Bonding, Cycloadditions, and Terpene Mechanisms
|
|
- Susan Cox
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Bnding, Cycladditins, and Terpene chanisms Paul Bracher Chem 30 ectin 2 ectin genda 1) andm tuff, Decide n Better Time fr ffice urs 2) eturn Prblem et 1 3) andut: w t Win Chem 30 4) andut: ectin 2 (this ne) 5) andut: ectin 2 Practice Prblem et nnuncements New ffice urs Thursdays, 3-4PM and 8-9PM in the Bauer Lbby Crrectin In the ectin 1 handut distributed last week, there is an errr in the sectin n the anmeric effect. The 3D Lewis structures (chair drawings) were mismatched with their 2D cunterparts (hexagns with dashes and wedges). If yu catch any typs r errrs, drp me an s I can stp errr prliferatin by psting crrected versins f the handuts n the curse Web site. Unlike hw yu re taught in Chem 27, d nt draw verly abbreviated mechanisms. When a reactin ccurs stepwise, yu shuld draw ut the expected intermediates and indicate any imprtant cnsideratins which factr int the mechanism (such as resnance structures f reactive intermediates). GD Prblem et 1 Fallut nilines are basic (pka fr cnj. acid. = 4), s in acidic slutins, these cmpunds will be prtnated. While nitrgen substituents generally activate an armatic ring by a resnance effect, they are deactivating when prtnated. N 2 N 3 Cl Cl NT GD rth-/paradirecting metadirecting Prblem sets are graded in whle pints, s small/stupid/careless errrs will cst yu big time. imple prtn transfers are fast cmpared t electrphilic armatic substitutin reactins. In general, prtn transfers are amng the fastest reactins. 1
2 Building Mlecular rbitals (Ms) I m bumping this up frm material that appears later in the semester (pericyclic reactins) because yu re getting Ms crammed dwn yur thrats nw. This is a little shrter versin f last week s handut and includes a pictrial example n the next page. imple ules tmic rbitals must ve rlap if they are t interact t frm a set f mlecular rbitals. There are n exceptins rthgnal rbitals will nt interact. Yu will get n mlecular rbitals (Ms) fr every n atmic rbitals (s) that interact. The mst stable Ms have the mst bnding character. The highest energy Ms have the mst antibnding character. In the same π system, the energy f an M is directly prprtinal t the number f ndes. Thus, as the number f ndes increases, the antibnding character increases and the rbital lies higher-in-energy. The electrn density at an atm is equal t the square f the M s cefficient at that atm. Lcatins with bigger cefficients are depicted by drawing bigger rbital lbes. The and designatins, als shwn as green and blue, have nthing t d with charge. They are designatins fr the sign f that rbital s wavefunctin. When rbitals f the same wavesign interact, there is cnstructive interference resulting in a bnding interactin. When rbitals f the ppsite wavesign interact, there is destructive interference resulting in an antibnding interactin. Ndes are lcatins in the system where the bnding interactins are cmpletely cancelled by antibnding interactins. Mlecular rbitals have zer electrn density at ndes. eactins will nt ccur at these lcatins. Mlecular rbitals fr equivalent atms are symmetric. Nte hw the Ms belw either have a mirrr plane f symmetry (a symmetric M = ) r a C 2 axis f symmetry (an antisymmetric M = ). Nte patterns in M diagrams t help yu draw them and t figure ut shrtcuts in prblem slving In the lwest energy M, all f the wavesigns are the same In the highest energy M, all f the wavesigns alternate The termini alternate between having the same wavesign and ppsite wavesigns The number f ndes increases by ne as yu climb higher in energy Fr linear systems with an dd number f s, sme ndes will lie at atms in the chain Electrnic Perturbatins f Mlecular rbitals Placing electrn dnating grups (EDGs) r electrn withdrawing grups (EWGs) n a π system will shift r perturb the relative energies f the mlecular rbitals. EDGs will push mre electrn density int the π system and will crrespndingly raise the energies f the mlecular rbitals EWGs will pull electrn density ut f the π system and will crrespndingly lwer the energies f the mlecular rbitals Lewis acids that cmplex with extended π systems als lwer the energies f the Ms. These metals typically serve as catalysts by lwering the energy f a reactive LUM such that it is mre accessible. Determining which atms will becme enriched r depleted in electrn density can be accmplished by using an electrn pushing mdel. 2
3 Graphical Depictins f Mlecular rbitals Linear ystems Cyclic ystems Frst Circles Frst circles are the fastest methd t arrive at the mlecular rbitals fr cnjugated cyclic systems. Yu simply inscribe the plygn in a circle vertex dwn, such that ne f the crners tuches the bttm f the circle. Each vertex f the plygn represents the energy level f a mlecular rbital. Fr Chem 30, yu need nly wrry abut the relative psitin f the Ms and nt the quantitative energy difference between the Ms. wever, the reasn Frst circles are s pwerful is that they can be used t get these energies. 3
