List of Tables CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study...

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement List of Tables CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Objectives of the Study Significance of the Study Methodology of the Study Limitations of the Study... 3 CHAPTER II ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION Introduction Analysis of Issue Areas Related for Graphene Stocks Buying Findings of the Study Impacts in the Society Pros and Cons of Foldable Gadgets... 8 CHAPTER III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Summary Conclusion Recommendations References 1

2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Bachelor level students of APEX College have extra opportunities to boost up themselves in extracurricular activities side by side. SMART is a program that helps students in finding the objectives beyond the box. SMART program helps to develop mainly leadership in the students not only this it teaches students for report writing. It also provides opportunity to the students to develop and demonstrate their talents through series of pre-scheduled and well managed courses of action. It stresses on personal integrity and responsibility as they are essential qualities for leadership in us. This report has been prepared for the partial fulfillment of BCIS course as prescribed by the mentors and SMART program. The topic we were assigned was Graphene Technology. As there must be report writing and presentation on anything that can be cases, reviews, issue or journals, Apex SMART assigned us with the opportunity to analyze the Graphene Technology and its perspective uses in the formation of foldable gadgets. It is one of the wondered technology change that can revolutionize the present electronics market, hardware, health and society. 1.2 Objectives of the Study Our concerns were mostly focused on the following points. To have a broader knowledge about graphene. To know the future prospects of graphene. To know about foldable gadgets Significance of the Study Research on graphene and on its various dimensions has provided us vast knowledge about this wonder material. The world will have a new face in the years to come because of the multi-aspects of graphene. Foldable gadgets will prove to be the dominant player 2

3 in the market because of its unique features and size. If both of these could combine complementing each other, then the days are not that far, we would have a new way of living. Overall the report tries to explain the use of graphene in future stage and its innumerous applications. Also some of the benefits of foldable gadget the last part include the conclusion and recommendation of the report. 1.4 Methodology of the Study Methodology itself is a description of how data is collected. Graphene, being a most awaited material ever is still in its incubation stage this is the reason why collected datas and information may lack actual fact or truth. Our research is totally based on the secondary data collection. The data and information collected totally based on our web search. 1.5 Limitations of the Study Limitation of this report is the shortcomings that hinder us in smooth completion. Some of the most notable limitations we observed as follows: The allocated time duration remained the main limitation at the time we worked. Being graphene is not yet completely developed, the factual information were not obtained. There are no any gadgets made from graphene yet so it is hard to collect reviews, performance measurement, durability that has limited our research paradigm. Graphene formation is a complex chemical reaction whose chemical formulation is not understood by general people. 3

4 CHAPTER II ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 2.1 Introduction Graphene was discovered at The University of Manchester back in 2004, by Professor Andre Geim FRS and Royal Society Research Fellow Dr Kostya Novoselov. This incredible one-atom-thick gauze of carbon atoms, which resembles chicken wire, has quickly become one of the hottest topics in physics and materials science. A layer of atoms arranged in a honey comb structure. It s one of the thinnest known materials, only one atom thick. It would take three million sheets to equal the width of a pencil tip. Despite being the lightest material, it s also one of the strongest. Graphenes are harder than diamond and 200times stronger than steel. They can bend and is almost entirely transparent, conducts electricity and heat better than any other material and allows nothing to pass through it except water. So, the question lies: how can the unique qualities of grapheme help the world we live in? Imagine flexible cell phones, a TV thin as wall paper that we can roll up and take with us. It can be used in Stronger but lighter aircraft that uses less fuels. Standard size battery that hold a longer charges, smaller computer chips leading to faster electronics; with super conductivity grapheme can play a huge part in the future of solar powers and revolutionizing a car by enhancing their battery making them more efficient, eventually more affordable. Also graphene has proven to be non-corrosive metal that is transparent, thinner and longer lasting than anything that currently exists. It s important use may be in the future of clean drinking water. Graphene s ability to let nothing pass except water makes it the world s greatest filter. Grapheme can cheaply and easily remove salt from sea water eventually turning an ocean into vast drinking water supply for large population. With this wonder material getting so much from scientist and researchers worldwide, it may not be long that we have any inventory of grapheme in our warehouse. 4

