The Structure of Matter
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1 The Structure of Matter Elements in the Earth crust in g / t O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg Ti H P Mn F S /10/ Earth's Interior 0 ºC Crust 50 km 1000 ºC 3700 ºC 4300 ºC Mantle 642 km Mg, Fe, Al, Si, O (plastic) Core Fe, Ni (liquid) Inner Core Fe (solid) 2200 km 3486 km r= km 18/10/
2 2.0 Materials phase: different aggregations of matter solid liquid - gaseous homogeneous materials: one phase heterogeneous materials: more than one phase 18/10/ Aggregation of Matter Bose-Einstein-Continuum solid melting freezing liquid solid subliming resubliming gaseous liquid vaporizing condensing gaseous gaseous Ionising plasmatic recombining 18/10/
3 4.0 Chemical Elements A chemical element is a fundamental substance that cannot be further refined or subdivided by chemical means. All atoms of a chemical element have the same number of protons. 18/10/ Atomic Theory until 1987: atoms = billiard balls 1886 E. Goldstein discovered positive charges within the atom 1887 J.J. Thomson discovered the electron when using cathode ray tubes raisin bread theory of atoms 1908 E. Rutherford interpretated his gold foil experiments by assuming a positively charged centre und negative charged surrounding electrons RUTHERFORD s model 1913 Bohr postulated his model of defined electron shells 1932 J. Chadwick discovered the neutron 18/10/
4 5.1 The RUTHERFORD- Experiment 18/10/ BOHR s Atomic Theory φ = m Nucleus: Protons (+) Neutrons (n) Electron Orbits: Electrons (-) 18/10/
5 5.2.1 Relative Atomic Diameter Hazelnut 1 cm 100 m 18/10/ Nuclides Notation: Atomic Mass Atomic Number Element Neutron Atomic Mass Atomic Number Element Proton H He C 6 18/10/
6 5.3.1 Chart of the Nuclides Isotopic Nuclides Atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers He 4, σ abs < 0,05 H 1,00794 σ 0,332 H-1 99,985 σ 0,332 He-3 0, σ 0,00005 H-2 0,015 σ 0,00052 n 1 10,25 m He-4 99, β 0,02 H-3 12,323 a β 0,02 He-5 99,99986 n β 0,8 18/10/ N He-6 806,7 ms β - 3,5 Z Hydrogen Isotopes 1 1 Hydrogen /10/
7 5.3.3 Nuclide Categories Isotopic nuclides Atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers Isobaric nuclides Atoms which have the same mass number but different proton numbers Isotonic nuclides Atoms which have the same neutron number but different proton numbers Isomeric nuclides Atoms which have the same proton and neutron numbers but different energy levels 18/10/ Electron Shell 2n 2 Electrons per Shell E n = 4 N-Shell n = 3 M-Shell n = 2 L-Shell n = 1 K-Shell Z = Atomic Number e = Elementary Charge r = Orbital Radius m = Electron Mass 1 Z e m Z e E = = n = Shell Number r 2 n h h = Planck s Constant 18/10/
8 5.5 Quantum Mechanics electron stationary wave electron wave function electron orbital Schrödinger s equation electron energy levels electron nucleus distance Ψ (r,e) Ψ 2 (r,e) HΨ = EΨE E r 18/10/ The Standard Model Matter Atom Nucleus Electron Proton Neutron Quark 18/10/
9 5.6.1 Elementary Particles and Quarks Elementary Particles Leptons light particles Mesons even quark numbers Baryons heavy particles Bosons "force particles" Neutrinos... Hyperons Nucleons Photons Elektrons... Neutrons Protons Quarks Quarks 18/10/ Antimatter All elementary particles have antimatter counter parts Antimatter counterparts have the same mass but opposite electric charges When matter and antimatter come in contact they are instantly converted to energy (annihilation) and photons or mesons were created, respectively Photons are identical with its antimatter. 18/10/
10 5.6.3 Photons The photon (from Greek φοτος, meaning light) is a quantum of excitation of the quantised electromagnetic field and is one of the elementary particles studied by quantum electrodynamics (QED) which is the oldest part of the Standard Model of particle physics. 18/10/ Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves such as the photon - are transverse waves: The electric fields (E) and the magnetic field (M) both oscillate at right angles to the direction of wave propagation (travel). The two fields also oscillate at right angles to each other. 18/10/
11 5.6.5 Electromagnetic Spectra 18/10/ Photon Matter Interactions Photon Interactions 18/10/
12 Photo Effect Incoming photon Photo electron 18/10/ COMPTON Effect Scattered photon Incoming photon COMPTON electron 18/10/
13 Pair Effect Incoming photon Positron Electron 18/10/ Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission U n Fission Products n 18/10/
14 5.7.1 Fission Products Fission Yield U-235 Mass Number 18/10/ The Binding Energy Curve Binding Energy per Nucleon Mass Number 18/10/
15 5.7.3 Nuclear Fusion The sun converts in 1 second ca. 600 million tons of hydrogen into 596 million tons of Helium. 4 Million tons of matter were converted into Energy! 18/10/ Exercises 1. What are nucleons? 2. What is an isotope? 3. What are isomeric nuclides? 4. What was the conclusion of the RUTHERFORD experiment? 5. Which are the hydrogen isotopes? 6. Do isotopes posses different chemical properties? 7. Do isotopes posses different physical properties? 8. How many electrons can be found in the L-shell? 9. What is a photon? 10. What is the anti electron? 18/10/
16 Literature E. Lindner; Chemie für Ingenieure; M. Lindner Verlag, 1993 P.W. Atkins & J.A. Beran; Chemie einfach alles; VCH, 1996 W. Schröter et. al; Taschenbuch der Chemie; Verlag Harry Deutsch, 1990 Schroedel; Chemie Heute Sekundarstufe II; Schroedel Schulbuchverlag, 1993 Römpp; Chemie Lexikon, 9. Auflage; Thieme Verlag, 1990 Linus Pauling; Grundlagen der Chemie; Verlag Chemie, 1973 B. Bröcker; DTV-Atlas zur Atomphysik; DTV Verlag 1993 P.M. Magazin 12 / 94 atw - Internationale Zeitschrift für Kernenergie 2/96 Bild der Wissenschaft 11 / /10/ Web-Links ectrum.gif 18/10/
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