Po214 E-4 secs A < n/a Pb yrs A/P ca.1e <<1 Martell E D,F.G(4)H.J(6) Bi210 5 days A/P Po days A/P ca.2e ca. O.1 ca. 0.4 <<1 0..>1000 Henshaw D Sci.Am1959 D(4)F(2)F.G(5)J(13)K(14) Pb206 stable Pu E5 yrsp <ca.e ?? 0..>1000 D(4)F(7,2) Rn'sG6 uncle! nf natural form.. type of source that occurs in our environment without human intervention (includes trichomes) unf unnatural form.. type of source that only occurs in our environment with human intervention P particulate..many unstable atoms in a single source A atomic.... no more than one unstable atom in a single source F....equlibrium factor between radon and its short lived daughters (=actual paec/equilib paec) s/ns smoker/non smoker 3/E-2 etc.10x10x10/0.1x0.1x0.1 Radon decay products attach to condensation nuclei. There are typically 1E7-E8 cn per litre ie.ca.1dp atom/e6cn@20 Bq/m3
7 radium Kodak Phys Rev 76 no Preceding the time of appearance of the abovementioned contaminants and during the war, a great deal of the cardboard in this country became contaminated with radioactive materials as a result of the paper savage program. Paper and cardboard salvaged from war plants where radium dials were prepared became mixed with paper stocks and as a result, specks of radioactive material could be found sporadically distributed in almost any sort of packaging paper.
8 U238 decay series (b) nuclide 1/2 life nf air atoms lung alpha pot.alphas/day quotes photos refs/notes conc per activity Bq respirable P Bq/m3 litre ns s nf unf U238 4E9 yrs P E-6 ca.1e ?? <2 leu>100 Hegyi 2008 D(1)H,I(15) K(12) Th days P equilib equilib Th232/14E9 series.rn220 Pa234 1 min P equilib equilib U234 2E5 yrs P equilib equilib Th230 8E4 yrs P equilib equilib Ra yrs P equilib equilib 0..>1000 Kodak 1949 J(9) Rn222 4 days A ca.0.1 n/a Morken D E(15),J(8) Po218 3 min A ca.3 total total n/a Chamie, Pb min A ca.25 of of n/a 0..>1000 Cartwright R Goldstein, J(11), K(10) Bi min A ca.20 about about n/a Curie 1931 Po214 E-4 secs A < n/a Pb yrs A/P ca.1e <<1 Martell E D,F.G(4)H.J(6) Bi210 5 days A/P Po days A/P ca.2e ca. O.1 ca. 0.4 <<1 0..>1000 Henshaw D Sci.Am1959 D(4)F(2)F.G(5)J(13)K(14) Pb206 stable Pu E5 yrsp <ca.e ?? 0..>1000 D(4)F(7,2) Rn'sG6 uncle! nf natural form.. type of source that occurs in our environment without human intervention (includes trichomes) unf unnatural form.. type of source that only occurs in our environment with human intervention P particulate..many unstable atoms in a single source A atomic.... no more than one unstable atom in a single source F....equlibrium factor between radon and its short lived daughters (=actual paec/equilib paec) s/ns smoker/non smoker 3/E-2 etc.10x10x10/0.1x0.1x0.1 Radon decay products attach to condensation nuclei. There are typically 1E7-E8 cn per litre ie.ca.1dp atom/e6cn@20 Bq/m3
9 Daughter aggregates
10 U238 decay series (b) nuclide 1/2 life nf air atoms lung alpha pot.alphas/day quotes photos refs/notes conc per activity Bq respirable P Bq/m3 litre ns s nf unf U238 4E9 yrs P E-6 ca.1e ?? <2 leu>100 Hegyi 2008 D(1)H,I(15) K(12) Th days P equilib equilib Th232/14E9 series.rn220 Pa234 1 min P equilib equilib U234 2E5 yrs P equilib equilib Th230 8E4 yrs P equilib equilib Ra yrs P equilib equilib 0..>1000 Kodak 1949 J(9) Rn222 4 days A ca.0.1 n/a Morken D E(15),J(8) Po218 3 min A ca.3 total total n/a Chamie, Pb min A ca.25 of of n/a 0..>1000 Cartwright R Goldstein, J(11), K(10) Bi min A ca.20 about about n/a Curie 1931 Po214 E-4 secs A < n/a Pb yrs A/P ca.1e <<1 Martell E D,F.G(4)H.J(6) Bi210 5 days A/P Po days A/P ca.2e ca. O.1 ca. 0.4 <<1 0..>1000 Henshaw D Sci.Am1959 D(4)F(2)F.G(5)J(13)K(14) Pb206 stable Pu E5 yrsp <ca.e ?? 0..>1000 D(4)F(7,2) Rn'sG6 uncle! nf natural form.. type of source that occurs in our environment without human intervention (includes trichomes) unf unnatural form.. type of source that only occurs in our environment with human intervention P particulate..many unstable atoms in a single source A atomic.... no more than one unstable atom in a single source F....equlibrium factor between radon and its short lived daughters (=actual paec/equilib paec) s/ns smoker/non smoker 3/E-2 etc.10x10x10/0.1x0.1x0.1 Radon decay products attach to condensation nuclei. There are typically 1E7-E8 cn per litre ie.ca.1dp atom/e6cn@20 Bq/m3
11 Po 210 puzzle (Sci. Am. 1959): Natural radioactivity in the atmosphere is shown by this nuclear emulsion photograph of tracks enlarged 2000 diameters emitted by a grain of dust. The tracks are produced by alpha particles; their length identifies the dust as polonium a decay product of uranium238.