4 Cycladditin eactins In a cycladditin reactin, tw π systems react such that fur π electrns g int frming tw σ bnds t jin the termini f the systems. The reactin will nly prceed if the wavesigns match at the termini f the π systems Prblem-lving pprach 1) Identify the tw π systems (can be intramlecular) 2) ketch ut the mlecular rbitals fr the systems 3) Chse which system will serve as the M and LUM 4) egichemistry and terechemistry: analyze bth substitutent perturbatin and secndary interactins diene dienephile [42] majr prduct methyl grups hinder access t the tp face f the diene, frcing the dienephile t apprach frm the bttm face, as drawn the "end" rule secndary rbital interactin (invlving carbnyl π rbitals nt shwn) is respnsible fr the end transitin state Φ 4 Φ 3 Φ 2 Φ electrn dnating alkyl substituents push up the energies f the Ms relative t butadiene M-LUM interactin 5 6 Φ 2 Φ 1 electrn withdrawing carbnyl substituents pull dwn the energies f the Ms relative t ethene Cycladditins will prceed nly if the symmetries f the M and LUM are the same s discussed previusly, substituents and Lewis acids catalysts will change the energies f the Ms. nytime the relative energy f the M and LUM are changed, the reactin rate will als change. The clser they becme in energy, the faster the reactin. The M typically has electrn dnating substituents; the LUM typically has electrn withdrawing substituents. End selectivity can lead t the mre sterically crwded prduct: [42] majr minr 4
5 Terpenid/Carbcatin earrangement chanisms General Ntes I tk this frm a Chem 27 handut. me f the material yu dn t knw (yet). But, a fair amunt f this stuff is applicable t this week s prblem set. Enzymes ften cntrl the sterechemistry f these steps in a way that cannt be predicted n paper. If faced with tw plausible mechanisms, chse the alternative with the mst stable intermediates and the fewest steps Cmmn chanistic teps 1) Inizatin PP alkyl pyrphsphate carbcatin PP Pyrphsphate ( - PP) is a gd leaving grup Lss f - PP results in the frmatin f a reactive carbcatin 2) Deprtnatin 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 2 3 C prtnated 2 C 3 C deprtnated (new duble bnd) Lss f a prtn adjacent t a carbcatin generates a duble bnd lways shw prtns being remved by a base (unlike the example abve). 3) lefin ttack f a Carbcatin The π bnd is the nuclephile, while the carbcatin (empty p rbital) is the electrphile Nte that yu are left with a new carbcatin; the charge is cnserved Mre ften than nt yu attack with the less substituted carbn s that yu generate the mre substituted/stable carbcatin 5
6 4) N 2 eactin PP PP alkyl pyrphsphate carbcatin The bttm π bnd is the nuclephile, while the 3-carbn allyl system is the electrphile 5) lkyl hift alkyl shift 2 carbcatin 3 carbcatin alkyl shift 5-membered ring 6-membered ring lkyl shifts are typically driven by the frmatin f a mre stable catin ecall, carbcatins are stabilized by greater alkyl substitutin There is less ring strain in a six membered ring vs. a five membered ring 6) ydride hifts hydride shift 2 carbcatin 3 carbcatin ydride shifts are als driven by the frmatin f a mre stable catin 7) llyl-phsphate earrangement P i P P i P This is a [3,3] sigmatrpic shift, just like the Claisen rearrangement This is a key step in cases where, prir t phsphate rearrangement, the duble bnd is nt psitined crrectly t lead t a stable prduct (e.g., trans gemetry) 6
Orbital Symmetry and Pericyclic Reactions
Paul Bracher Chem 30 ectin 12 rbital ymmetry and Pericyclic eactins ectin genda 1) Last. ectin. Ever. 2) andut: rbital ymmetry and Pericyclic eactins 3) ffice urs: Thursday, 12/ 16, 3-4PM and 8-9PM, Bauer
More informationChapter 15 Conjugated Systems
Chapter 15 Cnjugated Systems What makes a cnjugated system? When yu have alternating duble bnds, the electrns f the pi system can flw ver a lnger length. This is cnjugatin. Stabilities f Dienes Cnjugated
More informationlecture 5: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
lecture 5: Nuclephilic Substitutin Reactins Substitutin unimlecular (SN1): substitutin nuclephilic, unimlecular. It is first rder. The rate is dependent upn ne mlecule, that is the substrate, t frm the
More informationTypes of Reactions 1. Acid-base: Transfer of protons, H+ 2. Substitution 3. Addition 4. Elimination 5. Oxidation and reduction: Loss and gain of O/H
Types f Reactins 1. Acid-base: Transfer f prtns, H+ 2. Substitutin 3. Additin 4. Eliminatin 5. Oxidatin and reductin: Lss and gain f O/H Acid-Base Reactins - Acids: Prtn dnrs, e- pair acceptr HA + H2O
More informationName: Period: Date: PERIODIC TABLE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: PERIODIC TABLE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant
More informationLCAO APPROXIMATIONS OF ORGANIC Pi MO SYSTEMS The allyl system (cation, anion or radical).
