Optical design and performance of the ESRF soft X-ray beamline. Kurt Kummer*, Nick Brookes ESRF
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1 Optical design and performance of the ESRF soft X-ray beamline Kurt Kummer*, Nick Brookes ESRF
2 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE Soft X-ray beamline for polarisation dependent studies 1) X-ray absorption in high fields, low temperatures (XMCD, XMLD) 2) Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) 3) Open experimental area (3) (1) (2)
3 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE XMCD branch Element specific magnetic characterization with extreme sensitivity In-situ sample preparation & characterization Magnetic fields 9T parallel (4T orthogonal) to the beam high sweep rates of 8T/min (2T/min) Temperatures Today 5 K to 325 K, target 3 K to 400 K Kummer et al. J. Synchr. Rad. 23, 464 (2016)
4 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE XMCD branch Mannini et al. unpuplished Kummer et al. J. Synchr. Rad. 23, 464 (2016)
5 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE XMCD branch Recent highlight Kummer et al. J. Synchr. Rad. 23, 464 (2016) Magnetic remancence in single atoms F. Donati et al. Science 352 (2016) 318.
6 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE RIXS branch Resolution Flexible scattering geometry, 3D materials Polarimetry Giacomo Ghiringhelli Lucio Braicovich
7 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE RIXS branch AXES ID08 ESRF In operation m scattering arm Design: E/ΔE = 2,000 at Cu L 3 (930 ev) 2010: E/ΔE = 5,000 at Cu L 3 SAXES ADRESS beamline at PSI-SLS In operation since m scattering arm Design: E/ΔE = 12,000 at Cu L : E/ΔE = 10,000 at Cu L 3 C. Dallera et al. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 3, 231 (1996). G. Ghiringhelli et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1610 (1998). M. Dinardo et al., Nucl, Instrum. Meth A 570, 176 (2007). G. Ghiringhelli et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, (2006). V. Strocov et al., J. Synch. Rad., 17, 631 (2010). Giacomo Ghiringhelli Lucio Braicovich
8 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE RIXS branch ADRESS (PSI-SLS) 16x10 3 ID32 CCO (H-polarization) ID In te n s ity ID Energy (ev) Ghiringhelli et al Giacomo Ghiringhelli Lucio Braicovich
9 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE RIXS branch CaCuO 2 Nd 1.2 Ba 1.8 Cu 3 O 6 S. M. Hayden et al, PRB 54, R6905 (1996) The sample used in INS was a 96g YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.15 single crystal. Ghiringhelli et al. Jul 2015 Giacomo Ghiringhelli Lucio Braicovich
10 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE Open for other types of experiments Resonant magnetic X-ray scattering GdRh 2 Si 2 : Strongly T-dependent antiferromagnetic magnetic order in the absence of a crystal field Kummer et al. In preparation.