12 Po210 puzzle continued Prof D Henshaw (personal crsp) response to my query about Sept1959 Sci. Am.photograph : Certainly Po210 does not exist naturally in cluster form
13 consequences 1 Cancers but: The conventional argument is that the more homogeneous the alpha irradiation the greater the cancer risk, because more cells are hit and fewer are killed. Numerous (top down ie fragmentation, or altered specific activity, of particulates) experiments supporting this view have been published: (Fritsch P et al Rad Pro Dos 105/1-4 pp ), hence the belief that: for a given dose, exposure to radon, since it results in the most homogeneous alpha irradiation possible, must be the most carcinogenic type of alpha exposure. This belief, combined with the fact that 90%+ of the alpha irradiation we receive is from natural sources, underlies the prevalent assumption that nearly all radiation induced cancers must be due to natural irradiation...and, I suspect, Prof Cartwright s views, viz: There is absolutely no point in looking at artificial sources until we have sorted out the natural sources because they account for 90+% of the alpha activity.
14 consequences 2 Morken DA Univ.Rochester/AEC Atomic Energy Project Report no: UR It appears relatively easy to induce lung cancer with radionuclides of small specific activity (large specific mass). However it has been extraordinarily difficult to produce even small long lasting effects with alpha irradiation from radon and its decay products and lung cancer has not been unequivocally demonstrated with radon..(nb radionuclides of small specific activity eg Po210 which has small activity compared to radon s short lived daughters ) The ability of other kinds of alpha emitting isotopes to produce bronchial and pulmonary cancer is well documented and familiar. eg Inhalation of Po210 by rats with doses estimated from 70 to 500 rads produced primary lung cancers within two months post exposure. nb: in US Energy Citations Database the word not is omitted from Morken s abstract of this radon work, resulting in the phrase:. but the lesions did lead to bronchial tumors, instead of. but the lesions did not lead to bronchial tumors, in the original abstract
15 Conclusions Equal doses of natural and unnatural irradiation liable to differ in their effects Activity a necessary, but not sufficient, parameter for assessing effects Need bottom up experiments to test this Monitoring should be directed accordingly There is every point in looking at the artificial sources before we have sorted out the natural ones!
16
17
Radioactivity & Nuclear. Chemistry. Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School. Chemistry
Radioactivity & Nuclear Chemistry Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine-Henri Becquerel designed an experiment to determine if phosphorescent minerals also
Ch 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON
Ch 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON Name No-Calculators Allowed /65 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers
Nuclear Chemistry - HW
Nuclear Chemistry - HW PSI AP Chemistry Name 1) In balancing the nuclear reaction 238 92U 234 90E + 4 2He, the identity of element E is. A) Pu B) Np C) U D) Pa E) Th 2) This reaction is an example of.
