Ion-beam techniques. Ion beam. Electrostatic Accelerators. Van de Graaff accelerator Pelletron Tandem Van de Graaff
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1 Ion-beam techniques RBS Target nucleus Ion beam STIM RBS: Rutherford backscattering ERD: Elastic recoil detection PIXE: Particle induced x-ray emission PIGE: Particle induced gamma emission NRA: Nuclear reaction analysis STIM: Scanning Transm. Ion Microscopy SE: Secondary emission CH: Channeling PIXE SE PIGE TECHNIQUE ION BEAM ENERGY (MeV) Electrostatic Accelerators Van de Graaff accelerator Pelletron Tandem Van de Graaff PIXE H RBS 4 He +, H + 2 ERD 35 Cl+, 20 Ne+ 3 He+, 4 He NRA H+, D M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
2 Some literature on ion beam analysis PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis Sven A. E. Johansson and John L. Campbell Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, 1988 Materials Analysis using a Nuclear Microprobe M B H Breese, D N Jamieson and P J C King Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, 1996 Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Materials Analysis Edited by Joseph R. Tesmer and Michael Nastasi Publisher: Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1995 Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry Edited by Rene E. Van Grieken and Andrzej A. Markowicz Publisher: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2nd Edition, 2002 M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
3 Experimental Setup for Ion Beam Analysis Ge(Li) γ-ray detector (for PIGE) Vacuum Chamber Electrostatic Accelerator H,...,U (ev - MeV) Ion beam Collimators Target Faraday cup Annular particle Detector (for RBS) Detectors: ΔE Si (Li) ev Ge (high purity) ev Si (drift chamber) ev Crystal spectrometer 1 ev Si (Li) x-ray detector (for PIXE) Annular particle detector (for ERDA) M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
4 Electrostatic Accelerator Ion source E field Vacuum Vessel Ion beam Target High Voltage Generator Ground Kinetic particle energy: E kin = q U = Ze U Van de Graaff: U 10 MV Tandem: U 20 MV Tandem Pelletron: U 30 MV M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
5 Van de Graaff accelerator 10 MV ΔE/E µa M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
6 Tandem van de Graaff accelerator Electron stripping in carbon foil: -e +N e M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
7 Pelletron charging system Pelletron Tandem DC voltage: 30 MV Pelletron Rubber belt is replaced by a chain of short conductive rods connected by insulating links. Can be operated at much higher velocity than a belt, so both the voltage and currents attainable are higher than a conventional Van de Graaff machine. M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
8 USP 8UD Pelletron tandem accelerator Beam energies available at Tsukuba 12UD Pelletron tandem M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
9 TYPICAL ION BEAMS AND INCIDENT ENERGIES USED IN VARIOUS ION BEAM TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUE ION BEAM ENERGY (MeV) PIXE H RBS 4 He +, H + 2 REMARK Maximum sensitivity in atomic ranges 10<Z<35 and 75<Z<85 Non-Rutherford scattering becomes significant for energy >2 MeV ERDA 35 Cl+, 20 Ne+ 3 He+, 4 He Mass of incident ion must be greater than that of target nucleus. 3 He+ and 4 He+ are used only for the measurement of H. NRA H+, D Reactions used include (p,g) (p,p'g), (p,ag), (d,p), (d,pg) M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
10 Proton Induced X-ray Emission = PIXE Energy Lund Institute of Technology Bohr: 3s M 1 2p MeV proton 2s 1s K α L 2,3 L 1 hν K K α -line hν Z E(Kα) (kev) 8 O Ca Zr Yb U M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
11 PIXE System (Harvard) PIXE Spectra M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
12 PIXE microscope Sample Quadrupole lens multiplet forms image of aperture on sample X-ray spectrometer MeV ion beam Scan coils Raster generator Aperture M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
13 Nuclear microprobe PIXE elemental maps from 400 mm x 400 mm scan over a section of a lung tissue taken from a patient suffered from hard metal lung disease: P S Ca Ti Fe W M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
14 PIXE features All elements with Z > 14 (Si) (Kα= KeV) can be analyzed. For instance in biological samples the concentrations of about 15 elements are normally determined simultaneously. The method is fast. A typical irradiation lasts about 10 min. Highly sensitive: Concentrations of elements down to a few 100 ppb (10-8 ) can be measured. The spatial resolution of the beam is 1 mm. The penetration depth in a solids: ~ 100 µm; allows determinations of elemental distributions or profiles High accuracy: relative errors are between 1-10 % Small-size samples few mg Non-destructive technique: This enables analyses of precious objects, e.g. ancient coins or paintings. M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
15 Neutron sources Competition to PIXE: Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Nuclear reactors Nuclear reactions 3H(p,n)3He, 6Li(p,n)6Be, 7Li(p,n)7Be, 9Be(p,n)9B, Radioisotopes Spontaneous fission Cf-252 (α,n) reactions e.g. 241 Am:Be 109 Ag+n 110 Ag* 110 Cd+ γ (658 KeV) 14 N+n 15 N* 15 N+ γ (10.8 MeV) M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
16 Neutron Activation Analysis Gamma spectrum Sensitivity (picograms) Elements 1 Dy, Eu 1 10 In, Lu, Mn Au, Ho, Ir, Re, Sm, W 100 1E3 Ag, Ar, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Er, Ga, Hf, I, La, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb 1E3 1E4 1E4 1E5 1E5 1E6 1E7 Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg, Kr, Gd, Ge, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Rh, Ru, Sr, Te, Zn, Zr Bi, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pt, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, Xe, Y F, Fe, Nb, Ne Pb, S M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
17 RBS - Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ERD Elastic recoil detection Coulomb repulsion between high energy incident ions and target nuclei E = E E θ M 1 E 1 = E 0 K = E 0 cosθ ( M ) 1 / M 2 sin θ 2 ( ) M / M p, α φ E 0 2 MeV M 2 4M1M 2 E2 = E0Λ = E0 cos 2 ( M1 + M 2 ) 2 φ M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
18 RBS vs. ERDA (a) Backscattering Spectrometry Detector (b) Elastic Recoil Detection Detector M 2 M 1 M 2 M 1 RBS Projectile is the detected particle M 1 <<M 2 Depth and mass information encoded on detected particle energy ERDA The target atom is the detected particle M 1 >>M 2 Depth information encoded on energy Isotopic identity carried directly by recoil M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
19 RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) The recoil energy depends on the target mass and the path length substrate E 0 E1/E E1/E0 metal impurities E M2/M1 Intensity Recoil energy M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
20 RBS spectrum of Ta implanted in Si 590 nm Ta (A=181) Si (A=28) 230 nm Ta Si E1/E E1/E M2/M1 M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
21 ERD Elastic recoil detection M (projectile) > M (target) Analysis of the distribution of light elements (H, He, etc) in solids 0.3 E 2 /E M2 (target) = M2 (target) = M 1 (projectile) M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
22 Nuclear Resonant Reaction Analysis (NRRA) Nuclear reactions with sharp resonances are used to study impurity concentration in solids Example: The reaction 1 H( 15 N, αγ) 12 C equiv. 15 N(p,αγ) 12 C 10 5 cross section H( 15 N,αγ) 12 C 4.44 MeV MeV Energy (MeV) NRRA with the 15 N(p,αγ) 12 C reaction measures the hydrogen concentration M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
23 Resonances used in NRRA M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
24 The Channeling Effect Ion beam p or α Tilt angle detector Single crystall e.g. Al 2 O 3 counts M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
25 Emission channeling Determination of the position of implanted ions ß - M. Forker, Nuclear Methods in Solid State Research, CBPF
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