Environmental Mass Spectrometry
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1 Environmental Mass Spectrometry March 2, 2006 Dr Vince Taguchi Laboratory Services Branch Ministry of the Environment
2 Acronyms APCI CI DAI DBP DEA DNAPL ECNIMS EDC EI EQ ESI FIA FID FT(ICR)MS GC HRMS IDL LC LRMS MAGIC MDL MS MSD MS/MS MW NICI NIST PB STP TIC TSQ VG VOC ZAB Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Chemical Ionization Direct Aqueous Injection Disinfection By-product Dissociative Electron Attachment Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry Endocrine Disrupting Compound Electron Ionization Extended geometry Quadrupole ElectroSpray Ionization Flow Injection Analysis Flame Ionization Detector Fourier Transform (Ion Cyclotron Resonance) Mass Spectrometer (Spectrometry) Gas Chromatograph (Chromatography) High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (Spectrometry) Instrument detection limit Liquid Chromatograph (Chromatography) Low Resolution Mass Spectrometer (Spectrometry) Monodisperse Aerosol Generator Interface for Chromatography Method detection limit Mass Spectrometer (Spectrometry) Mass Selective Detector Tandem Mass Spectrometer (Spectrometry) Molecular Weight Negative Ion Chemical Ionization National Institute of Standards and Technology Particle Beam Sewage Treatment Plant Total Ion Chromatogram Triple Stage Quadrupole Vacuum Generators (manufacturer) Volatile Organic Compound Zero Alpha Beta (model) 2
3 Laboratory Services Branch 3
4 Dupont B (1974) 4
5 Hewlett-Packard 5970A MSD (1985) 5
6 Hewlett-Packard 5970B MSD (1987) 6
7 Hewlett-Packard 5973 MSD (1999) 7
8 Hewlett-Packard 5973 MSD (1999) 8
9 Finnigan 4000/4500 (1979) 9
10 Finnigan 4000/4500 (1979) (cont d) 10
11 Finnigan 4000/4500 (1979) (cont d) 11
12 Finnigan 4000/4500 (1979/1981) 12
13 Hewlett-Packard 5970B MSD (1987) 13
14 Hewlett-Packard 5973 MSD (1999) 14
15 VG Trio-2 (1990/1991) 15
16 VG ZAB-2F (1983) 16
17 VG ZAB-2F (1983) (cont d) 17
18 VG ZAB-2F (1983) (cont d) 18
19 VG ZAB-2F (1983/1991) 19
20 VG ZAB-2F (1983/1991) (cont d) 20
21 VG AutoSpec (1991) 21
22 Micromass AutoSpec Ultima (2002) 22
23 Finnigan MAT TSQ-70 (1987) 23
24 Finnigan MAT TSQ-70 (1987) (cont d) 24
25 Varian 1200L (2005) 25
26 Varian 1200L (2005) (cont d) 26
27 Micromass Quattro Ultima (2001) 27
28 Micromass Quattro Ultima (2001) (cont d) 28
29 Sciex 4000 Q Trap (2005) 29
30 VG ZAB-EQ (1986) 30
31 VG ZAB-EQ (1986) (cont d) 31
32 LC-(ESI)MS (1995) 32
33 LC-(ESI)MS (1995) (cont d) 33
34 AutoSpec-Q (1997/2003) 34
35 Emergency Response (1988) 35
36 Volatile Organic Compounds 36
37 Volatile Organic Compounds (cont d) 37
38 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds 38
39 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (cont d) 39
40 The Solution H N H O Cl N Cl 40
41 Open Characterization 41
42 Open Characterization Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Electron Ionization (EI) NIST database Wiley database 42
43 Library Search Results (1991) 43
44 Library Search Result 44
45 The Hypothesis 45
46 The Solution 46
47 Library Search Results (1994) 47
48 Library Search Result 48
49 Library Entries 49
50 Reference Spectrum 50
51 Accurate Mass Determination 51
52 The Hypothesis 52
53 Library Search Results (1995) 53
54 Library Search Results 54
55 The Solution 55
56 Dioxin Analysis by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) (1983) 56
57 Dioxin Analysis by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) (1987) 57
58 Instrument Detection Limits 58
59 LRMS versus HRMS 59
60 N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 60
61 Mutagen-X (MX) 61
62 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) 62
63 Direct Aqueous Injection (DAI) 63
64 Analytes Water soluble/miscible organic compounds, e.g. ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-butoxyethanol VOCs high temperature purge-and-trap Semi-VOCs extraction with organic solvent and concentration of extract 64
65 Rationale for DAI Speed of analysis 15 minutes per sample No sample preparation required Ultimate detection limits not required Sub-ppm detection limits achievable High resolution mass spectrometry required 65
66 Butyl Cellosolve Butyl Cellosolve (2-butoxyethanol) MDL = 5 ppm for DAI/GC-FID MDL = 0.05 ppm for DAI/GC-HRMS 66
67 Butyl Cellosolve 67
68 Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) 68
69 Monodisperse Aerosol Generator Interface for Chromatography (MAGIC) 69
70 Particle Beam (PB) 70
