Primitive Virtual Negative Charge

Transcription

1 Priitiv Virtual Nativ Char Kiyou Ki 1 Abstract Physical filds, such as ravity ad lctroatic fild, ar itrprtd as rsults fro rarrat of vacuu particls to t th quilibriu of t char dsity ad t ass dsity i 4-disioal coplx spac. Th, both filds should itract to ach othr i that physical itractio is cosidrd as a fild-to-fild itractio. Hc, Mass-Char itractio is itroducd with priitiv-virtual ativ char dfid for th ass. With th cocpt of Mass-Char itractio lctric quilibriu of th arth is discussd, spcially about th lctric fild ad atic fild of th arth. For usttld phoa rlatd with th arth s ravity, such as atiravity phoo, ravity aoalis duri th solar clipss, th coctio btw oatic stors ad arthquaks, tc., possibl xplaatios ar discussd. 1. Itroductio I physics, th coctio fro classical thoris to quatu thory ad thoris of rlativity is ot atural but forcd i th a of facts or phoa. To fid a loical coctio a uiqu fudatal thory was sarchd with otoloical iquiris of physical quatitis ad physical laws. With Occa s razor i id, th fudatal thory [1] was sustd to udrstad th physical thoris coprhsivly. As a odl of physical spac, 4-ditioal coplx spac was sustd, i which th Iaiary Spac of th 4-D coplx spac is filld with vacuu particls. Th vacuu particls ar cofid with a ativ ry as lik v c ad doi haroic itractios ao th. Physical objcts kp itracti with thos vacuu particls, ad physical ffcts ar ralizd throuh U (1) sytry i phoa. Th itractios with vacuu particls rsult i physical filds i ravitatio ad/or lctroatis. For a dyaic stat of physical objct, th itractios with vacuu particls ar followi th physical objct i a for of 1 kki.pv@ail.co

2 wav packt i th Iaiary Spac. Hr, th cocpt of wav packt is siilar to th pilot wav i pilot wav thory or hidd variabl thory []. Oc th itaibl rality vacuu particls -- is itroducd i physical vacuu, both thoris i physics -- quatu physics ad rlativity -- ca b udrstood coprhsivly as followi: Th wav fuctio i quatu physics is th ralizatio of physical ffcts of vacuu particls, which is th itrisic proprty of statistical atur. Lth cotractio, ti dilatio, ad ass icras i spcial thory of rlativity ar ot for th physical objct itslf but for th physical ffcts ca fro th itractios with vacuu particls. With this odl of physical spac, th Schrödir quatio i quatu physics was drivd [3]. Without loss of rality i th odl of th physical spac, th char of th vacuu particls i th Iaiary Spac ca b chad fro ativ char to positiv char. Hraftr, th vacuu particls ar supposd to hav ativ ass, such as c, positiv chars ad spis, such as i positro. Th raso for th cha of char si for vacuu particls is to adapt to th acroscopic phoo o th arth, which is th dirctio of lctric fild o th arth s surfac. As a otoloical tity udrlyi physical phoa, physical filds -- ravitatioal fild ad lctroatic fild hav a uiqu chais, i which th physical filds ar co fro th rarrat of vacuu particls throuh th itractios with th physical objct that has ass or chars. Hr, th rarrat of vacuu particls should b ad to iiiz th chas fro th quilibriu of t-ass dsity ad t-char 3 dsity i th physical spac. Physical objct with chars or ass itracts with thos vacuu particls i th Iaiary Spac, ad th rsults of itractios ar appard as physical filds i phoa. For istac, if a assiv objct is itroducd i th spac, th assiv objct attracts vacuu particls to iiiz th cha of t-ass dsity i th spac. It is th sa pricipl for chard particls as for th assiv objct. Positiv char rpulss vacuu particls ad ativ char attracts vacuu particls to iiiz th cha of t-char dsity i th spac. O th othr had, atic fild is co fro th alid spis of vacuu particls to iiiz th cha of t currt dsity for a dyaic stat of physical chars i th spac. I which th t currt dsity is cosidrd with th spis of vacuu particls ad physical currt, ad th dirctio of spi alits should b oral to th physical currt. Hr, th vacuu particl is supposd to hav a fiit siz with spii. Lortz forc also ca b xplaid with th sa rasoi as bfor. Cosidri that ravitatioal fild ad lctric fild, both hav sa otoloical titis i 4-D coplx spac ad that physical itractios ar rsults fro fild-to-fild itractios, Masschar itractio should b xistt itrisically i atur. I phoa, ravitatioal itractio is uch wakr tha lctric itractio bcaus wh a assiv objct is itroducd i th spac, th rarrat of vacuu particls is iitiatd to t a t-ass dsity quilibriu i th spac, but th chars of vacuu particls ract aaist th rarrat. Sic th ordr of aitud of vacuu particl s char is uch bir tha th t-ass as physical ass ad backroud ass i th iaiary spac. 3 t-chars as physical chars ad backroud chars i th iaiary spac.

3 ordr of aitud of its ass 4, th ffcts fro th vacuu particl s chars ar doiat i th procss of th rarrat. With this fact, it ca b xplaid why ravitatioal itractio is attractiv. I th ravitatioal itractio btw two assiv objcts, vacuu particl s char distributio is tti or stabl wh th two assiv objcts ar clos tha apart to ach othr. For a assiv objct, th quivalt char o ass-char itractio ca b dfid for th ravitatioal fild producd by th ass. Lt s a it as priitiv-virtual ativ (PVN) char. To stiat th PVN char, firstly, th itractio strths of lctrostatic itractio ad ravitatioal itractio should b copard. I 4-D coplx spac, th rarrat procss of chars ad asss of vacuu particls should b copard bcaus a fild of physical char or a fild of physical ass is ratd by th vacuu particls i th Iaiary Spac. Howvr, up to ow thr is o absolut critrio to copar th strths of physical itractios i physics althouh th strth ratio R of lctroatic itractio to ravitatioal itractio has b kow as R 10 [4]. For a rouh stiatio, thr is aothr way to stiat th PVN char o a assiv objct. As a critrio to copar th itractio strths, proto (uclo) ca b chos as th basic uits of ass ad char as followi: I uclar physics; th ass of a objct is dtrid by th ubr of uclus i th objct, ad th ass of uclus is dtrid by th ubr of uclos i th uclus, i which avra bidi ry pr uclo is lss tha 10 MV [5]. Nuclos ar proto ad utro, i which proto ( 938 MV) is alost idtical to utro p ( 939 MV) xcpt th lctric char ( q q ) [6]. Thrfor, th ass of a assiv objct p should b proportioal to th ubr of uclos i th objct i that th avra bidi ry pr uclo is ordrs sallr tha proto s ass ry ad th ass diffrc of proto ad utro is 3 ordrs sallr tha th proto s ass. Th strth ratio of ravitatioal itractio to lctrostatic itractio for proto-proto is Th ratio of fild strths (R) ad by ach proto ad its char ca b itrprtd as R ~ Hc, th ravitatioal fild strth by ass M is copard to th lctrostatic fild 0 strth by char Q ~ 10 M i its aitud ( G ~ 10 0 kc i MKSA). Sic th PVN char is ot a physical char, th coupli costat i ass-char itractio should b copard with th coupli costat i lctrostatic itractio. Cosidri that physical fild is th rsult of rarrat of vacuu particls to t th quilibriu i t-ass dsity ad t-char dsity i vacuu, th fild strth should b dtrid by th char-to-ass ratio of vacuu particls ad sourcs, such as physical ass or physical char. If th coupli costats i ravitatioal itractio ad lctrostatic itractio is xprssd usi th char-to-ass ratio R of vacuu particls, which is iv as R k c R C k, ravitatioal costat G Hr, th costats, i G ad 1 R -1 ad lctrostatic costat i k c ca b itrprtd 4 It should b bar char ad bar ass for vacuu particls; howvr, th char ad ass of positro ca b usd for a rouh stiatio. 3