11 ID32 - THE NEW ESRF SOFT X-RAY BEAMLINE Open for other types of experiments Coherent Imaging monocromator pinhole sample mask CCD Vortex core gyration in square permalloy elements Origin of exchange bias: pinning sites and interfacial effects 3 2 Co-edge XMCD (%) m 1 2 m Ogrin et al. under review at Scientific Reports H (mt) (PtCo) 12 Pt 2 (NiFe) 4 /Al, signal from 1% of a buried monolayer C. Tieg et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, (2010) Done at ID08
12 STARTING POINT FOR THE OPTICAL DESIGN Two branches sharing the same monochromator mechanics XMCD Moderate resolving power (> 5,000) Very high stability Variable spot size 100x10 microns 2 to 3x1.5mm 2 Continuous energy scans Full polarization control RIXS Very high resolving power (~ 42,000) High stability Spot size 60x4 microns 2 (HxV) Very photon hungry Full polarization control
13 OPTICAL DESIGN
14 RIXS BRANCH Resolving power Photon flux Giacomo Ghiringhelli Lucio Braicovich
15 RIXS BRANCH - OPTICAL CONCEPT Classic VLS plane-grating monochromator (SX700/Peterson style) Hitachi Hettrick. Photonics 3, 3 (2016)
16 RIXS BRANCH - OPTICAL CONCEPT Classic VLS plane-grating monochromator (SX700/Peterson style) = cos cos = (2.1) Grating parameters l/mm Ruled Area (mm x 180 x x 12.5 mm) c/a 0.61 / / 0.69 Groove depth (nm) 9.52 / / 8.45 Roughness (nm rms) VLS parameters: a0 (l/mm) a1 (l/mm 2 ) a2 (l/mm 3 ) x10-6 (2.5211x10-8 ) x10-6 (8.4697x10-9 ) Au coating (nm) a1 chosen to zero defocus term if c ff fixed a2 chosen to zero coma
17 RIXS BRANCH - OPTICAL CONCEPT Classic VLS plane-grating monochromator (SX700 style) Efficiency Photon Energy (ev) Grating efficiency Calculated with REFLEC (BESSY) Grating parameters l/mm Ruled Area (mm x 180 x x 12.5 mm) c/a 0.61 / / 0.69 Groove depth (nm) 9.52 / / 8.45 Roughness (nm rms) VLS parameters: a0 (l/mm) a1 (l/mm 2 ) a2 (l/mm 3 ) x10-6 (2.5211x10-8 ) x10-6 (8.4697x10-9 ) Au coating (nm) a1 chosen to zero defocus term if c ff fixed a2 chosen to zero coma
18 RIXS BRANCH RESOLUTION beamline + spectrometer achieve the expected combined resolving power of 30,000 Ray-tracing done with Shadow
19 XMCD BRANCH Continuous and wide energy scans at constant resolution Stability Kummer et al. J. Synchr. Rad. 23, 464 (2016)
20 XMCD BRANCH OPTICAL CONCEPT VLS grating creates a virtual focus at the entrance slit for all energies which is then refocused by the cylindrical mirror on the exit slit. VLS parameters have opposite to usual case! Optical concept first described by Howells and Staub* and later used at ALBA**. This scheme has not been used for a soft X-ray dichroism beamline. Several advantages. 1) Allows continuous scans of the energy by scanning only the grating, pre-mirror angle is fixed. Grating parameters Ruled Area (mm x mm) 170 x 25 Blaze angle (degrees) / Anti Blaze angle / (degrees) Roughness (nm rms) 0.42 VLS parameters: a0 (l/mm) a1 (l/mm 2 ) a2 (l/mm 3 ) Pt coating (nm) / / x10-6 +/- 1.3x /- 2nm 2) Being able to choose different pre-mirror angles to maximise efficiency or harmonic rejection and still be able to just scan the grating for measurements gives a very flexible set-up. Exit slit is fixed in position and since the energy resolution varies slowly over an absorption edge the slit opening can also be fixed. [1] Howells & Staub (1996). PSI report [2] Pereiro et al. J. Synchrotron Rad. (2009). 16, 505.
21 XMCD BRANCH VLS GRATING PARAMETERS VLS parameters follow from easy geometric relations D(w) = a0(1 (2/r1)w + (3/(r1*r1))w ) = a0 + a1w + a2w Resolving power 5000 is obtained with a 300 l/mm grating and an entrance arm length (r1) of 22456mm a1, a2 Easy to recalculate for 900 l/mm. Howells & Staub (1996). PSI report Grating parameters Ruled Area (mm x mm) 170 x 25 Blaze angle (degrees) / Anti Blaze angle / (degrees) Roughness (nm rms) 0.42 VLS parameters: a0 (l/mm) a1 (l/mm 2 ) a2 (l/mm 3 ) / / x10-6 +/- 1.3x10-6 Grating: DIOS/BESSY, mechanically ruled, blazed. Pt coating (nm) 28 +/- 2nm Line density varies in the opposite direction to conventional systems!