Principles f Organic Chemistry lecture 5, page LCAO APPROIMATIONS OF ORGANIC Pi MO SYSTEMS The allyl system (catin, anin r radical).. Draw mlecule and set up determinant. 2 3 0 3 C C 2 = 0 C 2 3 0 = -
More informationName: Period: Date: PERIODIC TABLE NOTES HONORS CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: PERIODIC TABLE NOTES HONORS CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant
More informationNuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions II Chem 2310
Nuggets f Knwledge fr Chapter 8 Chemical Reactins II Chem 2310 I. Substitutin, Additin, and Eliminatin Reactins The terms dissciatin, assciatin, and displacement are useful fr describing what happens t
More informationNuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 10 Alkenes (I) Chem alkenes hydrocarbons containing a C=C (not in a benzene ring)
I. Intrductin t Alkenes Classifying Alkenes Nuggets f Knwledge fr Chapter 10 Alkenes (I) Chem 2310 There are several categries that can be used t describe cmpunds cntaining carbn-carbn duble bnds. alkenes
More informationChemistry 20 Lesson 11 Electronegativity, Polarity and Shapes
Chemistry 20 Lessn 11 Electrnegativity, Plarity and Shapes In ur previus wrk we learned why atms frm cvalent bnds and hw t draw the resulting rganizatin f atms. In this lessn we will learn (a) hw the cmbinatin
More informationChapter 8 Predicting Molecular Geometries
Chapter 8 Predicting Mlecular Gemetries 8-1 Mlecular shape The Lewis diagram we learned t make in the last chapter are a way t find bnds between atms and lne pais f electrns n atms, but are nt intended
More informationName Honors Chemistry / /
Name Hnrs Chemistry / / Beynd Lewis Structures Exceptins t the Octet Rule Mdel Hydrgen is an exceptin t the ctet rule because it fills its uter energy level with nly 2 electrns. The secnd rw elements B
More informationSCIENCE 10: CHEMISTRY,
, 1 Atmic Thery and Bnding The Nucleus - The particles that make up an atm are called subatmic particles - The three subatmic particles are prtns, neutrns and electrns. - Prtns, which have a +1 (psitive)
More informationCalifornia State Polytechnic University, Pomona 1
alifrnia State Plytechnic University, Pmna hem 200 Final Fall, 208 Beauchamp ame Key Prblems Pints redit. Functinal Grup menclature ( large structure) 30 2. 3 structure and resnance 20 3. mbustin eactins,
More informationName: Period: Date: BONDING NOTES HONORS CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: BONDING NOTES HONORS CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant terms
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 12 Molecular Shapes
Chem 115 POGIL Wrksheet - Week 12 Mlecular Shapes Why? Cntrary t the impressin that Lewis structures may give, many mlecules have threedimensinal gemetries. These mlecular shapes are very imprtant t understanding
More informationNuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 16 Ethers and Epoxides Chem 2320
Nuggets f Knwledge fr Chapter 16 Ethers and Epxides Chem 2320 I. Intrductin t Ethers, Epxides, and Thiethers Definitin and Examples f Ethers and Thiethers Ethers are cmpunds which cntain an xygen atm between
More informationName: Period: Date: BONDING NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: BONDING NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant terms
More informationMidterm Review Notes - Unit 1 Intro
Midterm Review Ntes - Unit 1 Intr 3 States f Matter Slid definite shape, definite vlume, very little mlecular mvement Liquid definite vlume, takes shape f cntainer, mlecules mve faster Gas des nt have
More informationPrinciples of Organic Chemistry lecture 5, page 1
Principles f Organic Chemistry lecture 5, page 1 Bnding Mdels Fact: electrns hld mlecules tgether. Theries: mre than ne way t cnceptualize bnding. Let s fllw Carrll in the cnsideratin f tw theries f bnding.