4 as th sourc cotributios. Thrfor, th coupli costat i ass-char itractio ca b 1 stiatd as C c ~ kc. Icludi this ass-char coupli costat that is about 1 ordr hihr tha lctrostatic costat, th PVN char of ass M ca b stiatd as Q v [C] ~ Cpv M[k] (1) -19 at last for acroscopic phoa. Hr, th covrsio costat C 10 [C k], i which th ratio of fild strths was usd i th proto-proto itractio. Th distributio of vacuu particls for a assiv objct is siilar to th distributio for a ativ char. Althouh thr is o physical char i th ravitatioal fild, th fild itracts with lctric chars bcaus physical itractio is fild-to-fild itractio. Howvr, it is ot asy to stiat th priitiv-virtual ass for a lctric char bcaus th ffct of char of vacuu particls is uch bir tha th ffct of ass i th rarrat procss of vacuu particls, ad thus th physical lctric char caot b iord i th rarrat procss of vacuu particls. For th sa raso, ravitatioal itractio caot b substitutd to lctric itractio, ad vic vrsa. Ev thouh ay filds i physics should b rviwd with this w itrprtatio of physical itractios, first, lt us itrprt physical itractios i th Iaiary Spac. pv. Physical Itractios i Iaiary Spac First of all, w ca itrprt what is th irtial forc i Nwtoia chaics, which is kow as fictitious forc. Wh a physical objct, such as riid body, is ovi with vlocity, th physical otu for th ovi objct is xprssd as p. All of sudd, if a xtral forc is applid to th objct, thr is th irtial forc xrtd o th objct. Th aitud of irtial forc is xactly sa as th aitud of xtral forc, but i opposit dirctio to th xtral forc. Vacuu particls ar itracti with th physical objct; if th physical objct is i otio with vlocity, th itractio is followi th physical objct i a for of wav packt with otu p [1]. If a xtral forc is applid o th objct, th wav packt racts aaist th cha forcd by th xtral forc. Th ractio of th wav packt appars as th irtial forc o th physical objct. Physical forcs, such as lctric forc, atic forc, ad ravitatioal forc, i phoa ar rsults fro th forcts o th physical objct to cha th positio i spac ad ti by th physical filds, i which th physical filds ar bi chad throuh fild-to-fild itractios. By th way, stro itractio ad wak itractio, which ar ffctiv oly i short ras, ar cosidrd as spcial cass of lctroatic ad ravitatioal itractios. As tiod abov, ravitatioal fild ad lctric fild ca itract to ach othr i th physical spac. To kow if atic filds ca also itract with ravitatioal filds or ot, w d to kow 4

5 th rlatios btw th spi alits of vacuu particls ad th corrspodi atic fild sic atic fild is rlatd with spis of vacuu particls I Maxwll s quatios, th quatios still hold wh th lctric filds ad th atic filds ar xchad as E KB ad H KD ( K is a costat) i fr spac [7]. Th duality of Maxwll s quatios i phoa cosists with th ratio procss of physical filds i th 4-D coplx spac. Furthror, it is clar that thr is o atic oopol i ral. Fiur 1. Matic fild aroud a currt wir ad rarrat of vacuu particls. With a sipl cas, lt us itrprt how vacuu particls ar rarrad i th physical spac aaist a physical currt. Fi. (1) idicats th rarrat of vacuu particls ar th physical currt i a wir. I phoa, lctric filds ar oly i Z-dirctio ad atic filds ar oly i -dirctio i cylidrical coordiats. It is oticabl that th spi alit of vacuu particls is i th opposit dirctio fro th atic fild dirctio i phoa. Howvr, th vacuu particls ar pushd toward th lctric filds; th spis of vacuu particls ar alid to iiiz th ffct of th physical currt i physical spac. Th lctric fild E is proportioal to th tsio of vacuu-particl-stris i Z-dirctio, ad atic iductio B is proportioal to th spi ubr dsity i a vacuu-particl-stri that is circular closd ad cosists of spis alid i -dirctio. 5

6 If is lar ouh as 1 0, B or th spi ubr dsity i -dirctio is ivrsly proportioal to th radial distac ad dirctly proportioal to th currt I bcaus E 0 ad th siz of vacuu particl ca b iord fro a acroscopic poit of viw. Thus, atic I iductio B. Now, if thr is a backroud atic iductio B b ad th dirctio is out of papr, th spi alits of vacuu particls ar th sa as th alits i lft had sid (LHS) fro th currt I i th Fi. (1). Th ubr of spi dsity i th LHS is hihr tha i riht had sid (RHS). Rbri that th rarrat of vacuu particls is th rsult fro th ractio aaist ay cha fro th quilibriu i physical spac, thr should b a forc xrtd o th currt wir to th RHS. Th aitud of forc is proportioal to th diffrc of spi ubr dsity i both sids, i which th diffrc is dirctly proportioal to B b ad I. I lctroatis it is kow as atic forc, F ( I Bb ) l o currt wir with lth l. As abov, th aitud of atic iductio is proportioal to th spi ubr dsity i vacuuparticl-stris, but it is ot rlatd to th tsio of th stris. Bcaus atic iductio B is appard as th spi alit of vacuu particls rspodi to physical currts, th dirctio of th atic iductio B is always oral to th currt dirctio or th lctric fild rati th currt. If thr is o physical currt but a local lctric fild bi chad with ti E as 0, th rarrat of vacuu particls is aaist th cha of lctric fild. Thus, th t ubr dsity of vacuu particls is icrasi i th dirctio of th lctric fild. This rarrat of vacuu particls is qual to a local currt i th physical spac, ad thus surroudi vacuu particls ar also rspodi to th cha as alii thir spis. Hc, B E i Maxwll s quatios has th tr of vacuu displact currt as D. t If a ativ char Q xrtd o th char as 5 is ovi udr th ifluc of uifor B fild, Lortz forc is F ( Q) B i MKSA. Fi. () shows how vacuu particls rspod o th ovi char Q with th B fild. Th dirctio of atic iductio B is out of papr sic th ractio of vacuu particls is aaist th cha i physical spac. Fi. () shows that so vacuu particls ar attractd to th ativ char, ad it aks a pilot wav ovi with vlocity. With th char ovi, th lctric fild i th spac kps chai. Vacuu particls also ract aaist th cha of lctric fild to iiiz th currt ffct of th ovi char. I Fi. (), th spi ubr dsitis of vacuu particls surroudi th char ar diffrt i LHS ad RHS fro th ovi char. Th ractio of vacuu particls for this ubr dsity diffrc appars as a forc xrtd o th char, i which th forc is th Lortz forc i phoa. Th diffrc of th spi ubr dsity is dirctly proportioal to th vlocity ad backroud spi ubr dsity, which is also dirctly proportioal to th itsity of B. 5 For asy drawi ativ char was chos, ad Q 0. 6

