Recent advances and future perspectives of gamma imagers for scintimammography
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1 3rd International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences: ITBS2005 Innovation in Nuclear and Radiological Imaging: From Basic Research to Clinical Application Milos Conference Center, Milos Island, Greece, September 2005 special session: Advances in functional breast imaging by compact and dedicated imagers Recent advances and future perspectives of gamma imagers for scintimammography Roberto Pani INFN Dept of Experimental Medicine and Pathology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
2 Latest generation gamma cameras for Scintimammography LaBr3:Ce gamma camera Continuous crystal 1 st prototype 5x 5 cm 2 (2005) Multi-PSPMT NaI(Tl) pixellated 1 generation gamma camera 18 x 16 cm 2 (2001) Pixellated CdZnTe 2 nd generation Gamma Camera 12.5 x12.5 cm 2 (2005) INFN Scintirad Project INFN-IMI project Pol.Hi.Tech -CAEN Gamma Medica Ideas Inc., Northridge, California, USA
3 Some of the most recent Gamma Cameras characteristics LaBr 3 :Ce Multi- PSPMT LumaGEM LumaGEM 3200 LumaGem3200S Released 1999 Released 2003 Released 2005 Detector LaBr 3 :Ce- H8500 PMT NaI(Tl) array R8520 PSPMT NaI(Tl) array - PSPMT CdZnTe Solid State CdZnTe Solid State Field of iew 5cm x 5cm 18cm x 16cm 13cmx 13cm 20cmx 16cm 20cmx 16cm Dead space < 8 mm from edge < 8 mm from edge <10 mm from edge < 8 mm from edge < 8 mm from edge Thickness < 8 cm < 9 cm < 9 cm < 7.5 cm < 7.5 cm Energy Resolution 6% FWHM 12% FWHM 10% FWHM 6% FWHM 4,5% FWHM Spatial resolution 1 mm 2 mm 2.2mm 2.5 mm 1.6 mm Space Bandwidth continuous 6930pixel 2 3,136 pixel 2 5,120 pixel 2 12,288 pixel 2 LumaGEM data from Bradley E. Pratt Gamma Medica Instruments
4 Solid- State Compact CdZnTe Gamma 12.5 x 12.5 cm 2 FOV Pitch: 1.6 mm Matrix: 80 x 80 high density ASIC readout has been built Gamma Medica Ideas Inc., Northridge, California, USA CLAIMS The energy resolution, sensitivity and spectral shape of the solid state digital gamma camera are each superior to the NaI(Tl) The improved energy resolution allows for a smaller energy window to be used. Use of narrower energy window could improve scatter rejection while maximizing sensitivity and ultimately lead to improved contrast and resolution in both planar imaging and SPECT T. Vandehei, K. Parnham, J. Li, Y. Yamaguchi, K. Iwata,, J. B.E. Patt, J. Zhang, H. Zhou, M. Szawlowski, G. Caravaglia, E. Bolle, B. Sundal, S. Mikkelsen, T. Orskaug Medica Ideas Inc., Northridge, California, USA Gamma SNMA 2005 presentation
5 IMI Project: INFN Multi-PSPMT NaI(Tl) pixellated 1 generation scintillation gamma camera 18 x 15 cm2 (2001) PSPMT array closely packed coupled to a NaI (Tl) scintillation matrix Anger Camera Anger Camera PMT PSPMT 26 mm Position is determined by light distribution centroid method 4 mm Active Area Dead Zone FWTM 156 mm 42 PSPMT Assembly FWHM 182 mm
6 42 PSPMT independent images 42 PSPMT reconstructed raw image Y 16 y i= 1 = 16 i= 1 i E E i i y i x i X 16 x i= 1 = 16 i= 1 i E E i i 57 Co flood field image profile 300 counts pixel
7 NEW TRENDS IN CRYSTAL GROWING LaCl 3 :Ce LaBr 3 :Ce
8 INFN Scintirad Project : Lanthanum Bromide Gamma Camera Prototype (LaBr 3 :Ce) The photodetector: Position sensitive Hamamatsu Flat Panel PMT H8500/9500 Extreme compactness (15 mm thick) Suitable for close packing in matrices( 1 mm boundary dead zone) in order to obtain Very large detection areas The scintillator : LaBr 3 :Ce 50x50x5 mm 3 Fast, efficient, ultra high energy resolution Very high light yield (66000 photons/mev at 350/450 nm) Almost a half of NaI(Tl) energy resolution Attenuation coefficients higher than NaI(Tl) LaBr 3 :Ce Integral assembly with Flat panel