5 2.2 Analysis of Issue Although graphene has just emerged as one of the finest material, it still is in developing phase which is one of the drawbacks. There are a few issues associated with graphene that are preventing its commercialization. The main issue at present is still the production methods for it. At present, there is no good general synthesis method that produces graphene quickly, precisely and in large enough quantities. Until this is overcome, we will not be seeing graphene on the mass-market. Issues surrounding biocompatibility and cytotoxicity are still to be fully addressed with different studies contradicting each other. There are also issues with the electrical properties of graphene that need to be fully sorted out. Graphene does have excellent mechanical and electrical properties but it is not necessarily the 'miracle material' that the media portray it as and I wouldn't be surprised if we are still "just talking" about it in 10 years time. However, if the aforementioned issues can be overcome then I definitely think it will be revolutionizing electronics, civil engineering and medicine in the coming decades. 2.3 Areas Related for Graphene Stocks Buying While there are many companies doing Graphene related research, most of them are privately held and not available on the stock exchanges. There are a few large companies, like Intel, Samsung and IBM who are looking closely at Graphene technology as it evolves. From an investment point of view, I would look more closely at companies like CVD Equipment Corp. which is involved in making equipment to process Graphene into usable forms. Also, I would look at mining and materials companies which produce Graphite and related Rare Earth Metals which will be needed to combine with Graphene to produce commercial products. Related areas such as Molybdenite research and other nanotechnology related fields will also benefit from Graphene developments. The strong players are beginning to emerge, but this technology is still a few years away from main stream commercial production. Pay close attention though. Wouldn't it have been nice if you could have invested in Microsoft when it was a few dollars a share? 5

6 2.4 Findings of the Study Here are some findings that are obtained after the research on graphene was carried out, they are bulleted as follows: Graphene was discovered at The University of Manchester back in 2004, by Professor Andre Geim FRS and Royal Society Research Fellow Dr Kostya Novoselov. Graphenes are harder than diamond and 200times stronger than steel. They can bend and is almost entirely transparent, conducts electricity and heat better than any other material and allows nothing to pass through it except water. It helps in the development of foldable gadgets and flexible hardware. New hardware manufacturers can come in the market so that customers are benefited from competitive market. 2.5 Impacts in the Society Impacts on society can be stated as follows: Graphene may hold key to speeding up DNA sequencing: Researchers from Harvard University and MIT have demonstrated that graphene, a surprisingly robust planar sheet of carbon just one-atom thick, can act as an artificial membrane separating two liquid reservoirs. By drilling a tiny pore just a fewnanometers in diameter, called a nanopore, in the graphene membrane, they were able to measure exchange of ions through the pore and demonstrated that a long DNA molecule can be pulled through the graphene nanopore. Graphene to Speed up Computers up to 1000X: Researchers have discovered some amazing properties of graphene, It is comprised of hexagonal structures of atoms, atoms which conduct electricity. If you remove atoms, you can create an almost super-conducting (and very, very small) circuit. The silicon chips currently used in our computers, smartphones, etc can run no faster than about 3GHz without overheating when the silicon chips are replaced with graphene chips, the limit can go up to 100 to 1000 times higher 6

7 Patent surge reveals global race: A surge in research into the novel material graphene reveals an intensifying global contest to lead a potential industrial revolution. Latest figures show a sharp rise in patents filed to claim rights over different aspects of graphene since 007, with a further spike last year. China leads the field as the country with the most patents. The South Korean electronics giant Samsung stands out as the company with most to its name. Here are is the figure that demonstrates the patent registration. Table 2.1 Patents registration by Nations Nationality Number of graphene patent publications China 2204 US 1754 South Korea 1160 UK 54 (source: q tannock, cambridgeip, 2013) Condom mechanics of graphene: New technology that can make condoms more desirable for use, which could lead to an increase in condom use. Composite materials are composed of a mixture of two materials graphene mixed with an elastic polymer such as latex used in traditional condoms. This can be achieved by combining the strength of graphene with the elasticity of latex, to produce a new material which can be thinner, stronger, stretcher, safer and most importantly pleasurable. Graphene windows' clearer focus: The carbon-based material graphene can help scientists study liquids more clearly with high-power microscopes. Graphene can form a clear "window" to see liquids at higher resolution than was previously possible using transmission electron microscopes. Liquids had been difficult to view at the same resolution as solids because these microscopes require the liquids to be encapsulated by some material. Bendy gadget future for graphene: A remarkable material called graphene could soon be used to invent foldable, flexible and transparent high-speed electronics, like smartphones display, LED s etc. 7