More informationExperiment #3. Graphing with Excel
Experiment #3. Graphing with Excel Study the "Graphing with Excel" instructins that have been prvided. Additinal help with learning t use Excel can be fund n several web sites, including http://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/res/gt/gt-
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bonding: General Concepts
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 8 Outline Bnding: General Cncepts Types f Chemical Bnds Infrmatin abut the strength f a bnding interactin is btained by measuring the bnd energy, which is the energy required t
More informationATOMIC ORBITAL MODEL OF THE ATOM Be able to draw rough sketches of s, p and d orbitals with different principal quantum numbers
Chapter 7 Atmic Structure and Peridicity ATOMIC ORBITAL MODEL OF THE ATOM Be able t draw rugh sketches f s, p and d rbitals with different principal quantum numbers ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS Knw the difference
More informationCHM112 Lab Graphing with Excel Grading Rubric
Name CHM112 Lab Graphing with Excel Grading Rubric Criteria Pints pssible Pints earned Graphs crrectly pltted and adhere t all guidelines (including descriptive title, prperly frmatted axes, trendline
More information**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Tpics lists: UV-Vis Absrbance Spectrscpy Lab & ChemActivity 3-6 (nly thrugh 4) I. UV-Vis Absrbance Spectrscpy Lab Beer s law Relates cncentratin f a chemical species in a slutin and the absrbance f that
More informationDifferentiation Applications 1: Related Rates
Differentiatin Applicatins 1: Related Rates 151 Differentiatin Applicatins 1: Related Rates Mdel 1: Sliding Ladder 10 ladder y 10 ladder 10 ladder A 10 ft ladder is leaning against a wall when the bttm
More informationMatter Content from State Frameworks and Other State Documents
Atms and Mlecules Mlecules are made f smaller entities (atms) which are bnded tgether. Therefre mlecules are divisible. Miscnceptin: Element and atm are synnyms. Prper cnceptin: Elements are atms with
More informationThis section is primarily focused on tools to aid us in finding roots/zeros/ -intercepts of polynomials. Essentially, our focus turns to solving.
Sectin 3.2: Many f yu WILL need t watch the crrespnding vides fr this sectin n MyOpenMath! This sectin is primarily fcused n tls t aid us in finding rts/zers/ -intercepts f plynmials. Essentially, ur fcus
More informationTrigonometric Ratios Unit 5 Tentative TEST date
1 U n i t 5 11U Date: Name: Trignmetric Ratis Unit 5 Tentative TEST date Big idea/learning Gals In this unit yu will extend yur knwledge f SOH CAH TOA t wrk with btuse and reflex angles. This extensin
More informationNuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 9 Reactions of Alkyl Halides Chem Aryl halides have a halogen connected directly to a benzene ring.
I. Intrductin t Alkyl Halides Types f Organic Halides Nuggets f Knwledge fr Chapter 9 Reactins f Alkyl Halides Chem 2310 Organic halides can be rganized int fur majr categries. These cmpunds underg very
More informationLab #3: Pendulum Period and Proportionalities
Physics 144 Chwdary Hw Things Wrk Spring 2006 Name: Partners Name(s): Intrductin Lab #3: Pendulum Perid and Prprtinalities Smetimes, it is useful t knw the dependence f ne quantity n anther, like hw the
More informationName: Period: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY
Name: Perid: Date: ATOMIC STRUCTURE NOTES ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Directins: This packet will serve as yur ntes fr this chapter. Fllw alng with the PwerPint presentatin and fill in the missing infrmatin. Imprtant
More informationChem 111 Summer 2013 Key III Whelan
Chem 111 Summer 2013 Key III Whelan Questin 1 6 Pints Classify each f the fllwing mlecules as plar r nnplar? a) NO + : c) CH 2 Cl 2 : b) XeF 4 : Questin 2 The hypthetical mlecule PY 3 Z 2 has the general
More informationKinetic Model Completeness
5.68J/10.652J Spring 2003 Lecture Ntes Tuesday April 15, 2003 Kinetic Mdel Cmpleteness We say a chemical kinetic mdel is cmplete fr a particular reactin cnditin when it cntains all the species and reactins
More informationGuide to Using the Rubric to Score the Klf4 PREBUILD Model for Science Olympiad National Competitions
Guide t Using the Rubric t Scre the Klf4 PREBUILD Mdel fr Science Olympiad 2010-2011 Natinal Cmpetitins These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped by the
More information15.0 g Cr = 21.9 g Cr O g Cr 4 mol Cr mol Cr O
WYSE Academic Challenge Sectinal Chemistry Exam 2008 SOLUTION SET 1. Crrect answer: B. Use PV = nrt t get: PV = nrt 2. Crrect answer: A. (2.18 atm)(25.0 L) = n(0.08206 L atm/ml K)(23+273) n = 2.24 ml Assume
More informationFive Whys How To Do It Better
Five Whys Definitin. As explained in the previus article, we define rt cause as simply the uncvering f hw the current prblem came int being. Fr a simple causal chain, it is the entire chain. Fr a cmplex
More informationSemester 1 Honors Chemistry Notebook (unit 1)
Semester 1 Hnrs Chemistry Ntebk (unit 1) Basic infrmatin Chemistry: study f matter Matter: has mass and takes up space Organized by using the peridic table cntains elements Prtns, neutrns, and electrns
More informationActivity Guide Loops and Random Numbers
Unit 3 Lessn 7 Name(s) Perid Date Activity Guide Lps and Randm Numbers CS Cntent Lps are a relatively straightfrward idea in prgramming - yu want a certain chunk f cde t run repeatedly - but it takes a
More informationPhysics 2B Chapter 23 Notes - Faraday s Law & Inductors Spring 2018
Michael Faraday lived in the Lndn area frm 1791 t 1867. He was 29 years ld when Hand Oersted, in 1820, accidentally discvered that electric current creates magnetic field. Thrugh empirical bservatin and
More informationA Chemical Reaction occurs when the of a substance changes.