9 Crystals Density (g/cm 3 ) Light yield (ph/mev) Decay time (ns) Maximum Emission length (nm) E/E (FWHM) PMT read-out 662 kev ** 140 kev NaI:Tl % 8.5 % CsI: Na % 9.5 % CsI:Tl (PMT)/ 4.3 (SDD) 14 % LaCl 3 :Ce % 8.0* % LaBr 3 :Ce % 5.8 % Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) % -- Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce (LSO) % 18 % Gd 2 SiO 5 :Ce (GSO) % 22 % YAl O 3 :Ce (YAP) % (APD) 20 % ** from C.W.E. van Ejjk Phys. Med. Biol. (2002) * Expected values
10 Lanthanum crystals radiation absorption properties 140 KeV photon energy Crystal ρ (density) (g cm -3 ) τ (cm -1 ) µ (cm -1 ) τ/ µ HVL (cm) Thick. (80% eff.) (cm) LaBr 3 :Ce LaCl 3 :Ce NaI:Tl CsI:Tl
11 LaBr 3 :Ce detection performance Co57 Spot scanning with 1 mm collimation aperture 1,20 1,00 FP+LaBr(Ce) - 1,5 mm step 1.5 mm Flood field with Co57 source Overall SR = 1.23 mm Intrinsic SR = 0.9 mm counts 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0, image pixel Collimator: 3.0 mm hole 0.5 mm septum counts image pixel
12 57 Co 111 In Counts 1,0 0,5 LaBr 3 :Ce FWHM = 6.5% 1.0 Counts 0.5 LaBr 3 :Ce FWHM = 5.8% FWHM=4.3% Counts 0, Channels CZT FWHM = 4.5% Counts Channels CZT FWHM = 5.0% FWHM = 6.0% Energy (kev) LumaGEM data from Bradley E. Pratt Gamma Medica Instruments Energy (kev)
13 Energy Resolution Resolution (FWHM) 100% 10% LaBr3:Ce NaI(Tl) 2.2 NaI(Tl) 1.5 CZT 1% Energy (kev) LumaGEM data from Bradley E. Pratt Gamma Medica Instruments CZT NaI_1.5 NaI_2.2
14 LEAP Spatial Resolution LumaGEM data from Bradley E. Pratt Gamma Medica Instruments CZT NaI_1.5 NaI_2.2 LEHR SR (mm) 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0 cm 2,5 cm SCD (cm) 2,5 cm + scatter CZT NaI_1,5 NaI_2,2 NaI_2,0 * LaBr * LEAP parallel hexagonal collimator, 1.5 mm hole 0.2 mm septum and 22 mm length S R (mm) 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 CZT 0 cm NaI_1,5 NaI_2,2 LaBr * 2,5 cm SCD (cm) 2,5 cm + scatter LEHR parallel hexagonal collimator, 1.3 mm hole 0.2 mm septum and 35 mm length 2,5 cm SCD LaBr detects 2,5 cm SCD collimator lattice 1 cm 0,5 cm
15 Sensitivity LEAP LEHR LumaGEM data from Bradley E. Pratt Gamma Medica Instruments CZT NaI_1.5 NaI_ LaBr * NaI_2.2 NaI_1.5 CZT NaI_2.0 * LaBr * CZT NaI_2.2 NaI_1.5 (cpm /uci) ( c p m/uci) Energy Window (%) LEAP parallel hexagonal collimator, 1.5 mm hole 0.2 mm septum and 22 mm length Energy Window (%) LEHR parallel hexagonal collimator, 1.3 mm hole 0.2 mm septum and 35 mm length
16 Role of energy resolution in scattering rejection Tumor Single scattering kev 140 kev Counts ( arbitrary units ) No Tumor Phantom 52.9 kev 66.8 kev Double scattering Triple scattering Energy ( kev ) Breast spectrometry of two patients by Ge detector
17 Role of energy resolution in scattering rejection Total Scattered / transmitted 8: Transmitted true photons Counts Scattered Channels 10% relative energy resolution
18 Role of energy resolution in scattering rejection Energy KeV 10% 20% 30% Scattered/Transmitted ratio 8:1 5:1 2:1 8:1 5:1 2:1 8:1 5:1 2:1 Energy Windows Percentage of false events (Scattering)/true events 50% % %
19 Continuous Crystals vs pixellated Crystals Lead test objects Absorption Images Gamma Camera & Crystals H8500 PSPMT LaBr 3 : Ce continuous (5 mm thick) R2486 PSPMT YAP(Ce) array 0.6 mm pixel R2486 PSPMT CsI(Tl) array 1.2 mm pitch 42 PSPMT HAMAMATSU R8520-C12 NaI(Tl) 1,8 mm pixel ANGER Camera NaI(Tl) continuous (6 mm thick) Intrinsic Spatial Resolution* 0.9 mm 1.1 mm 1.3 mm 2.0 mm 3.5 mm Energy Resolution* 6.0% 50% 23% 15% 10% Efficiency* 80% 45% 40% 70% 80% 140 KeV
20 Conclusions : LaBr and CZT gamma cameras show superior spatial and energy resolution than previous generation based on NaI(Tl) scintillation array LaBr continuous crystal shows better imaging performance than pixelated detectors Both CZT and LaBr gamma cameras show similar efficiencies for the same energy window CZT has the best energy 140 kev Energy resolution better than 10% could help scintimammography by improving scatter rejection while maximizing sensitivity. Large area LaBr continuous crystals are not available yet (10 x10 cm 2 in June 2006)
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