7 Fiur. Lortz forc o a ovi char. Thr ar two possibl ways to propaat ry i physical vacuu, which is th Iaiary Subspac i 4-D coplx spac odl. O is trasvrs od ad th othr is loitudial od of vacuu-particl-stri. Th rlatio of E ad B i th trasvrs od, which is th way of liht propaatio [1], ca b udrstood with th spi ractios of vacuu particls to th lctric filds ratd by th siusoidal otio of vacuu-particl-stris. I th loitudial od; th disturbac of lctric filds is i vacuu-particl-stris ad oscillati i th loitudial dirctio. Th spis of surroudi vacuu particls ract for th disturbac ad rat atic filds aroud th vacuu-particl-stris, i which th atic filds ar also oscillati with th lctric filds. For istac, if th lctric fild is icrasi, th atic fild aroud th stri is i riht hadd dirctio to th dirctio of propaatio; if th lctric fild is dcrasi, th atic fild is i lft hadd dirctio. If a puls is cosidrd i th loitudial propaatio, a atic puls is also accopaid. If th puls is cratd with othr particl (,, tc.) that has aular otu i th loitudial dirctio, th puls should hav hlicity bcaus of ry-otu cosrvatio. If thr is o disturbac i physical spac with physical char or ass, lctric filds ad ravitatioal filds caot b distiuishd. Oc a disturbac is iv to th physical spac, basically both ods of propaatio, trasvrs od ad loitudial od, should b possibl as lo as thr is o costrait. Elctroatic itractio should b i trasvrs od sic th ti dpdt lctric filds i th spac always accopay with th cha of atic filds, ad vic vrsa. Gravitatioal itractio should b i loitudial od bcaus atic filds ar ot rlatd i dirct as i th 7

8 lctroatic itractios. Howvr, th cha of ravitatioal fild crats a cha of lctric fild ad th th cha of lctric fild ca also produc a atic fild. Wak itractio, which is o of fudatal itractios i atur, should b i loitudial od bcaus it has b kow that lctroatic itractio is hihly supprssd i th 18 itractio ra ( ~ 10 ) [4]. If wak itractio is i loitudial od, it is atural to suppos that utrio, o of ltary particls, is a loitudial puls bcaus it appars oly i wak itractio. 3. Mass-Char Itractio Followi xapl shows that ass objct ca itract with chars. I Fi. (3), thr is a sphrical shll with radius R that is ocoductiv ad has o ass. I th bii, lt us say, thr was othi (fr spac) isid th sphrical shll xcpt a qual ubr of positiv ad ativ chars just blow th surfac of th sphrical shll at radius R. Now, a ocoductiv physical objct is put at th ctr, i which th objct has ass M ad radius r i th shap of sphr. Fiur 3. Mass-char itractio i Gravity. For th ass objct, th PVN char Q is iv as Q C pv M. Hc, positiv chars ar pulld dow to th ctr ad distributd uiforly at aroud surfac of th ass objct util total aout of positiv chars Q is qual to th Q. Th, th lctric fild bcos to zro i th spac btw radius r ad radius R sic th t char isid th sphrical shll (radius R ) is zro. Th lctric fild ry dsity i th spac is also zro; hc, ravitatioal forc is also 8

9 disappard. I this procss, th work o th spac do by th PVN char to th cha i th lctric pottial ry of charq i absolut valu. Q is positiv ad qual Q 1 1 U QQ r R 8 0 () I othr words, th tsios ao vacuu particls corrspodi to th spac has b rlasd as i fr spac. If th char Q Q, th Q Q Q ad th ffctiv ass for ravitatioal forc M is Q. Th rlatio of th ffctiv ass to th lctric fild isid th sphrical shll M Q M Q E E (3) 3.1 Mass ad Chars (statioary stat) Oc th PVN char is itroducd for ass, th valuatio of lctric fild is dirct bcaus thr ar oly two kids of chars, such as positiv chars, ad ativ chars icludi th PVN chars. Th liarity, which as th suprpositio pricipl i physics, ad locality still ca b assud to b valid. O th othr had, th valuatio of ravitatioal fild is dlicat bcaus positiv chars ad ass ar ot idpdt i th fild valuatio but itracti to ach othr as show i Eq. (3). I spit of this oliarity du to th sourc-filds itractio, th ravitatioal fild ca b valuatd as lo as th locality is assud to b valid i physical fild. If th sa aout of ativ chars, istad of th positiv chars, is put at th surfac of radius r i Fi. (3), th sa ffct should b xpctd for th ravitatioal fild as bfor sic th itractio strth of PVN char to positiv char or ativ char is sa i absolut valu. Fi. (4) shows that ravitatioal fild chas with th surfac chars i Fi. (3). If thr is o lctric char o th surfac ( q ), ravitatioal fild at a radial distac d r ( d r r) dpds oly o th ass M, i which PVN char (-Q ) is iv as Q Cpv M. If positiv chars ar icrasd which ca b iducd aturally or ativ chars ar forcd o th surfac, ravitatioal fild is rducd util th ravitatioal fild ffct by th ass ( ) is disappard I Fi. (4), Q 10 dr G ( M dr G ) ; q d r k E ; q 10 d r G. If th q is ratr tha Q or lss tha Q, ravitatioal fild cos fro th ass-char itractio dirctly btw th uit ass (k) ad th xcss chars, q Q, rspctivly. 9

10 E k q Q Th dottd li i th Fi. (4) idicats lctric fild, physical char q. d r, by th PVN char ad q Q Q q Q Fiur 4. Gravitatioal fild variatio vrsus chars o th surfac i Fi. (3) Elctrostatic fild ca b xprssd by th sourc cotributios as E E E E, i which E fro positiv chars, E fro ativ chars, ad E fro th PVN char for ass. Hr, o critical assuptio is iposd as E or E is ot ratr tha E ad E 0 ; othrwis, ravitatioal fild itsity ( N k) is ordr of E ~ E i aitud. It is for th ass-char itractio wh th lctric chars ar iducd for th ravitatioal fild by ass. Bcaus of th oliarity i ass-char itractio, for istac, it ca ot b supposd that a arbitrary aout of positiv chars ad th sa aout ativ chars ca b placd o a sa positio i th physical syst, which ca b assud i classical lctrostatics. Hc, lt s sort out local lctric fild by its cotributio for ach copot i a coordiat syst as followi: 10