Perid: Unit 8 Chemical Reactin- Guided Ntes Chemical Reactins A Chemical Reactin ccurs when the f a substance changes. Chemical Reactin: ne r mre substances are changed int ne r mre new substances by the
More informationAP Chemistry Assessment 2
AP Chemistry Assessment 2 DATE OF ADMINISTRATION: January 8 January 12 TOPICS COVERED: Fundatinal Tpics, Reactins, Gases, Thermchemistry, Atmic Structure, Peridicity, and Bnding. MULTIPLE CHOICE KEY AND
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? Yu can help ur team t keep this site up and bring yu even mre cntent cnsider dnating via the link n ur site. Still having truble understanding the material? Check ut ur Tutring
More informationThermodynamics Partial Outline of Topics
Thermdynamics Partial Outline f Tpics I. The secnd law f thermdynamics addresses the issue f spntaneity and invlves a functin called entrpy (S): If a prcess is spntaneus, then Suniverse > 0 (2 nd Law!)
More informationPhysical Nature of the Covalent Bond Appendix H + H > H 2 ( ) ( )
Physical Nature f the Cvalent Bn Appeni his stuy f the nature f the H cvalent bn frms a mlecular rbital as a linear cmbinatin f scale hyrgenic rbitals, LCAO-MO. he quantum mechanical integrals necessary
More informationSession #22: Homework Solutions
Sessin #22: Hmewrk Slutins Prblem #1 (a) In the cntext f amrphus inrganic cmpunds, name tw netwrk frmers, tw netwrk mdifiers, and ne intermediate. (b) Sketch the variatin f mlar vlume with temperature
More informationTutorial 3: Building a spectral library in Skyline
SRM Curse 2013 Tutrial 3 Spectral Library Tutrial 3: Building a spectral library in Skyline Spectral libraries fr SRM methd design and fr data analysis can be either directly added t a Skyline dcument
More informationMedium Scale Integrated (MSI) devices [Sections 2.9 and 2.10]
EECS 270, Winter 2017, Lecture 3 Page 1 f 6 Medium Scale Integrated (MSI) devices [Sectins 2.9 and 2.10] As we ve seen, it s smetimes nt reasnable t d all the design wrk at the gate-level smetimes we just
More informationHow do scientists measure trees? What is DBH?
Hw d scientists measure trees? What is DBH? Purpse Students develp an understanding f tree size and hw scientists measure trees. Students bserve and measure tree ckies and explre the relatinship between
More informationNUMBERS, MATHEMATICS AND EQUATIONS
AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM PHYSICS GETTING STARTED WITH PHYSICS NUMBERS, MATHEMATICS AND EQUATIONS An integral part t the understanding f ur physical wrld is the use f mathematical mdels which can be used t
More informationA Mechanistic Approach to Bond Formation in H 2
A Mechanistic Apprach t Bnd Frmatin in H Frank Riux Department f Chemistry Cllege f Saint Benedict Saint Jhnʹs University St. Jseph, MN 5674 Intrductin Ruedenbergʹs innvative analysis f the cvalent bnd
More informationChapter 9 Chemical Reactions NOTES
Chapter 9 Chemical Reactins NOTES Chemical Reactins Chemical reactin: Chemical change 4 Indicatrs f Chemical Change: (1) (2) (3) (4) Cnsist f reactants (starting materials) and prducts (substances frmed)
More informationLab 11 LRC Circuits, Damped Forced Harmonic Motion
Physics 6 ab ab 11 ircuits, Damped Frced Harmnic Mtin What Yu Need T Knw: The Physics OK this is basically a recap f what yu ve dne s far with circuits and circuits. Nw we get t put everything tgether
More informationSection 5.8 Notes Page Exponential Growth and Decay Models; Newton s Law
Sectin 5.8 Ntes Page 1 5.8 Expnential Grwth and Decay Mdels; Newtn s Law There are many applicatins t expnential functins that we will fcus n in this sectin. First let s lk at the expnential mdel. Expnential
More informationInterference is when two (or more) sets of waves meet and combine to produce a new pattern.
