Unit II: Atoms Molecules & Ions
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1 Unit II: Atoms Molculs & Ions A. B. C. D. Th Priodic Tabl Why and how compounds form Ruls for writing ions Writing formulas and naming compounds Binary compounds Non-binary compounds Formula writing & naming of acids and bass E. Chmical Bonding
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3 Two gnral groups of lmnts Mtals Good conductors of hat & lctricity Shiny, ductil, mallabl Los lctrons to form positiv ions Nonmtals Poor conductors Gain lctrons to form ngativ ions Dull and without lustr 2-A
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5 Antimony Tin Arsnic Grmanium Sulfur Iodin 2-A
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7 Why and How Compounds Form P N N P 2-B
8 How Ionic Compounds Form An atom losing lctrons bcom positivly chargd (cation) An atom gaining lctrons bcoms ngativly chargd (anion) Anions and cations attract ach othr and form compounds, lowring thir total nrgy 2-B
9 Ionic Bonding Enrgy Enrgy PNNP N PN Li 1+ NNN PPN PNNPPP N N P P Lithium F 1- Flourin 2-B
10 Ionic Bonding PNNP N PN Li NNN PPN PNNPPP N N P P 1+ F 1- Lowr total nrgy 2-B
11 How Covalnt Compounds Form P Lowr total nrgy P 2-B
12 Mtals Mtals Cations Cations Ionic Ionic Compounds Compounds Nonmtals Nonmtals Anions Anions Nonmtals Nonmtals + Nonmtals Nonmtals Covalnt Covalnt Compounds Compounds Mtals Mtals + Mtals Mtals Homognous Homognous Mixturs Mixturs 2-B
13 Ruls for Writing Ions Group IA Group IIA Group IIIA Alkali mtals Alkalin arth mtals Aluminum group Group VIIA Group VIA Group VA Halogns Oxygn group Nitrogn group C
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15 Writing Formulas and Naming Binary Compounds 1. Fixd oxidation stat mtals + nonmtals 2. Variabl oxidation stat mtals + nonmtals 3. Nonmtals combind with nonmtals in covalnt compounds 2-D
16 Binary ionic compounds (mtals with fixd oxidation stats) First nam th mtal thn Us th root of th nonmtal with an id nding Exampl. + - Na + Cl = NaCl Sodium + Chlorin = Sodium Chlorid 2-D
17 Lctur Problms: II-2 (pg.59) Writ th nams of th following. potassium oxid A. K2O aluminum phosphid B. AlP Us Ionic chargs to writ th formula of th following binary compounds. Na2S C. sodium sulfid Ca3N2 D. calcium nitrid 2-D
18 Binary ionic compounds (mtals with variabl stats) First nam th mtal followd by its oxidation stat in Roman Numrals insid parnthss Thn add th root of th nonmtal with an id nding Not: You must know th oxidation stat of th mtal to corrctly nam th compound! 2-D
19 Lctur Problms: II-3 (pg. 61) A. iron (II) fluorid FF2 B. lad (II) chlorid PbCl2 C. CuBr2 coppr (II) bromid D. NiO nickl (II) oxid 2-D
20 Binary covalnt compounds Nam th first nonmtal using a prfix to indicat how many atoms ar prsnt Thn nam th scond nonmtal using a prfix to idntify quantity, and th id nding Nots: 1. Drop th mono prfix from th lmnt namd first 2. Nam th lmnt locatd lowr or to th lft on th priodic tabl first 2-D
21 Covalnt Compound Prfixs 1 = mono 2 = di 3 = tri 4 = ttra 5 = pnta 6 = hxa 7 = hpta 8 = octa 9 = nona 10 = dca Drop th mono prfix from th first lmnt namd
22 Lctur Problms: II-4 (pg. 62) A. N2O4 B. P4S10 C. D. E. dinitrogn ttraoxid ttraphosphrus dcasulfid carbon dioxid trisulfur hptafluroid phosphorus pntachlorid CO2 S3F7 PCl5 2-D
23 Non-Binary Compounds Gnrally consist of a cation with a polyatomic anion May also contain polyatomic cations with mono or polyatomic anions 2-D
24 Polyatomic ions with -1 charg OHCNNO3NO2C2H3O2MnO4HCO3HSO4- hydroxid cyanid nitrat nitrit actat prmanganat bicarbonat bisulfat ClOClO2- hypochlorit chlorit ClO3- chlorat ClO4- prchlorat S pag 64 You will nd to know thm 2-D
25 Othr Ngativ Polyatomic Ions CO3 2- carbonat SO4 2- sulfat SO3 2- sulfit CrO4 2- chromat Cr2O7 2- dichromat PO4 3- phosphat 2-D
26 Positiv Polyatomic Ions NH4 + ammonium Hg2 2+ mrcury(i) 2-D
27 Typs of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Mtal of fixd oxidation stat with polyatomic anion Mtal with variabl oxidation stat with polyatomic anion Polyatomic cation with monoatomic anion Polyatomic cation with polyatomic anion
28 Mtal of fixd oxidation stat with a polyatomic ion Nam th mtal, thn nam th polyatomic ion You must mak sur to balanc th chargs btwn ions If multipl polyatomic ions ar ndd, us () to dscrib how many ar ndd. 2-D
29 Exampls Aluminum sulfat Al2(SO4)3 Calcium hydroxid Ca(OH)2 Barium phosphat Ba3(PO4)2 Sodium bicarbonat NaHCO3 S Lctur Problm II-5 on Pag 66 for mor practic.