22 XMCD BRANCH VLS GRATING PARAMETERS Calculated with REFLEC (BESSY) Grating parameters Ruled Area (mm x mm) 170 x 25 Blaze angle (degrees) / Anti Blaze angle / (degrees) Roughness (nm rms) 0.42 VLS parameters: a0 (l/mm) a1 (l/mm 2 ) a2 (l/mm 3 ) / / x10-6 +/- 1.3x10-6 Pt coating (nm) 28 +/- 2nm
23 XMCD BRANCH PHOTON FLUX Calculated with REFLEC (BESSY) Measured photon flux at the sample
24 XMCD BRANCH VARIABLE BEAM SIZE AT THE SAMPLE Single crystals vs molecular magnets/atoms Kummer et al. J. Synchr. Rad. 23, 464 (2016) Donati el al. Science 352, 318 (2016)
25 XMCD BRANCH RESOLUTION
26 MONOCHROMATOR MECHANICS Beam out Plane VLS grating Water cooled BESTEC Berlin / ESRF Plane mirror LN2 cooled Beam in 125 K 100mm Great care needs to be taken to preserve the optical slope error when mounting the gratings and the cooling.
27 SOURCE Insertion Device Group: J. Chavanne Full polarization control ~100% polarised soft X-rays circular (left and right) linear (vertical, horizontal, inclined) 88mm period three undulators = 1.6m + 2.5m +1.6m h = keV with 1 st harmonic Flux: ~2 x ph/sec/0.1%bw/200ma
28 HEAT LOAD MANAGEMENT SRW heat load
29 HEAT LOAD MANAGEMENT SRW ESRF high power slits Marion and Zhang, AIP Conf. Proc. 705, 320 (2004) heat load
30 HEAT LOAD MANAGEMENT Heat load analysis of the white beam mirror (L. Zhang) SRW heat load
31 HEAT LOAD MANAGEMENT Heat load analysis of the white beam mirror (L. Zhang) SRW Cooling of the white beam mirrors
32 MONOCHROMATOR MECHANICS Beam out Plane VLS grating Water cooled BESTEC Berlin / ESRF Plane mirror LN2 cooled Beam in 125 K 100mm Great care needs to be taken to preserve the optical slope error when mounting the gratings and the cooling.
33 DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostic tools before and after each optical component were extremely useful during the commissioning y Top View x Double mirror PGM Deflecting Mirror Refocusing Optics source M1 M2 z x Side View Primary slits Brem. stop Entrance slit Exit slit Sample m 0.6m 11.4m 22.5m 1.5m 35m 15.5m 1.1m 0.4m 3m ~121m Diagnostic slits DiagOn Beam viewer Diamond Beam viewer YAG Beam viewer Sample beam viewer Plane mirror Toriodalmirror Elliptical mirror with bender Cylindrical (sagittal) mirror Grating Primary slits Monochromator slits Bremsstrahlungstop Source Gas cell Sample I0 monitor Reference samples Diagnostics Optics
34 DIAGNOSTICS UNDULATOR EMISSION Desjardins et al. AIP Conf. Proc. 879, 1101 (2007) Schematic layout of a DiagOn device (Soleil) Emission cones of one (a) or two simultaneous (b) undulators imaged with DiagOn
35 DIAGNOSTICS ESRF white and monochromatic beam viewers
36 PEOPLE A. Amorese PhD student N. Brookes Beamline responsible D. Betto Post-doc A. Fondacaro Technician F. Yakhou Operation manager K. Kummer Beamline scientist E. Velez-Fort Post-doc M. Aspbury Trainee R. Barret, M. Sanchez del Rio, L. Zhang, A. Vivo L. Eybert, M. Leme, P. Feder, G. Berruyer, F. Ciancosi, P. Marion ESRF R. Reininger APS G. Ghiringhelli, L. Braicovich, G. Dellea, Y. Y. Peng, M. Minola Politecnico di Milano
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