Interference Interference is when tw (r mre) sets f waves meet and cmbine t prduce a new pattern. This pattern can vary depending n the riginal wave directin, wavelength, amplitude, etc. The tw mst extreme
More information, which yields. where z1. and z2
The Gaussian r Nrmal PDF, Page 1 The Gaussian r Nrmal Prbability Density Functin Authr: Jhn M Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revisin: 11 September 13 The Gaussian r Nrmal Prbability Density Functin
More information(2) Even if such a value of k was possible, the neutrons multiply
CHANGE OF REACTOR Nuclear Thery - Curse 227 POWER WTH REACTVTY CHANGE n this lessn, we will cnsider hw neutrn density, neutrn flux and reactr pwer change when the multiplicatin factr, k, r the reactivity,
More informationCHEM 103 Calorimetry and Hess s Law
CHEM 103 Calrimetry and Hess s Law Lecture Ntes March 23, 2006 Prf. Sevian Annuncements Exam #2 is next Thursday, March 30 Study guide, practice exam, and practice exam answer key are already psted n the
More informationd sinθ = mλ Interference and diffraction double slit or diffraction grating d sinθ = mλ d sinθ is the path difference x (small angle approximation)
Wave Optics Wave prperties f light The clrs in a rainbw are ROY G. BIV (Red, range, yellw, green, blue, indig, vilet). White light is a cmbinatin f all clrs Black is the absence f light Wavelength determines
More information2004 AP CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
2004 AP CHEMISTRY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 6. An electrchemical cell is cnstructed with an pen switch, as shwn in the diagram abve. A strip f Sn and a strip f an unknwn metal, X, are used as electrdes.
More informationLecture 13: Electrochemical Equilibria
3.012 Fundamentals f Materials Science Fall 2005 Lecture 13: 10.21.05 Electrchemical Equilibria Tday: LAST TIME...2 An example calculatin...3 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL...4 Electrstatic energy cntributins
More informationChapter Summary. Mathematical Induction Strong Induction Recursive Definitions Structural Induction Recursive Algorithms
Chapter 5 1 Chapter Summary Mathematical Inductin Strng Inductin Recursive Definitins Structural Inductin Recursive Algrithms Sectin 5.1 3 Sectin Summary Mathematical Inductin Examples f Prf by Mathematical
More informationStudy Group Report: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technology
Study Grup Reprt: Plate-fin Heat Exchangers: AEA Technlgy The prblem under study cncerned the apparent discrepancy between a series f experiments using a plate fin heat exchanger and the classical thery
More informationTo get you thinking...
T get yu thinking... 1.) What is an element? Give at least 4 examples f elements. 2.) What is the atmic number f hydrgen? What des a neutral hydrgen atm cnsist f? Describe its "mtin". 3.) Hw des an atm
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? Yu can help ur team t keep this site up and bring yu even mre cntent cnsider dnating via the link n ur site. Still having truble understanding the material? Check ut ur Tutring
More information1 The limitations of Hartree Fock approximation
Chapter: Pst-Hartree Fck Methds - I The limitatins f Hartree Fck apprximatin The n electrn single determinant Hartree Fck wave functin is the variatinal best amng all pssible n electrn single determinants
More information[COLLEGE ALGEBRA EXAM I REVIEW TOPICS] ( u s e t h i s t o m a k e s u r e y o u a r e r e a d y )
(Abut the final) [COLLEGE ALGEBRA EXAM I REVIEW TOPICS] ( u s e t h i s t m a k e s u r e y u a r e r e a d y ) The department writes the final exam s I dn't really knw what's n it and I can't very well
More informationUnit 9: The Mole- Guided Notes What is a Mole?
Unit 9: The Mle- Guided Ntes What is a Mle? A mle is a name fr a specific f things Similar t a r a One mle is equal t 602 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 That s 602 with zers A mle is NOT an abbreviatin
More informationIn the spaces provided, explain the meanings of the following terms. You may use an equation or diagram where appropriate.
CEM1405 2007-J-2 June 2007 In the spaces prvided, explain the meanings f the fllwing terms. Yu may use an equatin r diagram where apprpriate. 5 (a) hydrgen bnding An unusually strng diple-diple interactin
More informationPreparation work for A2 Mathematics [2017]
Preparatin wrk fr A2 Mathematics [2017] The wrk studied in Y12 after the return frm study leave is frm the Cre 3 mdule f the A2 Mathematics curse. This wrk will nly be reviewed during Year 13, it will
More informationDispersion Ref Feynman Vol-I, Ch-31
Dispersin Ref Feynman Vl-I, Ch-31 n () = 1 + q N q /m 2 2 2 0 i ( b/m) We have learned that the index f refractin is nt just a simple number, but a quantity that varies with the frequency f the light.
