Lecture 39. Chapter 33 Nuclear Physics - Part II
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1 Lecture 39 Chapter 33 Nuclear Physics - Part II 3-Dec-10 Mass # (# protons + #neutrons) Atomic # (# protons) 1 1H Naming of Isotopes A Z E Ordinary Hydrogen 4 2 He Helium-4 (alpha particle) Element Symbol An element can have several isotopes, all with same Z value, but different A values:
2 Isotopes of Helium 4 2 He 3 2 He Common helium; 2 protons, 2 neutrons Helium-4 Helium-3; 2 protons, 1 neutron Transmutation of the Elements When an alpha or beta particle is emitted by a nucleus, a different element is formed. This is transmutation that occurs in natural events and can also be initiated artificially in the laboratory. Uranium naturally transmutes to thorium when an alpha particle is emitted.
3 Transmutation of the Elements Natural transmutation by beta emission Thorium naturally transmutes to protactinium when a beta particle is emitted. 0 An electron is e. -1 Superscript 0 indicates electron s mass is insignificant compared with nucleons. Subscript -1 is the electric charge of the electron in units of e. Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOURSELF When an element ejects an alpha particle, the atomic number of the resulting element A. reduces by 2. B. reduces by 4. C. increases by 2. D. increases by 4.
4 Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOUR ANSWER When an element ejects an alpha particle, the atomic number of the resulting element A. reduces by 2. B. reduces by 4. C. increases by 2. D. increases by 4. Explanation: An alpha particle (a helium nucleus) has atomic number 2. Ejection of an alpha particle means a loss of 2 protons, so the atomic number of the element is lowered by 2. Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOURSELF When an element ejects a beta particle, the atomic number of that element A. reduces by 1. B. increases by 1. C. reduces by 2. D. increases by 2.
5 Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOUR ANSWER When an element ejects a beta particle, the atomic number of that element A. reduces by 1. B. increases by 1. C. reduces by 2. D. increases by 2. Explanation: Beta emission removes -e of charge, and thus increases atomic number by 1. Transmutation of the Element Artificial transmutation An alpha particle fired at and impacting on a nitrogen atom transmutes it to oxygen and hydrogen
6 Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOURSELF Atoms can transmute into completely different atoms in A. nature. B. laboratories. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B. Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOUR ANSWER Atoms can transmute into completely different atoms in A. nature. B. laboratories. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B. Explanation: Atomic transmutation occurs in nature, in laboratories, and as far as we know, throughout the cosmos.
7 Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOURSELF An element emits 1 beta particle, and its product then emits 1 alpha particle. The atomic number of the resulting element is changed by A. 0. B. -1. C. -2. D. None of the above. An element emits 1 beta particle, and its product then emits 1 alpha particle. The atomic number of the resulting element is changed by A. 0. B. -1. C. -2. D. None of the above. Transmutation of the Elements CHECK YOUR ANSWER Explanation: Beta emission increases atomic number by 1, then alpha emission decreases atomic number by 2, so the net change is 1.
8 Radiometric Dating Earth s atmosphere is continuously bombarded by cosmic rays, which causes many atoms in the upper atmosphere to transmute. These transmutations result in many neutrons. A nitrogen atom that captures a neutron becomes an isotope of carbon (C-14) by emitting a proton: Radiometric Dating Carbon-14 is a beta emitter and decays back to nitrogen with a 5730-year half-life. Because living plants take in carbon dioxide, any C-14 lost by decay is immediately replenished with fresh C-14 from the atmosphere. Dead plants continue C-14 decay without replenishment.
9 Relative amounts of C-12 to C-14 enable dating of organic materials. Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating CHECK YOURSELF The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, which means that the present amount in your bones will reduce to zero A. when you die. B. in about 5730 years. C. in about twice 5730 years. D. None of the above.
10 Radiometric Dating CHECK YOUR ANSWER The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, which means that the present amount in your bones will reduce to zero A. when you die. B. in about 5730 years. C. in about twice 5730 years. D. None of the above. Explanation: In theory, the amount never reaches zero. In eons to come, trace amounts of the carbon-14 in your bones will still exist. Key Points of Lecture 39 Naming of Isotopes Transmutation of Elements Radiometric Dating Before Wed. Dec. 8, read Hewitt Chap. 33. Homework #27 due by 11:00 PM Friday Dec. 10
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