11 If ( E E ) 0, th lt s dfi E E ad E E ; if ( E E ) 0 ad E E, th E E E ad E 0 ; if ( E E) 0 ad E E, th E E E ad E 0. Now, if ( E E) 0, E E E E sic positiv chars ar attractiv to ass; othrwis, E E E E du to th fild itractio btw E ad E,but E E E E E sic E E i which. Howvr, E E sic ass is rpulsiv to ativ chars. For ach copot th corrctd fild E c ( i 1,, 3) is xprssd as i i i i i i E E E : if ( E E ) 0 E c i i i (4) E E E : othrwis E i i i i i i ( ) E E E (5) i sy i whr (sy ;,, ) ad 0. sy E i E i sy Howvr, thr is a corrctio factor ( f c ) fro th rlatio btw ravitatioal fild ad lctrostatic fild, which is ca fro th coupli strth ( C c ) of ass-char itractio ad iv as k f (6) c 1 c ~ ~ Cc With th corrctio factor ach copot of ravitatioal fild ad chars ca b xprssd as ach copot as or i i i c i i a physical spac havi ass ~ f E. Thrfor, th ravitatioal fild is xprssd for c i i i i i i c ( E E E ( 1,, 3 ; 0) f ) S( E, E ) E i (7) whr S( E,E ) f ( E E ) c E E, E E with th si fro sallr o. Gravitatioal fild with ass-char itractio is ot liar du to th itractio of sourc filds. Howvr, as lo as locality, cotiuity, ad soothss of physical filds ar assud to b valid, ravitatioal fild icludi ass-char itractio ca b valuatd as i Eq. (7). 11

12 Isid coductor, for xapl, thr is o lctrostatic fild for ay outsid statioary char distributio, howvr; ravitatioal fild fro outsid th coductor, is ot chad isid th coductor as lo as th coductor is isolatd ad lctrically utral bcaus iducd positiv chars o th surfac of coductor for th xtral PVN char shild th ravitatioal fild; howvr, th sa aout of ffct i th opposit dirctio is co fro th iducd ativ chars o th othr sid. E pv E it E = 0 E pv M (a) (b) Fiur 5. utral coductors or coducti plats rspodi to xtral ravitatioal filds i cass : (a) sourc of th ravitatioal fild is so far ad (b) th sourc is ar. Fi. (5) shows (a) two paralll coducti plats that is ifiitly xtdd ad coctd to ach othr ad (b) coducti slab with arby ravitatioal sourc M. If th total char o th paralll plats i (a) is zro (utral), for a xtral costat lctric fild E ) th iducd char ( pv distributio o th plats is costat as, ad th iducd char distributio produc th itral lctric fild ( E it ) to cacl out th xtral lctric fild. Howvr, if th xtral lctric fild is fro th PVN char for ass objct, ravitatioal fild is ot chad isid th plats; 50% of th ravitatioal fild itsity is rducd by distributio, but th sa aout of ffcts is addd i th opposit dirctio by distributio. Howvr, this rasoi as i cas (a) ca b ralizd to cas (b) bcaus total char i th coductor is zro. As th positiv chars i th coductor th ativ chars also hav b iducd by th xtral fild. This as that th itral lctric fild E is producd by th sa aout of it 1

13 cotributio fro th positiv chars ad th ativ chars. Hc, ravitatioal fild isid th coductor i cas (b) is ot chad as i th cas (a). If th ativ char distributio is ot chad by th xtral fild i a sphrical sytric otry as i Fi. (3), i which lctric fild isid th coductor is zro, th itral lctric fild E it is producd by th positiv chars oly. If th total char i a coductor is ot zro, ravitatioal fild isid ad outsid th coductor ca b chad. Th cha isid th coductor is th rsult of itractios with th chars i th coductor; hc, th ffct of cha ca b appard as a itral forc. Howvr, th cha of ravitatioal fild outsid th coductor should b appard as a irtial ass cha of th coductor for xtral fild. Althouh it has b still autabl ad ds or dtail ivstiatio, th itractio of ravitatioal fild with lctrostatic chars has b studid i phooloical poit of viw [8]. 3. Maxwll s quatios with ass I classical lctroatis, Maxwll s quatios dscrib th ti dpdt rlatio btw lctric fild E (lctric displact D E ) ad atic iductio B (atic fild 1 H B ). If th PVN char for ass is icludd as a sourc of th lctric fild E, atic iductio B also ca b ratd with ti dpdt E. As a sipl cas, if ass is oly sourc of th lctric fild i fr spac, E B 0 pv o B E 0 t (8) 1 B c E t J o pv c whr c is liht vlocity i fr spac, ad [C ] ~ C [k ]. To satisfy th pv pv cotiuity quatio as J pv th currt of PVN char or siply ass currt t should b icludd, which as that atic iductio B ca b ratd by ass flow. Howvr, it should b distiuishd fro th fra-drai ffcts i ral rlativity [9]. pv J pv 13

14 4. Atiravity I spit of th fact that atiravity phoa hav b kow [10], it has ot b accptd i physics bcaus ay propr xplaatio could t b foud with cotporary thoris i physics. To t a quatitativ xplaatio about th atiravity phoa th chaical proprtis ad thral proprtis of th cofid vacuu particls i th Iaiary Spac should b kow. Howvr, a qualitativ xplaatio is possibl. Cosidri that ravitatioal fild ad lctroatic fild ar oriiatd with uiqu chais i th 4-D coplx spac, two distictiv filds i phooloy ca itract to ach othr. 4.1 Paralll Plat Capacitor O a physical objct -- ass or char -- itroducd i th physical spac, th ractio of th cofid vacuu particls i th Iaiary Spac is to t w quilibriu i th spac. I othr words, vacuu particls try to ov fro hih dsity rio to low dsity rio for t-ass dsity ad t-char dsity. As a sipl ad idal cas, lt us assu that lctric fild dos ot xist outsid capacitor but xist isid uiforly. Thus, th outsid is alost fr spac xcpt ravitatioal filds. If th lastic proprty of vacuu particls is corrspodd to budls of stris o ach of which vacuu particls ar coctd, th ubr dsity of vacuu particls isid of capacitor is sallr tha th ubr dsity outsid bcaus th diffrc of ubr dsity is appard as th lctric forc btw th capacitor plats. Th stri tsio isid is tti hihr with icrasi lctric pottial ry. Th lctric pottial ry dsity i th capacitor, u is rlatd as F 1 1 u E (8) S Hr, F S is lctric forc pr uit ara, is surfac char dsity, ad is volu ubr dsity of vacuu particl. Thrfor, th corrspodi distributio of vacuu particls isid th capacitor is siilar to th distributio ad by a ativ assiv objct. Lt us suppos that th ubr dsity of vacuu particls is rducd alo th dirctio of lctric fild ( E ). Th, lt us thik o stri of vacuu particls, which is coctd btw th two paralll plats of capacitor. With icrasi E, th tsio of th stri is also icrasd, ad th ubr dsity of vacuu particls i th stri is rducd. If th volu ubr dsity of vacuu particls is rducd with a ratio x as x, th corrspodi tsio is icrasd x ast x xt. Hr, T is th stri tsio ad is volu ubr dsity udr ravity. 14

