Silesian University of Technology, Poland Recoverable and recyclable catalysts for sustainable chemical processes
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1 Silesian University of Technology, Poland Recoverable and recyclable catalysts for sustainable chemical processes Anna Chrobok
2 What are the challenges for the sustainable chemical industry today? reduce chemical waste, improve the selectivity and efficiency of synthetic processes The design and synthesis of recoverable and recyclable catalysts Ludwigshaven in Germany
3 What are the challenges for the sustainable chemical industry today? The need to implement green chemistry principles is a driving force towards the development of recoverable and recyclable catalysts. Recyclability can either be achieved: by bounding the catalyst to a solid phase, by modification of solubility characteristics. CATALYST CATALYST e.g. acid or base is bounded to a solid phase Filtration Regeneration Recycle M. Benaglia, Recoverable and Recyclable Catalysts, 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2009
4 Green Chemistry Green chemistry is the design, development and implementation of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to human health and the environment. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) INST. FÜR ANORGANISCHE CHEMIE kalb consult...chemical solutions Umweltchemie
5
6 Green Chemistry E-factor (kg/kg) raw material E = kg waste/kg product product waste Product tons p.a. kg waste/ kg product Oil refining ca 0.1 Bulk Chemicals < 1-5 Fine Chemicals Pharmaceuticals R. A. Sheldon Consider the Environmental Quotient, ChemTech, 1994, 38.
7 Examples Case studies: the recoverable and recyclable catalysts for chemical processes like: - esterification, - Diels-Alder reaction, - oxidation of alcohols and ketones. IONIC LIQUIDS as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts Recycling of ionic liquids prevents them from: - ending up in the aquatic environment, - release into the atmosphere (low volatility). Ionic liquids from biomass.
8 Ionic Liquids Basic Structures
9 Ionic Liquids Properties
10 Ionic liquids as catalyst and solvent for esterification reaction Modification of solubility characteristics
11 Complex hydrogen-bonded anionic clusters [(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) χ ] - (χ = 0, 1, or 2) H 2 SO 4 + B [HB][HSO 4 ] χ H2SO4 = H 2 SO 4 + B [HB][(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 )] χ H2SO4 = H 2 SO 4 + B [HB][(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) 2 ] χ H2SO4 = 0.75 m. p. < 100 C RT ILs, T g < 0 C K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, F. Coleman, K. R. Seddon, M. Swadźba-Kwaśny, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3463
12 Complex hydrogen-bonded anionic clusters [(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) χ ] - (χ = 0, 1, or 2) Atoms of the hydrogensulfate anion are represented in blue, Atoms of the sulfuric acid are in red. K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, F. Coleman, K. R. Seddon, M. Swadźba-Kwaśny, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3463
13 Model esteryfication reaction Catalyst acidity Reactants ratio 1 1,5 mol Catalyst loading 1 15 % mol Catalyst recycle K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, F. Coleman, K. R. Seddon, M. Swadźba-Kwaśny, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3463
14 Complex hydrogen-bonded anionic clusters Catalyst loading, %mol Reactants ratio BuOH : MeCOOH = 1:1; Temp. 30 o C Temp. 30 o C [Et 3 NH][(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) 2 ]
15 Recycling study BuOH : MeCOOH = 1:1.5; IL =12% mol; t= 2h; Temp. 30 o C [Et 3 NH][(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) 2 ]
16 Summary Synthesis of a new family of protonic ionic liquids Formation of hydrogen-bonded anionic clusters [(HSO 4 )(H 2 SO 4 ) χ]- (χ= 1 or 2) High acidity of new ionic liquids (AN up to 121) New catalysts for esterification Key parameters effecting the O O reaction: miscibility of reagents, O catalyst acidity Possibility to reuse catalyst without the lost of activity p h a s e b o u n d a r y O H + O H H 2 O I o n i c l i q u i d