Sources of Radiation
Radioactivity Sources of Radiation Natural Sources Cosmic Radiation The Earth is constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation
Multilayer Nuclear Track Detectors for Retrospective Radon Dosimetry
Multilayer Nuclear Track Detectors for Retrospective Radon Dosimetry V. V. Bastrikov 1, M. V. Zhukovsky 2 1 Experimental Physics Department, Ural State Technical University, Mira St., 19/5, 620002, Ekaterinburg,
Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology
Nuclear Chemistry Up to now, we have been concerned mainly with the electrons in the elements the nucleus has just been a positively charged things that attracts electrons The nucleus may also undergo
Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes
Chapter 9 Prep-Test Chemistry 9 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the illustrations above
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 3e (Frost) Chapter 2 Atoms and Radioactivity. 2.1 Multiple-Choice
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 3e (Frost) Chapter 2 Atoms and Radioactivity 2.1 Multiple-Choice 1) The smallest particle of an element that can be identified as that element is: A) a proton
RADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions
1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous emissions from the nucleus of certain atoms, of either alpha, beta or gamma radiation. These radiations are emitted when the nuclei of the radioactive substance
It s better to have a half-life than no life! Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
It s better to have a half-life than no life! Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay What does it mean to be radioactive? Some atoms have nuclei that are unstable. These atoms spontaneously decompose
Sources of Radiation Exposure
Sources of Radiation Exposure Sources of Radiation Exposure to the US Population (from U.S. NRC, Glossary: Exposure. [updated 21 July 2003, cited 26 March 2004] http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/exposure.html
Name: Nuclear Practice Test Ms. DeSerio
Name: Nuclear Practice Test Ms. DeSerio 1. Which nuclear emission has the greatest mass and the least penetrating power? 1) an alpha particle 2) a beta particle 3) a neutron 4) a positron 2. The nucleus
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating Extra credit: chapter 7 in Bryson See online (link fixed) or moodle Radioactivity and radiometric dating Atomic nucleus Radioactivity Allows us to put numerical
Chemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes
Chapter 9 Prep-Test Chemistry 9 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the illustrations above
In 1808 John Dalton proposed that:
In 1808 John Dalton proposed that: all matter is made up of atoms which cannot be subdivided atoms of the same element are identical atoms of different elements have different masses atoms combine together
da u g ht er + radiation
RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of radioactivity can be attributed to several scientists. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and shortly after that Henri Becquerel observed radioactive behavior while
Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms?
Name Chemistry Essential question: How were the parts of the atom determined? Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms? Vocabulary: alpha particle fusion
Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray
y loo Physics Essentials Workbook Stage 2 Physics Exercises
238 Physics Essentials Workbook Stage 2 Physics 15.1 2 Exercises P Explain why stable nuclei of high mass have a higher proportion of neutrons than stable nuclei of low mass. 2 Name four types of spontaneous
Readings: Turco: p ; Brimblecombe: p
Lecture 16. Air toxics. Radioactivity. Objectives: 1. Toxicity. 2. Exposure and dose. 3. Toxic effects of air pollutants. 4. Radioactivity: sources, physiological effects. Readings: Turco: p. 183-218;
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 2e (Frost) Chapter 2 Atoms and Radioactivity. 2.1 Multiple-Choice
General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 2e (Frost) Chapter 2 Atoms and Radioactivity 2.1 Multiple-Choice 1) Two atoms must represent the same element if they both have the same: A) number of electron shells
PS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
BASIC OF RADIATION; ORIGIN AND UNITS
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 243 - LECTURE 2 BASIC OF RADIATION; ORIGIN AND UNITS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM LECTURES & CLASS ACTIVITIES https://inayacollegedrmohammedemam.wordpress.com/ Password: drmohammedemam
7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet
7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet Required: Tsokos, pp 373-378 Hamper pp 244-255 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 963-979, 986-990 REMEMBER TO. Work through all of the example problems in
10.4 Half-Life. Investigation. 290 Unit C Radioactivity
.4 Half-Life Figure Pitchblende, the major uranium ore, is a heavy mineral that contains uranium oxides, lead, and trace amounts of other radioactive elements. Pierre and Marie Curie found radium and polonium
Chapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry The energy of the sun comes from nuclear reactions. Solar flares are an indication of fusion reactions occurring at a temperature of millions of degrees. Introduction to General,
Chemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred
RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2
RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 2 Radioactivity Radioactivity: Results from radioactive decay, which is the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei transform and emit radiation. Has existed longer than the
ZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]
![ZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]](/thumbs/87/95084584.jpg "ZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]")
1 Part 5: Nuclear Physics 5.1. The Nucleus = atomic number = number of protons N = neutron number = number of neutrons = mass number = + N Representations: X or X- where X is chemical symbol of element
General Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 37 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Radioactivity Nuclear reactions http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~apetrov/phy2140/ Chapter 29 1 Lightning Review Last lecture: 1. Nuclear
Nuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline
Nuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: involve changes with electrons. involve changes in atomic nuclei. Spontaneously-changing nuclei emit and are said to be. Radioactivity nucleons: mass
SOURCES of RADIOACTIVITY
Section 9: SOURCES of RADIOACTIVITY This section briefly describes various sources of radioactive nuclei, both naturally occurring and those produced artificially (man-made) in, for example, reactors or
2) Explain why the U-238 disintegration series shown in the graph ends with the nuclide Pb-206.
