AP CHEMISTRY READING GUIDE

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1 Name: Due Date: AP CHEMISTRY READING GUIDE Chapters 1-3, Chemical Foundations & Stoichiometry Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations Define the following terms in your own words: Scanning Tunneling Microscope Theory Natural Law Law of Conservation of Mass Precision Accuracy Random error Systematic error Temperature Density

2 Matter Pure substances Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Physical change Chemical change Distillation Filtration Solution Chromatography Compound Element

3 Answer the following questions based on the chapter reading in your own words. 1. Why is chemistry sometimes referred to as the central science? 2. The scanning tunneling microscope indicates that the surface of the adhesive found on Post-it notes is irregular and uneven. Explain how this is advantageous for the everyday use of these sticky notes. 3. Explain why units are essential in performing measurements. 4. Denise argues with her friend that the mass of the hydrate she has obtained is 1 gram. The friend says that it is 1.00 gram. Denise says it doesn t matter because the two masses are the same. Do you agree or disagree with Denise? Why or why not? 5. How does the density of the sulfuric acid solution impact the life of the battery?

4 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, Ions Define the following terms in your own words: Law of Definite Proportions Law of Multiple Proportions Avogadro s Hypothesis Isotopes Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding Alkali metals Alkaline Earth metals Halogens Noble Gases

5 Answer the following questions based on the chapter reading in your own words. 1. Describe the ancient Greek view of matter. 2. Describe Robert Boyle s contribution to the field of modern chemistry. 3. a. What is phlogiston according to Georg Stahl? b. Early chemists believed combustion stopped due to the air being saturated with phlogiston. Based on your knowledge of combustion reactions, what are the likely components of phlogiston? 4. Describe Lavoisier s contributions to the field of chemistry. 5. Explain Avogadro s hypothesis and how it contributed to an understanding of water s molecular formula being H 2 O.

6 6. How did Berzelius impact the field of chemistry? 7. Is selenium helpful or harmful to humans? Justify your answer. 8. How did J.J. Thomson s experimental results disprove Dalton s atomic theory? 9. a. What was Rutherford s hypothesis prior to conducting the famous gold foil experiment? b. What did Rutherford observe when he conducted the gold foil experiment? c. How did Rutherford s observations and results change the view of the atom?

7 10. Explain the difference between an atom and a molecule. 11. Discuss the pros and cons of the ball-and-stick model and the space filling model. Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Define the following terms in your own words: Chemical stoichiometry Mass spectrometer Average atomic mass Mole Avogadro s Number Molar mass

8 Empirical formula Molecular formula Limiting reactant Theoretical yield Percent yield Answer the following questions based on the chapter reading in your own words. 1. Why is counting by weighing an effective method for determining a large quantity of an object? Explain your answer by utilizing at least 2 reasons. 2. Explain how a mass spectrometer works.

9 3. Why are the atomic masses of the elements not integers when they are all based off of a set, whole number (12 amu). 4. How is a molecule different from a formula unit? 5. a. Balance the following reaction for the complete combustion of octane using the smallest whole number coefficients: C 8 H 18 (g) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) b. What mass of carbon dioxide will be produced from a g sample of octane? (You must use dimensional analysis). c. In a different experiment, g of octane are available to react with g of oxygen. Identify the limiting reactant and calculate the maximum mass of water that will be produced from this combustion.

10 6. Why is the actual yield often less than the theoretical yield? 7. Using example 3.17, determine the percent yield if a student performed the reaction described to obtain 9.54 g of nitrogen.

CHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

CHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry - Ancient Greeks - thought matter was composed to 4 substances earth, air, fire, water ( vs. ) Alchemy - (discovered many elements;