8 3D Printing with Graphene: 3D printing technology and the super-material graphene have the potential to bring about the next industrial revolution. If it is possible to print 3D objects using graphene, it s already possible to make everything from guns to food to human body parts. If graphene proves workable as a 3D printable material, we could potentially add computers, solar panels, electronics, even cars and airplanes to the list. 2.6 Pros and Cons of Foldable Gadgets While there is not a universal list of foldable gadgets pros and cons due to countless production differences, consumers should understand what to look for to maximize the pros and minimize the cons. primary objective of providing users with a convenient-tocarry and easy-to-use makes foldable models the favorite to become the most popular style however, until manufacturers create a uniform production standard. Pros: Portability: Those gadgets offer users convenient portability to take on long distance flights and carry from the office to a conference room to work on a large-scale company project. The only factor that diminished carrying convenience was bulky size that added length and girth. Foldable accessories consolidate space, and thus, provide users with more carrying convenience. Convenient Layout: Manufacturers always seem to find ways to create more convenient layouts on the accessories. Since foldable gadgets are considered similar to compact design as per its durability. User reviews praise this feature that most manufacturers include on foldable spare parts on their prospective purchase. Cons: Durability: Many foldable gadgets models lack a locking mechanism to keep the two folding flaps secure. This is not only a significant flaw, the manufacturers construct for portability, it also increases the likelihood that one, or both, According to user and expert reviews, durability is the biggest issue. 8

9 Navigation: The primary goal to produce parts foldable is that it possess easy-to-use. This design flaws gives user quite unfriendly touch at its use. 9

10 CHAPTER III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3.1 Summary Researchers at The University of Manchester have produced tiny liquid crystal devices with electrodes made from graphene an exciting development that could lead to computer and TV displays based on this technology. Graphene was discovered at The University of Manchester back in 2004, by Professor Andre Geim FRS and Royal Society Research Fellow Dr Kostya Novoselov. This incredible one-atom-thick gauze of carbon atoms, which resembles chicken wire, has quickly become one of the hottest topics in physics and materials science. These properties seem to make this material an excellent candidate for applications in various electro-optical devices that require conducting but transparent thin films. We believe graphene should improve the durability and simplify the technology of potential electronic devices that interact with light. in regard to foldable gadgets, graphene will play vital role as it is one atom thick, optically transparent, chemically inert, and an excellent conductor. 3.2 Conclusion Graphene has an interesting history, but many now wonder about its future. The subject of considerable scholarly debate, it does seem reasonable to assert a few things looking ahead: First, the quality and availability of synthetic graphene will continue to improve. Whether high quality material comes in the form of an alternative chemical route to the complete exfoliation of graphite or from optimization of the thermal processes required for substrate-based methods, there is no sign that synthetic techniques are nearing their upper limit. This means that device engineers will have ample access to improved materials for developing novel structures and finding ways to integrate graphene into present-day electronic devices. 10

11 Second, chemical modification of graphene s basal plane or its edges will substantially influence graphene-based devices. For electronic applications, one can imagine the attachment of functional groups aimed at self-assembly of simple circuits or the incorporation of chemical dopants to limit leakage current under zero gate bias. For sensors, lock and-key type binding sites could provide selective sensitivity to a wide variety of analytes. These might include chemical warfare agents or even biological species. Third, industrial use of graphene as a transparent conductor could have huge implications for the solar industry. As synthetic routes improve, the prospect of replacing ITO with a low-cost carbon-based coating seems feasible. This would not only remove significant uncertainty about the availability and cost of indium but also enable non evaporative rollto roll processing of transparent conductors. 3.3 Recommendations Here are some important recommendations that were observed after the study on it. Graphene being most flexible, non-corrosive, conductive, non-brittle, transparent are cheap and lightweight allotropes of carbon hence they can be used in making electronic as well as metal substitute goods. The dream for foldable gadgets can be achieved through the use of graphene. The mixture of graphene and elastic polymer such as latex can give rise to new substances which will be thinner, stronger and most stretchy they can be used in the production of Condoms. However graphene is widely welcomed still there should be enough research on it to find the demerits of them and environmental aspect should be kept into consideration. 11

12 This is the end of the report: Please don t forget to visit: A DHN Studios Presentation. For more interesting reports and contents. See you there! 12

Session V: Graphene. Matteo Bruna CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

Session V: Graphene. Matteo Bruna CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING Session V: Graphene Matteo Bruna Graphene: Material in the Flatland Graphite Graphene Properties: Thinnest imaginable material Good(and tunable) electrical conductor Strongest ever measured Stiffest known