30 Compounds with a variabl oxidation stat mtal and a polyatomic anion Nam th mtal first, followd by th oxidation stat (in Roman numrals) Thn add th nam of th polyatomic ion
31 Exampls coppr (II) sulfat CuSO4 tin (IV) nitrat Sn(NO3)4 nickl (III) bisulfat Ni(HSO4)3 titanium (IV) dichromat Ti(Cr2O7)2 S Lctur Problm II-6 on Pag 67 for mor practic.
32 Compounds having a polyatomic cation and monoatomic anion Nam th positiv polyatomic ion first, thn th anion using th id nding Exampls and LP II-7 (pg. 67): NH4I ammonium iodid ammonium oxid (NH4)2O
33 Polyatomic ions with othr polyatomic ions Nam th positiv polyatomic ion first, thn th ngativ polyatomic ion. Exampls: ammonium carbonat ammonium nitrat mrcury (I) bicarbonat (NH4)2CO3 NH4NO3 Hg2(HCO3)2 S Lctur Problm II-8 on Pag 68 for mor practic.
34 Naming Acids and Bass Acids ar substancs that rlas hydrogn ions in watr. Binary acids Formd for a hydrogn cation and an id anion Trnary acids Formd from a hydrogn cation and an at anion
35 Binary Acids Binary acids ar formd whn an anion having th id nding is paird with a hydrogn cation. To writ th nam us th hydro root nam of th id anion followd by ic acid Exampls: HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid HF(aq) hydrofloric acid H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid
36 Trnary Acids Consist of thr diffrnt kinds of atoms Formd by making a compound from an -at anion and a H+ cation To nam th compound drop th at and add ic acid Exampls: H2SO4(aq) H2CO3(aq) sulfuric acid (from sulfat) carbonic acid (from carbonat)
37 Bass On dfinition of a bas is that it producs OH-(aq) ions whn dissolvd in watr. Bass ar oftn formd by making a compound of a cation in combination with th OH- anion Bass ract with acids to form watr (nutralization) Bass ar namd just as with th polyatomic ions. (trnary compounds with hydroxid anion) Exampl: NaOH is sodium hydroxid
38 Part E: Chmical Bonding In rviw: Atoms ar mad up of a positiv nuclus and ngativ lctrons surrounding it. Th chmical bonding proprtis of an lmnt ar largly dtrmind by th lctrons Th priodic tabl is organizd in ordr of incrasing atomic numbr
39 Part E: Chmical Bonding In rviw: Atoms may ithr gain or loos lctrons during bonding, forming ions Mtals ar th lmnts with th gratst tndncy to loos lctrons (cations) Nonmtals ar th lmnts that tnd to gain lctrons (anions)
40 Part E: Chmical Bonding Elctrons around an atom ar arrangd in what w call nrgy lvls. Th 1st nrgy lvl is closst to th nuclus As th nrgy lvls incras thy gt furthr from th nuclus and closr togthr
41 Lwis Structurs Lwis Structurs provid a simpl way to show th lctrons in th outrmost nrgy lvl. W don't writ Lwis Structurs for th transition lmnts, only th major groups (group A) lmnts.
42 Lwis Structurs For a Group A lmnt in its nutral stat th numbr of valnc lctrons is qual to its group numbr. oxygn fluorin non O F N
43 Ionic Bonds with Lwis Structurs K F K + F - KF Lt's practic drawing Lwis dot structurs for th following ionic compounds. (Fill in on pag 75) AlCl3 Na2O Ga2S3
44 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Bonding In a covalnt compound ach atom attains stability by sharing lctrons to fill its valnc shll. Most atoms oby th octt rul: Stability is obtaind whn 8 lctrons occupy an atoms valnc shll
45 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Bonding: Th Mthod 1. Look at th Lwis structur for ach atom in th molcul and add all valnc lctrons. Cl Cl 7+7 = 14 lctrons
46 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Bonding: Th Mthod 2. Divid th numbr of valnc lctrons by 2, to gt th numbr of lctron pairs in th molcul. Cl Cl 7+7 = 14 lctrons 14 valnc lctrons / 2 = 7 lctron pairs
47 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Bonding: Th Mthod 3. Draw a singl lin btwn ach atom to signify a pair of bonding lctrons Cl Cl 4. Subtract th bonding pair(s) from th total lctron pairs. 7 lctron pairs 1 bonding pair = 6 lctron pairs
48 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Bonding: Th Mthod 5. Arrang th rmaining pairs around th bondd atoms, altrnating btwn atoms Cl Cl 6. Now mak sur ach atom has an octct, and that you hav placd all lctrons.
49 Lwis Structurs for Covalnt Compounds Now lts try som slightly mor complicatd molculs... OF2 NH3
50 What happns whn som atoms can't fill thir octt? Lt's considr th compound sulfur dioxid. SO2 18 valnc lctrons = 9 lctron pairs Sulfur will b our cntral atom O S O
51 What happns whn som atoms can't fill thir octt? O S O 9 lctron pairs 2 bonding pairs = 7 lctron pairs Now w plac th rmaining lctron pairs...
52 What happns whn som atoms can't fill thir octt? O S O Do Nowallallth atoms atoms hav hav a full a full octt octt???! NO! Sulfur only has 6 lctrons in its valnc shll Now lt's try: CO2 O3 HCN SO3
53 Lwis Structurs for polyatomic ions Somtims multipl bonds will not provid ach atom with a full octt. In som cass lctrons will b givn up or takn in ordr to fill th octts, crating ions. For Exampl: NO3 - OH - + NH4
54 Lwis Structurs Lwis structurs: Provid an asy way to visualiz valnc lctrons Show us how atoms ar bondd togthr in compounds Lwis structurs do not tll us th actual molcular shap of a compound.
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