15 15 Th diffrc of tsio btw outsid ad isid capacitor rsult i th lctric forc btw th capacitor plats. Thus, 1) ( T x u s with Eq. (8). Hr, s is stri ubr dsity o th surfac that is paralll to th capacitor plats. 1 1 T u s x (9) Howvr, kd T ( k : spri costat, d : sparatio distac of vacuu particls udr ravity). If 0 d is th sparatio distac of vacuu particls ad 0 T is th stri tsio i fr spac, 0 c d d T sic 0 d c k [1]. If th ubr dsity diffrc is dfid as x, c u d d c u d d s s 0 c u d d s. (10) For th ordr of stiatio, if a sipl cubic structur is usd for th distributio of vacuu particls; ~ d, 0 1 ~ d d, ad 0 1 ~ d s. Hc, 0 d d c u. (11) Howvr, it is stiatd as 0 ad 0 d d. Th raso is as followi. Sic ravitatioal fild is copard with a PVN char Q, lt us thik a sphrical coducti shll with radius r, ad char Q is uiforly distributd o surfac of th shll. Isid th coducti shll, 0 is corrspodd; outsid, is corrspodd. Th prssur o th coducti shll is co fro th diffrc of tsio i vacuu particl stris isid ad outsid of th shll as r Q p (1)

16 s T k d d ). (13) s ( 0 Hr, k is spri costat; d 0 is sparatio distac of vacuu particls i fr spac; ad, d is sparatio distac udr ravity at th radius r. Fro Eq.(1) ad Eq.(13), Q d c r d d 0 0 (14) c sic k. d 0 If th paralll plat capacitor is o th arth, 6 arth, r Fro Eq. (14), 5 Q 6 10 C with Eq. (1) ad th radius of th d d d, 3 whr, d 0 ~ 10 [11]. Thus, d ~ d 0, ad ~ Thrfor, Eq.(11) ca b xprssd as 0. u. (15) c So vacuu particls ar pushd out of th capacitor as a ractio to th lctric pottial ry supplid. Sic ach vacuu particl i fr spac is cofid with c, th ubr of xplld vacuu particls is dirctly proportioal to th lctric pottial ry. Isid th capacitor is i w quilibriu with xtral lctric filds, but it is ot i quilibriu with ravitatioal filds. Sic th vacuu particl ubr dsity has b rducd isid of th capacitor, th capacitor is corrspodd to (or siply cotais) lss ativ ass i physical vacuu, which is siilar to th cas of ativ ass objct. Thrfor, th capacitor has atiravity ffcts. It is ot asy to assi a PVN ass for this cas, but a buoyat forc ca b stiatd as u M V (16) c Hr, M is total ass diffrc i physical vacuu, which is copard with outsid of th capacitor with sa volu of spac (V ). O th surfac of th arth ravitatioal acclratio is alost costat as 9. 8 ( s ). Th, th buoyat forc is 16

17 That is F U. (17) c b 16 F [ N] 10 U [ J ]. (18) b Idd, thr is th atiravity ffct, but it is so sall to b asurd i th cas of paralll plat capacitor. 5. Elctric ad Matic Filds of th Earth 5.1 Natural lctric fild of th arth It has b kow that th arth s atural lctric fild xists, ad th dirctio of th fild is poiti to th ctr of th arth. Th itsity of th lctric fild varis with atosphric coditios ad also dpds o placs ad th ti of day for th asurts, but th axiu ordr of aitud is as E 100 ~ 00 (N/C) [1]. If th priitiv-virtual ativ (PVN) char is stiatd for th arth, th PVN char 5 19 Q is ~ 610 C with th PVN costat ( C 10 [C k] ) i Eq. (1), ad th arth s 4 pv ass ( ~ 6 10 k). Sic th radius of th arth is about 6378 k, th lctric fild o th arth s surfac is stiatd as E ~ 130 (N C) with poiti dowward. It is cosistt with th asurts i th ordr of aitud. I fact, th lctric fild o th arth is dtrid ot oly by th PVN char of th arth but also by th char distributios isid th arth ad i atosphr. I th viw of lctrical proprty th arth s atosphr ca b dividd by platary boudary layr (PBL) up to a fw k abov th roud, low atosphr, ioosphr ( k), ad atosphr. Th ioosphr is dividd by D, E, F1, ad F layr, ad th ai ioizatio sourc is th solar UV radiatio ad cosic rays. Th diural variatios i total lctro ubr dsity (TEC) ad lctrical coductivity i ioosphr ar affctd aily by th solar radiatio. Th avra lif ti for th ioizd particls dpds o th rcobiatio procss ad chical copositio i ach layr; hc, th avra lif ti i E-layr ad F-layr, for xapl, is ~30 sc ad a fw hours, rspctivly. Howvr, lctrical rlaxatio ti ( ), which is dirctly 4 proportioal to th lctrical coductivity, is ~ 10 sc at 70 k i ioosphr ad icrasi with hiht. I low atosphr, is 4 sc at 18 k ad 5-40 i at 10 abov th roud. O th 5 othr had, th rlaxatio ti o th arth s surfac is ~ 10 sc [13]. 17

18 Owi to th PVN chars of th su, th arth, ad othr plats i solar syst, th lctric quilibriu stat d to b cosidrd prior to th dyaic stat ad th atic ffct i MHD approxiatio. It ca b supposd that th arth is irsd i a vry thi plasa sa udr th itrplatary atic fild (IMF) i spac. Oc th su s PVN ffct is cosidrd, so positiv chars fro th outr spac should b iducd o th suy sid of th arth ad ativ chars ar pushd back furthr alosid th ravitatioal utral surfac btw th su ad th arth. Howvr, it is dsirabl to cosidr th char distributio isid th arth s syst bcaus th coductivity i th itrplatary spac is uch lowr tha th arth s ioosphr. If thr is ay xcss char distributio i th atosphr, th xcss char distributio should ov to th lowst boudary of th atosphr or to outr spac. If th coductivity i th itrplatary spac is iord, th outward xcss char distributio should b at th top of th ioosphr. Ths xcss char distributios at th lowst boudary of th atosphr ad th top of th ioosphr should b distortd du to th solar PVN ffct. To ak a sipl approach, lt s suppos that aily th ioosphr of th arth is affctd by th PVN chars fro outr spac ad th arth itslf. I th viw of th lctrostatic quilibriu, th lowst boudary of th atosphr ca b st as th low boudary of ioosphr i that th coductivity of PBL is so low ad clos to a isulator. Howvr, th lctric fild i low atosphr is dpdt to PBL char distributio lctrod ffct -- ad th tlluric char distributio, i which th tlluric char distributio is affctd by th ioosphric char distributio to iiiz th xtral PVN ffcts. Hr, th tlluric chars ar th sourc of tlluric currt [14] ad assud as ostly lctros. Althouh th ffct of th solar PVN o th arth is sall copard with th ffct of arth s PVN, th aout of iducd chars o th top of th ioosphr -- boudary btw th arth ad th outr spac -- is ot sall but v bir tha th arth s PVN. Usi th kow data (solar ass : ~.0 10 k, th distac fro th arth : ~ , 6 ad th arth s radius : ~ ) if th lctric shildi ffct by th itrstllar spac plasa is iord, th total aout of iducd chars o th top of th ioosphr ca b rachd up to C o th top of th ioosphr. It ca b supposd that th aout of chars iducd by th solar PVN o th arth is bi ouh to distort th sphrical sytric char distributio by th arth s PVN. Hr, th ffct of th oo o th arth is iorabl sic th ravitatioal fild itsity by th oo is about ordrs sallr tha th su. If two sids of th arth daysid ad iht sid ar copard, at th top of th ioosphr thr should b a t xcss positiv char distributio o daysid ad a t xcss ativ char distributio o iht sid. Howvr, th arth s ioosphr is far fro a prfct coductor but ca b assud as a ohic coductor. At th low boudary of th ioosphr, o th othr had, thr should b a t xcss positiv char distributio o iht sid. O daysid i th low boudary of ioosphr; howvr, thr should b a t xcss ativ char distributio that is corrspodi to th positiv char distributios i PBL (icludi tlluric char distributio) ad at th top of th ioosphr. If th lctric fild itsity at th bas 6 of throsphr is E ~ 10 V [15] with dowward dirctio, a t xcss positiv char 18