More informationFigure 1a. A planar mechanism.
ME 5 - Machine Design I Fall Semester 0 Name f Student Lab Sectin Number EXAM. OPEN BOOK AND CLOSED NOTES. Mnday, September rd, 0 Write n ne side nly f the paper prvided fr yur slutins. Where necessary,
More informationGroup Theory Problems
Grup Thery Prblems The fllwing table shws the vibratinal frequencies f CH. Assuming CH belngs t the T d pint grup, fill in the gaps in the table. Use fr and fr t designate type f vibratin. tretchorend
More informationEdexcel GCSE Physics
Edexcel GCSE Physics Tpic 10: Electricity and circuits Ntes (Cntent in bld is fr Higher Tier nly) www.pmt.educatin The Structure f the Atm Psitively charged nucleus surrunded by negatively charged electrns
More informationChapter 17 Free Energy and Thermodynamics
Chemistry: A Mlecular Apprach, 1 st Ed. Nivald Tr Chapter 17 Free Energy and Thermdynamics Ry Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Cmmunity Cllege Wellesley Hills, MA 2008, Prentice Hall First Law f Thermdynamics
More informationPart One: Heat Changes and Thermochemistry. This aspect of Thermodynamics was dealt with in Chapter 6. (Review)
CHAPTER 18: THERMODYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIUM Part One: Heat Changes and Thermchemistry This aspect f Thermdynamics was dealt with in Chapter 6. (Review) A. Statement f First Law. (Sectin 18.1) 1. U ttal
More informationSolutions to the Extra Problems for Chapter 14
Slutins t the Extra Prblems r Chapter 1 1. The H -670. T use bnd energies, we have t igure ut what bnds are being brken and what bnds are being made, s we need t make Lewis structures r everything: + +
More informationALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy. At what temperature does the spontaneity of a reaction change?
Name Chem 163 Sectin: Team Number: ALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy (Reference: 20.3 Silberberg 5 th editin) At what temperature des the spntaneity f a reactin change? The Mdel: The Definitin f Free Energy S
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? Yu can help ur team t keep this site up and bring yu even mre cntent cnsider dnating via the link n ur site. Still having truble understanding the material? Check ut ur Tutring
More informationCHE 105 EXAMINATION III November 11, 2010
CHE 105 EXAMINATION III Nvember 11, 2010 University f Kentucky Department f Chemistry READ THESE DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING THE EXAMINATION! It is extremely imprtant that yu fill in the answer
More informationN 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) o Three mole ratios can be derived from the balanced equation above: Example: Li(s) + O 2 (g) Li 2 O(s)
Chapter 9 - Stichimetry Sectin 9.1 Intrductin t Stichimetry Types f Stichimetry Prblems Given is in mles and unknwn is in mles. Given is in mles and unknwn is in mass (grams). Given is in mass and unknwn
More informationGeneral Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 1)
General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 1) CDS Chapter 21: Reactin Equilibrium in the Gas Phase General Chemistry II Unit II Part 1 1 Intrductin Sme chemical reactins have a significant amunt
More informationAP Physics. Summer Assignment 2012 Date. Name. F m = = + What is due the first day of school? a. T. b. = ( )( ) =
P Physics Name Summer ssignment 0 Date I. The P curriculum is extensive!! This means we have t wrk at a fast pace. This summer hmewrk will allw us t start n new Physics subject matter immediately when
More informationCRHS Academic Chemistry UNIT 5 - Periodic Table and Trends NOTES
Name Perid CRHS Academic Chemistry UNIT 5 - Peridic Table and Trends NOTES Quiz Date Lab Dates Exam Date Ntes, Hmewrk, Exam Reviews and Their KEYS lcated n CRHS Academic Chemistry Website: https://cincchem.pbwrks.cm
More informationYou need to be able to define the following terms and answer basic questions about them:
CS440/ECE448 Sectin Q Fall 2017 Midterm Review Yu need t be able t define the fllwing terms and answer basic questins abut them: Intr t AI, agents and envirnments Pssible definitins f AI, prs and cns f
More informationMODULE 1. e x + c. [You can t separate a demominator, but you can divide a single denominator into each numerator term] a + b a(a + b)+1 = a + b
. REVIEW OF SOME BASIC ALGEBRA MODULE () Slving Equatins Yu shuld be able t slve fr x: a + b = c a d + e x + c and get x = e(ba +) b(c a) d(ba +) c Cmmn mistakes and strategies:. a b + c a b + a c, but
More informationSemester 2 AP Chemistry Unit 12
Cmmn In Effect and Buffers PwerPint The cmmn in effect The shift in equilibrium caused by the additin f a cmpund having an in in cmmn with the disslved substance The presence f the excess ins frm the disslved
More informationPHYS 219 Spring semester Lecture 02: Coulomb s Law how point charges interact. Ron Reifenberger Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University
PHYS 19 Spring semester 016 Lecture 0: Culmb s Law hw pint charges interact Rn Reifenberger Birck Nantechnlg Center Purdue Universit Lecture 0 1 Earl Develpments in Electrstatics Tw f the ur rces in Nature:
More informationWhen a substance heats up (absorbs heat) it is an endothermic reaction with a (+)q
Chemistry Ntes Lecture 15 [st] 3/6/09 IMPORTANT NOTES: -( We finished using the lecture slides frm lecture 14) -In class the challenge prblem was passed ut, it is due Tuesday at :00 P.M. SHARP, :01 is
More informationEdexcel IGCSE Chemistry. Topic 1: Principles of chemistry. Chemical formulae, equations and calculations. Notes.