71 LC-(PB) MS Qualitative analysis of pesticides is possible Detection limits are high Transport efficiency across interface is variable Quantitative LC-(PB) MS must be done by isotope dilution for each analyte Qualitative analysis of thermally-labile organics (e.g. N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) with library searching is feasible) 71
72 Electrospray Ionization (ESI) and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) 72
73 Electrospray Ionization (ESI) 73
74 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) 74
75 Digitoxin Confirmation 75
76 Digitoxin EI Mass Spectrum 76
77 Digitoxin ESI Mass Spectrum 77
78 Rhodamine Dyes 78
79 Rhodamine Dyes Container of Rhodamine dye discovered Rhodamine B toxic Rhodamine WT non-toxic 79
80 Rhodamine B 80
81 Unknown Rhodamine 81
82 Pesticides 82
83 Diquat & Paraquat Bipyridylium post-emergence contact herbicides Diquat dibromide and paraquat dichloride The Safe Drinking Water Act (2002) Diquat = 70 ug/l, Paraquat = 10 ug/l Provincial Water Quality Objectives (1994) Diquat = 0.5 ug/l Diquat Paraquat 83
84 Diquat/Paraquat LC-MS Diquat ( m/z) Diquat 85 ng Paraquat 100 ng Paraquat- OTFA ( m/z) 84
85 Performance Evaluation Program & Inter-laboratory Study MOE-LSB DQ/PQ PEP Program USEPA Water Sample Study WS040 Diquat Recovery (% of expected) PEP0698 PEP0399 PEP0899 PEP1299 Sample # Diquat Paraquat # of Laboratories 116 Design Value (ug/l) 14.8 Acceptable Range (ug/l) MOE-LSB Result (ug/l)
86 Purple Unknown 86
87 Purple Unknown Purple unknown found in a high school Analysis by Fourier Transform/Infrared (FT/IR) Spectroscopy in PCLS Section Tentative identification Crystal Violet Confirmation by (ESI)(MS)/MS 87
88 Crystal Violet 88
89 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) 89
90 Nonyl Phenol (NP) & Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates (NPEs) Non-ionic surfactants (endocrine disruptors) Domestic detergents & cleaners Textile industry Pulp & paper industry Need to monitor STP influent & effluent 90
91 The Plan Postulate common product ions Parent ion scans Flow injection analysis (FIA) Screening technique Collaborative work with Sciex Jeff Plomley, Yves Mouget 91
92 Proposed Fragmentation Schemes 92
93 STP Profiles 93
94 NPE congeners LC-(APCI) MS/MS Normal phase LC APCI-MS/MS 94
95 LC-(APCI)MS/MS 95
96 NPEs STP Samples Typical STP Chromatograms Typical STP Profile # of Ethoxylate Groups Influ ent Effluent 96
97 Algal Toxins 97
98 Background 1980s algal blooms responsible for taste and odour problems Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol Aesthetic problem Are there other problems associated with algal blooms? Is the drinking water safe? 98
99 Microcystins Microcystins cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) > 60 microcystins identified Most abundant congener microcystin-lr Free microcystin surface water Microcystin potential intracellular toxins Total microcystin = free + intracellular 99
100 Guidelines (Total Microcystin-LR) World Health Organization 1.0 µg/l Health Canada 1.5 µg/l Ministry of the Environment 1.5 µg/l 100
101 101
102 102
103 Surface Water Surveys >700 samples analysed by LC-(ESI) MS/MS Microcystin-LR, -RR, -YR, -LA and -LW were detected in the raw waters No microcystins were detected in the treated waters 103
104 104
105 Mass Spectrometric Techniques EI, CI, ESI, APCI molecular weight, M +., [M+H] +, [M-H] - Accurate mass determinations empirical formulae MS/MS fragmentation pathways 105
106 Disinfection By-products (DBPs) 106
107 Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds A C B D 107
108 DBP-A (EI Mass Spectrum) 108
109 DBP-A (CI Mass Spectrum) 109
110 DBP-A (EI) 110
111 DBP-A (CI) 111
112 AutoSpec-Q 112
113 AutoSpec-Q 113
114 Accurate Mass Determinations Double-focusing magnetic sector MS Time-of-flight (TOF) MS Fourier Transform (Ion Cyclotron Resonance) Mass Spectrometer [FT(ICR)MS] Need for high mass accuracy and high resolution 114
115 Fourier Transform (Ion Cyclotron Resonance) Mass Spectrometer [FT(ICR)MS] 115
116 FT(ICR)MS GC Interface Superconducting Magnet LC Interface 116
117 Applications of FT(ICR)MS Enhanced emergency response capabilities Faster analyses and turnaround times through chemical fingerprinting Identification of new and emerging environmental contaminants Enhanced method and technology development 117
118 Many Tanks for your Attention 118
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