19 distributio ca b cratd at th botto of th low boudary of ioosphr with th t xcss ativ char distributio at th top. Furthror, th atosphric hiht of th low boudary of ioosphr ca b variabl accordi to th t xcss char distributios o daysid ioosphr. It ca b said, at last, that TEC at iht sid i th low boudary of ioosphr is lowr tha th TEC at daysid. I th viw fro th outr spac (or i hlioctric coordiat syst), th arth s atosphr is rotati with th arth ad, thus, th lctric char distributio i th atosphr kps bi chad duri th day ad iht du to th solar PVN. I th low atosphr icludi PBL, th variatio of char dsity is sall duri th day du to th low coductivity. Howvr, tlluric chars rspod for th ioosphric variatio istad of th low atosphr. This as that th solar PVN affct ot oly o th char distributio i th low boudary ad th uppr boudary of ioosphr but also o th tlluric char distributio of th arth. To iiiz th solar PVN ffct i th low atosphr th tlluric chars ar attractd toward th suy sid. Ev thouh th lctrical coductivity is so low i th low atosphr, lctrical coductio procss is tak slowly fro th low boudary of ioosphr, PBL, ad to th surfac of 1 th arth, i which th coductio currt is ~ 10 A. Hc, thr should b a t xcss positiv char distributio o th iht sid at th low boudary of ioosphr of th arth, ad thr should b rlativly or tlluric chars o daysid tha iht sid. Fro th facts that D ad E layrs ar disappard ad that F1 ad F layrs ar cobid at iht, th low boudary of ioosphr ca b thouht as th D-layr ad so part of E-layr. O th daysid of th arth, lctrical coductivity is icrasd i uppr atosphr du to th solar radiatio (UV) ad i th low atosphr aily by th tpratur icrts i th air ad of th arth s surfac. For istat, th coductivity at 300 k abov roud starts icrasi about o hour bfor th suris o th roud, ad positiv chars kp bi iducd to th top of ioosphr. Narby th zro dr of solar zith al; th lctrical coductivity should b axiizd. Th positiv char dsity has b icrasd at th top of ioosphr; th, th ativ char dsity at th low boudary of ioosphr ad th tlluric char dsity bco to lowr tha i th ori. Furthror, ths char distributios ar ovi fro East to Wst lik stady currts i a arth-fixd coordiat syst. It rsults i a ativ char accuulatio bfor th solar oo at th low boudary of ioosphr du to th lctrical coductivity that is tti sallr fro East to Wst. Th tlluric chars rspod for th variatio of char dsity i th low boudary of ioosphr, ad build up riht blow th char accuulatio i th low boudary of ioosphr. Hc, lctric fild o th surfac of th arth has a pak bfor th solar oo althouh it dpds o latituds ad sasos of th arth. O iht sid of th arth; o th othr had, thr should b th t xcss positiv char distributio i th low boudary of ioosphr ad rlativly lss tlluric char dsity copard 19

20 to daysid. Howvr, th char dsity at th PBL ad th lctrical coductivity i th atosphr kp bi rducd duri iht du to th tpratur drop ad o dirct solar radiatio; thus, th tlluric char dsity is also rducd, ad th lctric fild o th surfac of th arth is tti rducd at iht. Th char distributio at th low boudary of ioosphr is shiftd to th East du to th arth s rotatio ad th rducd coductivity at iht. This as that thr should b rlativly or ativ chars o Wst sid ad or tlluric chars iducd to th Wst. It ca ak aothr, but sall, pak of th lctric fild o th arth s surfac. I th viw fro a arth-fixd coordiat syst ths char distributios kp ovi fro East to Wst. With th Coriolis ffct i th rotati syst, diural variatios of ioosphr, arth s atic fild, ad tlluric currts also should b corrlatd to th diural variatio of th arth s atural lctric fild. Althouh abov qualitativ rasoi caot b ouh to xplai for th diural ad sasoal variatios of th arth s atural lctric fild bcaus ay physical ffcts should b cosidrd tothr v i a fair wathr ad solar quit (Sq) coditio, th ral pattr of diural variatio ca b xplaid siply by cosidri of th lctric quilibriu with PVN chars of th su ad th arth. 5. Goatic fild To xplai th orii of th arth s ai atic fild that is approxiatly a atic dipol, thr hav b ay thoris sustd. Espcially, dyao thory [16] ss to hav b cocrd uch; howvr, it is vry difficult to udrstad th thory itslf, of cours, i prso. Th thory ds a sd atic fild to iitiat whol chais that aks lctric currts flowi aroud th cor of th arth. Ev thouh th sd atic fild i th dyao thory is possibl without a xtral sourc owi to th arth s rotatio with itroduci th PVN chars of th arth, i which th dsity of char should b proportioal to th dsity of ass, aothr altrativ chais ca b spculatd as followi; howvr, a dtail ivstiatio is still raid op. At th bii, a lar swirli bula had its ow PVN char Q ad aular otu ry; hc, thr was a priordial atic fild. With th atic fild th swirli chard particls i plasa stat wr tti sparatd -- dyao procss, i which positiv ios wr attractd to th ctr of th atic fild ad ativ chars ostly lctros wr pushd outward. Th ass dsity at th ctr of th atic fild was tti icrasd, ad th procss of char sparatio was slow but cotiud. Th dsity of ativ char distributio at outost layr of th priordial arth should b proportioal to Q r, which is th sourc of sd atic fild. If a icrt factor pv 4,,, r, r is iv as,,, f M r fro th rlatio of forc quilibriu btw Lortz forc 0