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry Tpic 1: Principles f chemistry Chemical frmulae, equatins and calculatins Ntes 1.25 write wrd equatins and balanced chemical equatins (including state symbls): fr reactins studied
More informationENSC Discrete Time Systems. Project Outline. Semester
ENSC 49 - iscrete Time Systems Prject Outline Semester 006-1. Objectives The gal f the prject is t design a channel fading simulatr. Upn successful cmpletin f the prject, yu will reinfrce yur understanding
More informationHW #2: 2.42, 2.44, 2.48, 2.50, 2.52, 2.58, 2.60, 2.62, 2.66, 2.68, 2.72, 2.82, 2.90, 2.96, 2.98
Chemistry 121 Lectures 6 & 7: The Mdern View f the Atm and Its Relatin t the Peridic Table Chapter 2 in McMurry, Ballantine, et. al. 7 th editin HW #2: 2.42, 2.44, 2.48, 2.50, 2.52, 2.58, 2.60, 2.62, 2.66,
More informationThe steps of the engineering design process are to:
The engineering design prcess is a series f steps that engineers fllw t cme up with a slutin t a prblem. Many times the slutin invlves designing a prduct (like a machine r cmputer cde) that meets certain
More informationPreparation work for A2 Mathematics [2018]
Preparatin wrk fr A Mathematics [018] The wrk studied in Y1 will frm the fundatins n which will build upn in Year 13. It will nly be reviewed during Year 13, it will nt be retaught. This is t allw time
More informationQCE Chemistry. Year 2015 Mark 0.00 Pages 20 Published Jan 31, Chemistry: Revision Notes. By Sophie (1 ATAR)
QCE Chemistry Year 2015 Mark 0.00 Pages 20 Published Jan 31, 2017 11 Chemistry: Revisin Ntes By Sphie (1 ATAR) Pwered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.rg) Yur ntes authr, Sphie. Sphie achieved an ATAR f 1 in 2016 while
More informationCHAPTER 9 MODELS OF CHEMICAL BONDING
CAPTER 9 MODELS OF CEMICAL BONDING 9.1 a) Larger inizatin energy decreases metallic character. b) Larger atmic radius increases metallic character. c) Larger number f uter electrns decreases metallic character.
More informationRevision: August 19, E Main Suite D Pullman, WA (509) Voice and Fax
.7.4: Direct frequency dmain circuit analysis Revisin: August 9, 00 5 E Main Suite D Pullman, WA 9963 (509) 334 6306 ice and Fax Overview n chapter.7., we determined the steadystate respnse f electrical
More informationCHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY
Chemical Kinetics Name: Batch: Date: Rate f reactin. 4NH 3 (g) + 5O (g) à 4NO (g) + 6 H O (g) If the rate f frmatin f NO is 3.6 0 3 ml L s, calculate (i) the rate f disappearance f NH 3 (ii) rate f frmatin
More informationStudy Guide Chemistry Comprehensive Exam I. Memorization: see Stuff to Memorize Sheet for more (from teacher) Ions that Form Soluble Compounds
I. Memrizatin: see Stuff t Memrize Sheet fr mre (frm teacher) Ins that Frm Sluble Cmpunds Grup 1 ins (Li+, Na+, ect.) Ammnium Nitrate Acetate Bicarbnate (aka Hydrgen Carbnate) Chlrate Perchlrate Plyatmic
More informationPublic Key Cryptography. Tim van der Horst & Kent Seamons
Public Key Cryptgraphy Tim van der Hrst & Kent Seamns Last Updated: Oct 5, 2017 Asymmetric Encryptin Why Public Key Crypt is Cl Has a linear slutin t the key distributin prblem Symmetric crypt has an expnential
More information