Name: 3156-1 - Page 1 Questions 1 and 2 refer to the following: A U-238 atom decays to a Pb-206 atom through a series of steps. Each point on the graph below represents a nuclide and each arrow represents
Nuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay
and Radioactive Decay 40 We go back in time again. The beginning of the events leading to our modern understanding of how the nucleus works can be taken back to 1896. That is about thirteen years before
Physics 219 Help Session. Date: Wed 12/07, Time: 6:00-8:00 pm. Location: Physics 331
Lecture 25-1 Physics 219 Help Session Date: Wed 12/07, 2016. Time: 6:00-8:00 pm Location: Physics 331 Lecture 25-2 Final Exam Dec. 14. 2016. 1:00-3:00pm in Phys. 112 Bring your ID card, your calculator
Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life Lecture Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283
Classroom notes for: Radiation and Life Lecture 11 98.101.201 Thomas M. Regan Pinanski 207 ext 3283 1 Radioactive Decay Series ( Chains ) A radioactive isotope (radioisotope) can decay and transform into
What happens during nuclear decay? During nuclear decay, atoms of one element can change into atoms of a different element altogether.
When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before. For his discovery
CHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nuclear Reactions deal with chemical processes in nuclei atoms. Unlike normal chemical reactions where the identity of the elements stay the same, nuclear
Radioactive nuclei. From Last Time. Biological effects of radiation. Radioactive decay. A random process. Radioactive tracers. e r t.
From Last Time Nuclear structure and isotopes Binding energy of nuclei Radioactive nuclei Final Exam is Mon Dec 21, 5:05 pm - 7:05 pm 2103 Chamberlin 3 equation sheets allowed About 30% on new material
HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp )
CHAPTER 22 HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp. 701 702) Define. 1. nucleons 2. nuclide 3. mass defect 4. nuclear binding energy Solve. Use masses of 1.0087 amu for the neutron, 1.00728 amu for the proton, and 5.486 x 10
Understanding the contribution of naturally occurring radionuclides to the measured radioactivity in AWE Environmental Samples
Understanding the contribution of naturally occurring radionuclides to the measured radioactivity in AWE Environmental Samples Dr Jonathan Burnett ASc Analytical Sciences PhD Supervisors Dr Richard Greenwood
L 37 Modern Physics [3]
![L 37 Modern Physics [3]](/thumbs/83/87876811.jpg "L 37 Modern Physics [3]")
L 37 Modern Physics [3] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors nuclear weapons
A. Identify the highly penetrating radioactive emission that exposed the photographic plates.
Name Unit 3: Nuclear Chemistry Date Part 2 Questions 1. In 1896, Antoine H. Becquerel discovered that a uranium compound could expose a photographic plate wrapped in heavy paper in the absence of light.
A Nuclear Power Plant
A Nuclear Power Plant Fallout from Chernobyl The question that all countries asked in 1986, and continue to ask to this day: Could it happen here? Radioactivity Np Pu+ 239 239 0 93 94 1 Beta decay the
Chapter 3. Radioactivity. Table of Contents
Radioactivity Table of Contents Introduction 1. Radioactivity 2. Types of Radioactive Decays 3. Natural Radioactivity 4. Artificial Radioactivity 5. The Rate of Radioactive Decay 6. The Effects of Radiation
Particle Physics. Question Paper 1. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. International A Level. Exam Board Particle & Nuclear Physics
For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Particle Physics Question Paper 1 Level International Level Subject Physics Exam oard IE Topic Particle & Nuclear Physics Sub
ARMUG New CAM Developments. Arran Morgan MSc Physicist
New CAM Developments Arran Morgan MSc Physicist Topics Particulate sampling considerations Alpha spectral analysis Concentration calculation Spectrum stabilisation Beta measurement Loose filter Bi detection
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
Chapter 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine whether phophorescent minerals also gave off X-rays. Bequerel
Chemistry Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Nuclear Chemistry
Chemistry Unit 5 Exam Study Guide Nuclear Chemistry Define the following vocabulary terms: Radioactivity Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray Transmutation Half-life Nuclear Decay Nuclear Fission
Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry
Name Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Atomic Structure 2. Determining Nuclear Stability 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Using N + O to Write Decay Equations Period 5. Solve Various Half
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
Safety: Do not eat the radioactive candium until it has decayed into a safer element.