21 ad lctrostatic forc, th iducd char dsity id ~ pv f. Th iducd char distributio should b a oblat shap as show i Fi. (6) du to th dirctio of Lortz forc. Hc, it is id supposd that ~ pv f M, r,, r, r,,, si. Hr, M is th arth s ass; r, th radius of priordial arth;, aular spd of th arth s rotatio; r ad r ar rlativ prittivity ad rlativ prability isid th arth, rspctivly. Also, ay othr variabls i atohydrodyaic (MHD) should b icludd i th fuctio of icrt factor. Aai, ths additioal iducd chars producd additioal atic fild; i tur, th additioal atic fild ratd aothr iducd chars. As lo as Ohic loss was ovrco ad lctric coductivity was ot zro, th procss of char sparatio was cotiud util th arth had b coold dow. Th variabls, such as r,,, tc., ar ti-dpdt i that pv, r, r th procss of oatic fild cratio should had tak a lo ti. If th icrt factor is sall ouh to ak a approxiatio, total iducd chars ca b xprssd as ( ) ~ o si ( ), i which N o ~ pv xp f i. (19) i N is th ubr of itratio procss, ad Q R at prst arth. Ev thouh a dtail pv ~ 4 ivstiatio usi atohydrodyaics (MHD) is still raid op, it shows how th char sparatio is possibl duri th priod of plat foratio i Eq. (19). Oc oatic fild was cratd, it should hav b aitaid with virotal situatio. It has b kow that th arth has layrs, such as ir cor, outr cor, atl, ad crust. Lt us suppos that lctrical ioizatio is possibl i liquid stat rios, outr cor ad so rio i lowr atl. Th, positiv ios should hav a distributio fro outr cor to lowr atl sic th positiv ios ar attractiv to th ctr of th arth. Howvr, ativ ios (aily lctros) ovd outward; bca to for a arrow distributio, for xapl, i Moho (Mohorovicic Discotiuity) layr btw uppr atl ad th crust v thouh how th lctros could ov throuh th solidifid ad ocoductiv atrials iht b aswrd i th history of th arth. Lik brachs of a tr, ay coductiv passas ca b ford fro th ativ char distributio to ar th arth s surfac ad also to th cor rio. Hc, this iducd ativ char distributio ca b itrprtd as o of th sourcs for tlluric currts. Du to th arth s rotatio ad th distributio of PVN char of th arth, atic dipol ot 14 xist as ~ Q R T ~ 10 (A ) with poiti oraphic south pol, i which pv ~ C pv M Q, R is th radius of arth at prst, ad T is th priod of rotatio. As lo as th arth s rotatioal spd is ot chad, th atic fild fro th dipol ot ca b cosidrd as lik a costat xtral atic fild. 1

22 North South Fiur (6) Matic ad lctric filds isid th arth Fro th priordial dyao procss, if th arth has iducd chars Q abov ir cor ad Q blow th crust, ths char distributio should hav b aitaid with oatic fild of th arth. As show i Fi. (6), th iducd char distributios ar ot sphrical but rathr b oblat to ak th balac with Lortz forc. Two lctric quadrupol ots bco to xist i th positiv char distributio at aroud th outr cor (rd) ad ativ char distributio blow th crust (blu) as show i Fi. (6) that iht b th arth s oatic filds aftr th priordial procss. Th dottd lis idicat lctric filds oly by th iducd char distributios. If th aituds of two quadrupol ots ar sa xcpt th sis, lctric filds i th atosphr of th arth (outsid) is ascribd to oly th PVN char. I th viw fro outsid th arth (irtial fra), rotati two quadrupol ots rat two atic dipol ots; howvr, th aular otu ry of th priordial arth should had b rducd du to a backward torqu, which is th ractio aaist th char sparatio ad th atic fild ratio isid ad outsid th arth. If th aular otu ry of th

23 arth was ot bi ouh to ovrco th backward torqu, th rotatio of th arth should hav b disappard du to th ry dissipatio throuh ohic loss ad thral ry ratd i th diu isid th arth wh th atic fild was ratd. Oc th atic filds of th arth has b stabilizd ad ti-idpdt i a irtial fra (o-rotati fra); th, E 0. Sic th atic fild ca b assud that it has axial sytry that as B ( r,, ) 0, th sa aout of atic fild strth should b asurd o th arth s surfac (rotati fra). Th ravitatioal fild isid th arth fro th outr cor to udr th crust -- is also affctd by th iducd chars sic th aout of iducd chars ar uch bir tha th PVN char Q. As show i Fi. (4), th ravitatioal fild should b proportioal to th lctric fild itsity as ~ C pv E, which as that ravitatioal forc isid th arth is practically iorabl. Istad, thral ad atic prssurs should b th doiat factors to aitai th quilibriu stat isid th arth. Sic two atic fild sourcs xist isid th arth with diffrt dirctios, i which o is poiti oraphical orth ad th othr is poiti oraphical south at th ctr of th arth as show i Fi. (6), th atic prssur pushs up th arth s crust ad pushs dow th cor rio. Hc, th rotatio of th cor rio ad its traslatioal oscillatios ar tti or flxibl i that th cor rio bco isolatd fro surroudi diu du to th atic prssur. If thr is a ubalacd forc isid th arth, th rotatioal axis of th cor rio ca b tiltd to t a or stabl stat as of today. I that cas, th rotatio of th arth ts fastr owi to th aular otu cosrvatio; th, it aks or atic prssur o th cor rio ad lads to aothr tastabl stat. As show i Fi. (6), thr ar two atic dipol ots, o of which is fro positiv char distributio i outr cor (ir part); th othr, fro ativ char distributio blow th arth crust (outr part). If th char distributio i th outr part is iv as ( ) ~ o si ( ), th atic dipol ot 1 outr ~ Q R, i which Q 8 o 3 R. Oc oatic fild was cratd ad stabilizd, th atic fild ad th arth s rotatioal priod ca b assud as costats; th, th iducd char Q should b proportioal to Q ad R bcaus Q is th iitiati factor rati th priordial atic fild ad R is rlatd to th vlocity tr i th xprssio of Lortz forc. Thrfor, w ca st as Q R R ) Q ( rf with a costat R rf. Hr, Rrf ca b dfid as a liit o which th ffct of Lortz forc is iorabl ad oly lctrostatic forc is ffctiv. Hc, outr ~ Rrf Q R with poiti 3 R R with poiti orth, which as 3 ordrs south. O th othr had, ir ~ cor outr sallr tha is stiatd as outr. Usi th PVN costat i Eq. (1), th atic dipol ot of th arth 3

24 M R 3 19 ~ 10 Rrf (0) T with poiti south. Th proportioal costat i Eq. (0) has th disio of apr pr uit chaical otu. It shows that th atic dipol ot is proportioal to ass, volu, ad aular vlocity of th arth. Th costat paratr R rf i Eq.(0) should b rlatd with throdyaic paratrs isid th arth; thus, it ca b diffrt for ach plat. Nvrthlss, lt s suppos R as a attr of covic. rf to b a uit lth 6 R ; ir cor radius [17]; T With kow data about th arth, such as sc; 4 1 M k, th arth s atic dipol ot ~ A. It is about 1 ~ 810 A. ordr sallr tha th data [18] rportd as I Fi. (7), atic dipol ots for plats i solar syst ar copard with data [18]. Th priordial atic dipol ots (PMD i th fiur) has a siilar pattr to th data (NASA) 7 8 with ratios fro 10 to 10. Th ratio of data (NASA) to th stiatd atic dipol ots (EMD) is show i (RATIO) i th fiur. Sic th data (NASA) should b basd o atic fild asurts aroud plats, th ffct of atic suscptibility for frroatic atrials -- for xapl, iro rich atrials isid th plat -- should b cosidrd as a hact factor of th EMD. If th tpratur isid th plat is abov Curi tpratur, T c, for istac, T 1043 c K ( 770 o C ) for iro, it is ot possibl to xpct th hact factor. As a rfrc, th Moho tpratur of th arth has b stiatd abov or clos to th Curi tpratur. Hc, so iro-rich atrials oly i th crust of th arth cotribut to th hact factor. Th stiatio for th plat Mrcury ds ordr of th hact factor. Sic th iro cor of rcury cotais 50% 75% of th plat ass ad it is v olt [19], or iro rich atrials i th crust of Mrcury tha of th arth ca b xpctd ad/or siply th tpratur isid th rcury ca b lowr tha th arth. I cotrast, th ratio (RATIO) is lss tha o for Jovia plats, such as Jupitr, Satur, Uraus, ad Nptu i th Fi. (7). It iplis that th itrior structur ad copositio of Jovia plats (or as iats) should b diffrt fro trrstrial plats (lik Earth). First, Jovia plat has ot a solid surfac but liquid or as with dcrasi dsity, ad it has b kow that th plat s itrior cosists of H, H, ad H copouds. Th atic fild dirctio of Jovia plats is alid i th rvrs dirctio of th Earth s. 4

