Supporting Information (DFT Calculations) Pd-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Acyldiazomethane. and Tandem Cross-Coupling Reactions
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1 Supporting Information (DFT Calculations) Pd-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Acyldiazomethane and Tandem Cross-Coupling Reactions Fei Ye,, Shuanglin Qu,, Lei Zhou,, Cheng Peng, Chengpeng Wang, Jiajia Cheng, Mohammad Lokman Hossain, Yizhou Liu, Yan Zhang, Zhi-Xiang Wang,*, and Jianbo Wang*, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing , China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou , China CONTENTS 1) Computational details..... S2 2) Additional computational results not shown in the main text... S3 3) Results for the alternative pathway leading K to 6a and catalyst A - via the HCO 3 moiety offering a hydrogen atom S5 4) Molecular orbital analysis... S7 5) Energies and Cartesian coordinates of all structures... S8 6) References S35 S1
2 1) Computational details All the structures were optimized and characterized to be energy minima or transition states at M06 1 /BSI level, where BSI denotes a basis set of LANL2DZ 2 for Pd, I, Ag and 6-31G(d) 3 for other atoms. The energies were then improved by M06/BSII//M06/BSI single point calculations with the solvent effects accounted by SMD 4 solvent model, using toluene as the solvent,where BSII denotes a basis set of SDD 5 for Pd, I, Ag and G(d,p) 3,6 for other atoms. Wiberg bond indices (bond order) were calculated at the B3LYP/BSI level according to the natural orbital (NBO) method. 7 The thermal corrections to free energies were carried out at K and 1atm, using M06/BSI harmonic frequencies. It should be emphasized that such thermal corrections based on the ideal gas phase model inevitably overestimate entropy contributions to free energies for reactions in solvent, in particular for reactions involving multi-component change, because of ignoring the suppressing effect of solvent on the rotational and transitional freedoms of substrates. The entropy overestimation by ideal gas phase model was also demonstrated by experimental studies. 8,9 Since no standard quantum mechanics-based approach is available to accurately calculate entropy in solution, we adopted the approximate approach proposed by Martin et al. 10 According to their approach, a correction of 4.3 kcal/mol applies to per component change for a reaction at K and 1atm (i.e., a reaction from m- to n-components has an additional correction of (n-m) 4.3 kcal/mol). Previously, we applied the correction protocol for mechanistic studies of various catalytic reactions and found such corrected free energies were more reasonable than enthalpies and uncorrected free energies, 11 although the protocol is by no means accurate. We discuss the mechanism in terms of the corrected free energies and give the enthalpies for references in the brackets in the relevant figures. All the calculations were performed using GAUSSIAN 09 program. S2
3 2) Additional computational results not shown in the main text Figure S1. Energy profile of Coupling I with the AgI moiety reserved. Figure S2. Energy profile of dediazoniation and migratory insertion in Coupling II with the AgI moiety reserved. S3
4 Figure S3. Energy profile of deprotonation by NEt 3. Figure S4. Energy profiles of dediazoniation without the involvement of AgHCO 3. S4
5 3) Results for the alternative pathway leading K to 6a and catalyst A via the HCO - 3 moiety offering a hydrogen atom - We examined two possibilities to complete the transformation. First, the HCO 3 moiety in K transfers the H atom to -C(Ph) 2 COOEt fragment directly (Figure S5). The barrier (35.1 kcal/mol, TS8 relative to K) is 6.0 kcal/mol higher than the barrier for the mechanism illustrated in Figure 3 in the main text. Second, the HCO - 3 moiety in K transfers the H atom to the Pd(II) center, then the H atom moved to -C(Ph) 2 COOEt fragment. Under this consideration, as shown in Figure S6, the HCO - 3 moiety first isomerizes to allow the H atom getting close to the Pd center, leading to a less stable R (by 4.4 kcal/mol). Attempts to locate a transition state for transferring the hydrogen of HCO - 3 moiety to the Pd center were failed. However, the hydrogen transfer would lead to a Pd(IV) complex (S) which is 52.6 kcal/mol higher than K, indicating that the this pathway is inaccessible. Thus it could be safe to conclude that the alternative pathway is unlikely. Figure S5. Energy profile of the hydrogen transfer from the HCO3 - to the -C(Ph) 2 COOEt fragment. S5
6 Figure S6. (a) Energy profile of the hydrogen transfer from the HCO3 - to the Pd(II) center, leading to a Pd(IV) complex S. (b) Key optimized structures with selected bond lengths in angstroms. Trivial hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. S6
7 4) Molecular orbital analysis Figure S7. Comparison of the and molecular orbitals involved in the formal Pd=C double bonds in complex J and Pd-carbene. Trivial hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. S7
8 5) Energies and Cartesian coordinates of structures The followings are SCF energies (in au), solvated free energies (in au) and Cartesian coordinates for all optimized structures. A (Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 ) SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd P P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H PhI SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: C C C C C C H H H H H I B SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C C C H H H H H P C C C C H C H C H H H C C S8
9 C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H I Ag 2 CO 3 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: C O O O Ag Ag PPh 3 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: P C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H C C C H H H C C C H H H H H H H H H C SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd P C C C C H C H C H H H I C C C C H C H C H H H S9
10 C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O Ag Ag AgI SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: I Ag (AgI) 2 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: I Ag I Ag D SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H a (EDA) SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: C H C O O C H H C H H H N N E SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H S10
11 C H H H C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS1 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS2 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C S11
12 C H C H C H H H C H C O O C H H C H H H N N P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O Ag F SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS3 SCF energy: S12
13 Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H N N P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H H C O O O Ag a SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H N N AgHCO 3 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: H C O O O Ag E SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H I C H C O O C H H C S13
14 H H H N N C O O O Ag Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS1 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H I C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS2 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H I C S14
15 H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H F SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H I C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H TS3 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C S15
16 C C C H C H C H H H I C H C O O C H H C H H H N N C O O O Ag Ag P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H AgI AgHCO 3 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: I H C O O O Ag Ag G SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd P C C C C H C H C H H H I C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O S16
17 Ag H H SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H H I SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H N N P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O S17
18 O H TS4 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H N N P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O H N 2 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: N N J SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C S18
19 H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O H TS5 SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H H H P C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C C C C H C H C H H H C O O O H K SCF energy: Enthalpy in toluene: Free energy in toluene: Pd C C C C H C H C H H H C C O O C H H C H S19
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