17 Ionic liquids as catalyst and solvent for Diels-Alder reaction Designing of recyclable biocatalysts
18 Ionic liquids from the biomass Glucose-derived ionic liquids: exploring biodegradable, low-cost sources K. Erfurt, I. Wandzik, K. Walczak, K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3508
19 Diels-Alder reaction D-glucose from biomass feedstock D-glucose from biomass feedstock K. Erfurt, I. Wandzik, K. Walczak, K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3508
20 Diels-Alder reaction Dienophile Diene Product Time Yield endo: exo [h] [%] cyclopentadiene methacrolein : 1 cyclopentadiene methyl-vinyl ketone : 1 cyclopentadiene methyl methacrylate : 1 cyclopentadiene acrylonitrile : 1 cyclohexadiene 1,4-benzoquinone cyclohexadiene maleic anhydride isoprene 1,4-benzoquinone isoprene maleic anhydride K. Erfurt, I. Wandzik, K. Walczak, K. Matuszek, A. Chrobok, Green Chem., 2014, 16, 3508
21 Ionic liquids as catalyst for ketones oxidation Bounding the catalyst to a solid phase
22 Immobilized Catalysts Bounding ionic liquid to a solid phase Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph of bimodal structured silica A. Chrobok, S. Baj, W. Pudlo, A. Jarzębski, Appl. Catal. A: General, 2009, 366, 22
23 Immobilized Catalysts Bounding the catalyst to a solid phase 3 recycles, 89-91% of catalyst recovery A. Chrobok, S. Baj, W. Pudlo, A. Jarzębski, Appl. Catal. A: General, 2009, 366, 22
24 Ionic liquids as catalyst and solvent for alcohols oxidation Supported Ionic Liquid Phase SILP
25 Supported Ionic Liquid Phase SILP - materials science engineering with economic and environmental objectives A. Chrobok, S. Baj, W. Pudlo, A. Jarzębski, Appl. Cat. A: General, 2010, 389, 179
26 Supported Ionic Liquid Phase SILP Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph of the ionogel A_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup A. Chrobok, S. Baj, W. Pudlo, A. Jarzębski, Appl. Cat. A: General, 2010, 389, 179
27 Supported Ionic Liquid Phase SILP Alcohol OH Aldehyde CHO Time [h] Conversion b [%] Time [h] Conversion b [%] Yield c [%] Catalyst recovered [%] O 2 N OH O 2 N CHO MeO OH MeO CHO OH CHO reaction conditions: alcohol (1 mmol), TEMPO (0.1 mmol), mmol of CuCl 2 included in A_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup, dibutyl ether as solvent, oxygen at atmospheric pressure, 65 o C A. Chrobok, S. Baj, W. Pudlo, A. Jarzębski, Appl. Cat. A: General, 2010, 389, 179
![Reusability of the A_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup and B_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup catalysts reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (5 mmol), TEMPO (0.](/docs-images/73/68926375/images/28-0.jpg "5 mmol), 0.35g of catalyst containing 0.")
28 Reusability of the A_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup and B_CuCl 2 /[bmim]oso 3 Oc sup catalysts reaction conditions: benzyl alcohol (5 mmol), TEMPO (0.5 mmol), 0.35g of catalyst containing mmol of CuCl 2, oxygen at atmospheric pressure, 65 o C; isolated yields after 7 h with 98% conversion of benzyl alcohol
29 Summary The development of recyclable catalysts represents a big challenge. It is interdisciplinary field, where pure chemistry is connected to material science, or engineering and where even business and economy-related issues play an important role in: - determining the planning, the design and the realization of a project in the area. It is a field where many technologies and opportunities are offered to successfully realize an easy recoverable and, what is more important, reusable catalytic system.
30 Acknowledgment Karolina Matuszek Agnieszka Drożdż Magdalena Sitko Karol Erfurt Professor Kenneth Seddon Dr Małgorzata Śwadźba Dr Fergal Coleman Professor Andrzej Jarzębski Dr Katarzyna Szymańska Financing: HARMONY Grant no. UMO /06/M/ST8/00030
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