25 Matic Dipol ots (SI) 1.0E E+7 1.0E+4 1.0E+1 1.0E E E+1 1.0E E E E E-03 Mrcury Earth Jupitr Satur Uraus Nptu NASA 3.76E E+ 1.60E+7 4.3E E+4.08E+4 EMD.944E E E E E E+4 PMD 3.848E+10.86E E E E E+17 RATIO 1.8E E+01.63E E E-01.47E-01 Fiur (7) Matic dipol ots of plats It has b sustd i thoris ad xprits [0] as followi: Thr should b a liquid tal hydro layr, which is a xotic stat of hydro udr xtrly hih prssur isid Jovia plats. Th liquid tal hydro layr is xtdd fro cor (if ay) to liquid olcular hydro layr with a trasitio zo (if possibl). Th liquid olcular hydro layr is cosidrd as a isulator, but liquid tal hydro layr is supposd to hav suprcoductivity. If th itrior copositio of th Jovia plats is ad of th liquid tal hydro layr ad th liquid olcular hydro layr, th char sparatio is iitiatd by th priordial atic fild. Howvr, th sparatd or dtachd lctros fro th liquid tal hydro layr hav o cotributio to th atic fild icrt bcaus th rsistac of suprcoductor is zro; hc, th lctros caot follow th plat rotatio. Oly positiv chars i th liquid tal hydro layr cotribut to th icrt of plat s atic fild. Hc, th ratio of NASA to EMD for Jovia plats as that th liquid tal hydro layr should b xtdd up to 0.64 R i Jupitr ad 0.35 R i Satur, for istac. S J 5

26 6. Earth s Gravity ad Elctric Equilibriu I th viw of 4-D coplx spac, ravitatioal fild ad lctric fild ar ot iutabl by ach othr but ca b chad throuh th itractio with ach othr. I othr words, a spatial ad ti variatio of ravitatioal fild is rlatd with th corrspodi spatial ad ti variatio of lctric fild; th variatio of lctric fild is also rlatd to th variatio of atic fild i th spac. Thrfor, ravitatioal fild, lctric fild, ad atic fild i physical spac, thy ar corrlatd to o aothr. Th arth is i lctrical quilibriu stat btw isid th arth ad outr spac aily th su throuh th atosphr. Th quilibriu is supposd to b aitaid slowly throuh th atosphr ad th arth s surfac or abruptly, sotis, throuh sudd activitis such as arthquaks, volcao ruptios, svr thudr stors, tc. It has b kow that atural phoa i atosphr ad isid th arth hav rlatios with lctric fild variatios ad/or atic fild variatios [1] o th arth, ad th Su s activitis []. 6.1 Gravitatioal aoalis Local ravitatioal fild o th arth is affctd by th xtral ravity sourcs, such as th su, oo, tc. As lik th itrior chars of a coductor, th ioosphric ad tlluric chars rspod for th xtral ravitatioal fild. Howvr, th ioosphr of th arth is ot a prfct coductor; althouh it is a ior fluctuatio, local ravitatioal fild o th arth is also affctd by trasit ffcts of tlluric (fro Moho layr ad up to th surfac), platary boudary layr (PBL), ad ioosphric char distributios. O xapl is show i th asurt of ravitatioal costat G [3], i which th costat G caot b asurd with hih accuracy. I othr words, th costat G caot b dtrid or tha 3 diits aftr dcial i th asurt. Furthror, if a abruptly forcd local disturbac, for xapl, is occurrd i atosphr, th rspos is diffrt i ach layr of ioosphr ad fro tlluric chars du to th diffrt lctrical coductivitis [13]. Ths diffrt rsposs ca rsult to a tporal ravitatioal aoaly i local ara o th arth. Ev thouh th aitud of ravity variatios duri solar clipss is so sall (~ 10 s ), th variatio of ravity is causd by th solar clips ad it has ot b xplaid clarly last half ctury [4]. Duri th solar clips, ot oly a sudd dcras of th strth of vrtical ravity 8 (10-1 al [5], 5-7 al [6], 1al 10 /s ) is obsrvd bfor th first cotact ad aftr th fourth cotact, but also th tilt of th appart vrtical dirctio is obsrvd [7]. Sic th oo blocks th solar radiatio, it hav b rportd that total lctro cott (TEC) i ioosphr is rducd as uch as 0%-50% [8]. As a corrlatio to th chas i ioosphr, th variatios of atosphric lctroatic fild also hav b rportd [9]. It has b kow that th lctric coductivity arby th arth s surfac is icrasd o th clips rio, whil lctric pottial radit is rducd. 8 6

27 Su xosphr Moo ioosphr PBL Earth D-layr Earth (a) (b) Fiur (8) : (a) iducd chars i ioosphr, PBL, ad udrroud for xtral ravitatios; ad (b) th schatic drawi of th char distributios duri th solar clips. Althouh it is still basd o a thortical spculatio, th ravitatioal aoaly duri th solar clips ca b xplaid qualitativly as followi: Fi. (8-a) is for th schatic drawi for th solar clips with assui that th ioosphr ad th tlluric char distributio ca b approxiatd usi coducti paralll plats. It shows t xcss positiv char distributio i th uppr boudary of ioosphr ad t xcss ativ char distributio i th low boudary. Thr ar positiv char distributio i PBL ad th tlluric char distributio udrroud. Th aout of iducd positiv chars by th luar PVN is ~ 10 C to th luar sid i th uppr boudary of ioosphr, i which th aout of iducd chars by th luar PVN is about 4 ordrs sallr tha th solar PVN. Hc, th ravitatioal aoaly should b causd ot by th luar PVN ffct but by th lctrical coductivity chas wh th oo blocks th solar radiatio. Th rspos i PBL du to th solar clips is uch sall copard to th rsposs of ioosphric layrs sic th ioizatio procss i PBL is ot dirctly rlatd to th solar radiatio ad th lctrical coductivity i th PBL uch sallr tha i th ioosphr, i which th rlaxatio ti is ~ 10 sc arby th surfac but ~ 4 sc at 18 k ad ~ 10-4 sc at 70 k [13]. 7