Name: Date: Period: CHEMISTRY LAB #23 Radioactive Candium Experiment 90 MINUTES Do Now Review: 1) How long will it take for 20 g of 222 Rn to decay to 5 g? 2) How many half-lives is this? 3) What type
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity?
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity? What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? How does radiation affect the nucleus of an unstable isotope? How do scientists predict when an
WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION
WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION Margarita Saraví National Atomic Energy Commission - Argentina Workshop on Ionizing Radiation SIM Buenos Aires 10 November 2011 What is ionizing radiation? What is ionizing radiation?
NOTES: 25.2 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
NOTES: 25.2 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Why does the nucleus stay together? STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE Short range, attractive force that acts among nuclear particles Nuclear particles attract one
Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics
Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the
1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA PLUS DECAY 1.5 NEUTRON EMISSION 1.6 SPONTANEOUS FISSION
Chapter NP-3 Nuclear Physics Decay Modes and Decay Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA
Aim:How can we determine the particles emitted from radioactive
Aim:How can we determine the particles emitted from radioactive decay? Nuclear Stability: The larger (more massive) a nucleus is, the harder it is for it to stay together. Natural transmutation (natural
There are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83.
Nuclear Chemistry Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation. All
Nuclear Chemistry. Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons
Nuclear Chemistry Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons 1 Nuclear Chemistry Friend or Fiend 2 The Nucleus What is in the nucleus? How big is it vs. the atom? How
Radioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles.
Radioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles. In 1896, Henri Bequerel discovered that uranium and other elements
NJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
and have low penetrating power) Alpha particles are released through alpha decay. Beta Particles: An electron that comes from a nucleus through
TOPIC 13: Nuclear Chemistry 1. When the atomic nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element, the reaction is called transmutation. Stability of a Nucleus: Any element containing
Activity 11 Solutions: Ionizing Radiation II
Activity 11 Solutions: Ionizing Radiation II 11.1 Additional Sources of Ionizing Radiation 1) Cosmic Rays Your instructor will show you radiation events in a cloud chamber. Look for vapor trails that do
Revision Guide for Chapter 18
Revision Guide for Chapter 18 Contents Student s Checklist Revision Notes Ionising radiation... 4 Biological effects of ionising radiation... 5 Risk... 5 Nucleus... 6 Nuclear stability... 6 Binding energy...
College Physics B - PHY2054C
College - PHY2054C Physics - Radioactivity 11/24/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Review Question 1 Isotopes of an element A have the same number of protons and electrons,
LECTURE 26 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 26 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 26 2 30.4 Radiation and radioactivity Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma decay Decay series Nuclear radiation is a form of ionizing radiation
The Nature of Radioactivity. Chapter 19 Nuclear Chemistry. The Nature of Radioactivity. Nuclear Reactions. Radioactive Series
John W. Moore Conrad L. Stanitsi Peter C. Jurs http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore Chapter 9 Nuclear Chemistry Stephen C. Foster Mississippi State University The Nature of Radioactivity Henri Becquerel
IGCSE Physics 0625 notes: unit 5 Atomic Physics: Revised on 01 December
IGCSE Physics 0625 notes: unit 5 Atomic Physics: Revised on 01 December 2011 1 TOPIC 5 ATOMIC PHYSICS Radioactivity or radioactive decay: 1. It is the process in which certain unstable atomic nuclei (plural
7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay
7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay exists all around us. This radiation consists of high energy particles or waves being emitted from a variety of materials. is the release of high energy particles
Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4
Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4 Use the laws of conservation of mass number and charge to determine the identity of X in the equations below. Refer to a periodic table as needed. 222 a. Rn
The Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay. Major Constituents of an Atom 4/28/2016. Student Learning Outcomes. Analyze radioactive decay and its results
The Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay ( Chapter 10) Student Learning Outcomes Analyze radioactive decay and its results Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion Major Constituents of an Atom U=unified
Chapter 29. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons
Lecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Physical Science Spring 2017 NAME: CLASS PERIOD: TEACHER: PAGE NUMBERS. LAB POINTS EARNED Guided Notes: Types of Radiation 2
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Physical Science Spring 2017 NAME: CLASS PERIOD: TEACHER: ASSIGNMENT PAGE NUMBERS DUE DATE HW POINTS EARNED LAB POINTS EARNED Guided Notes: Types of Radiation 2 Learning Targets: Nuclear
Fundamentals of radiation protection
Fundamentals of radiation protection Kamel ABBAS European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements, Nuclear Security Unit Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy tel. +39-0332-785673,
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
Radioactivity Outcomes. Radioactivity Outcomes. Radiation
1 Radioactivity Outcomes Describe the experimental evidence for there being three types of radiation. Discuss the nature and properties of each type. Solve problems about mass and atomic numbers in radioactive
Atomic Structure Summary
Atomic Structure Summary All atoms have: a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it Atomic nucleus consists of: positively charged protons and neutrons that have no electric
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
Nuclear Study Packet. 1. What subatomic particles are involved in nuclear reactions? 2. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions?
Name Period Nuclear Study Packet Set 1 1. What subatomic particles are involved in nuclear reactions? 2. What subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions? 3. If an atom undergoes a reaction
Final Exam. Physics 208 Exit survey. Radioactive nuclei. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Radioactive tracers
Final Exam Mon, Dec 15, at 10:05am-12:05 pm, 2103 Chamberlin 3 equation sheets allowed About 30% on new material Rest on topics of exam1, exam2, exam3. Study Tips: Download blank exams and take them. Download
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
Page 17a. Objective: We will identify different types of radioactive decay. Warm-up:
Page 17a Objective: We will identify different types of radioactive decay. Warm-up: What are the three subatomic particles? Where is each particle located in the atom? What is an isotope? Page 17a (again)
NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal
NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal Ionizing Radiation and Hazard Potential John R. Frazier, Ph.D. Certified Health Physicist May 12, 2014 Radiation Radiation is a word that
Chapter 3 Radioactivity
Chapter 3 Radioactivity Marie Curie 1867 1934 Discovered new radioactive elements Shared Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission
Nuclear Radiation. Natural Radioactivity. A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield.
Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield. 1 Radioactive Isotopes A radioactive isotope has an unstable
: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated
The previous images display some of our hopes and fears associated with nuclear radiation. We know the images, and some of the uses, but what is Nuclear Radiation and where does it come from? Nuclide In
Chapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy
Radioactive Decay. Scientists have discovered that when atoms of one kind of element emit radiation, they can change into atoms of a NEW element.
Radioactive Decay Radioactive Decay Scientists have discovered that when atoms of one kind of element emit radiation, they can change into atoms of a NEW element. Why would an atom emit radiation in the
Nuclear Chemistry Bravo 15,000 kilotons
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Bravo 15,000 kilotons Radioactive elements Radioactive elements Elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioactive Why? These elements have too many protons
Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry. Atomic Structure & Nuclear Chemistry page 1
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure and Nuclear Chemistry Atomic Structure & Nuclear Chemistry page 1 Atoms & Elements Part 0: Atomic Structure An Introduction Electrostatics an underlying force throughout chemistry
From Last Time. Stronger than coulomb force, But much shorter range than coulomb force.
From Last Time Nucleus is small, tightly bound system of protons & neutrons. Proton number determines the element. Different isotopes have different # neutrons. Some isotopes unstable, radioactively decay
Phys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom
Introduction to Environmental Measurement Techniques Radioactivity. Dana Pittauer 1of 48
Introduction to Environmental Measurement Techniques 2016 Radioactivity Dana Pittauer (dpittauer@marum.de) 1of 48 Introduction Radioisotopes are of interest in environmental physics for several reasons:
ATOMIC PHYSICS Practical 11 STUDY OF DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE RADON 1. INTRODUCTION
ATOMIC PHYSICS Practical 11 STUDY OF DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE RADON 1. INTRODUCTION I. People usually receive radiation mainly from natural sources. About one-third of the natural radiation is related
10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before.