Investigation II: Picturing Molecules
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1 Smells Unit Investigation II: Picturing Molecules Lesson 1: Molecules in Two Dimensions Lesson 2: onk If You Like Molecules Lesson 3: onnect the Dots Lesson 4: Eight is Enough Lesson 5: Dots, Dots, and More Dots
2 Smells Unit Investigation II Lesson 1: Molecules in Two Dimensions
3 hematalyst ere are drawings of two molecules that you ve already smelled. List at least three differences and three similarities between the two molecules. O O O O Molecule #1 Molecule # Key urriculum Press.
4 The Big Question an the structural formula of a molecule help us to predict how it will smell? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
5 You will be able to: Describe a molecule based on its smell Key urriculum Press.
6 Notes A structural formula is a drawing or diagram that a chemist uses to show how the atoms in a molecule are connected. hemists refer to the connections between atoms in a molecule as a bond. In structural formulas, the covalent bonds are represented as lines Key urriculum Press.
7 Activity Purpose: In this lesson you are introduced to the structural formulas of the molecules you have smelled plus some new molecules. You will look for patterns in the ways the atoms are connected Key urriculum Press.
8 Making Sense What structural features seem to be the best predictors of the smell of a molecule? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
9 2004 Key urriculum Press. ketone O carboxylic acid O O ester O O amine N O Notes (cont.)
10 Notes (cont.) Functional groups are structural features that show up repeatedly in molecules and seem to account for some of their chemical properties. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
11 Notes (cont.) O ketone functional group O O carboxylic acid functional group O O N ester functional group amine functional group 2004 Key urriculum Press.
12 heck-in If a molecule is sweet, what other things do you know about it? List at least four things that are probably true Key urriculum Press.
13 Wrap-Up Structural formulas show how the atoms in a molecule are put together. ertain structural features in molecules called functional groups appear to be related to smell Key urriculum Press.
14 Smells Unit Investigation II Lesson 2: onk If You Like Molecules
15 hematalyst Examine the following molecules. What patterns do you see in the bonding of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen? N Molecule K diisobutylamine fishy O Molecule E menthone minty 2004 Key urriculum Press.
16 The Big Question ow can ON 1234 help us to draw structural formulas? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
17 You will be able to: Determine whether the structural formula of a given molecule is possible Key urriculum Press.
18 Notes ON 1234 is a simple, catchy phrase reminding us about the bonding of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. This easy-to-remember phrase reminds us how many bonds each element usually makes within a molecule. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
19 Notes (cont.) Double bonds and triple bonds still follow the ON 1234 rule. The double-bonded oxygen in the menthone molecule is bonded twice to carbon and therefore follows the guidelines Key urriculum Press.
20 Activity Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to give you practice in creating structural formulas from molecular formulas and to help you begin to understand why atoms end up in the specific arrangements we find them in. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
21 (cont.) Molecular formula #1 3 8 Molecular formula #2 3 8 O Molecular formula #3 3 9 N 2004 Key urriculum Press.
22 Making Sense The third molecular formula has at least three possible structures. Are these all the same molecule? Explain Key urriculum Press.
23 Notes Molecular formula #1 (the same molecule drawn with two different orientations) (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
24 2004 Key urriculum Press. Molecular formula #2 (four different drawings are shown three different molecules are represented) O O O O (cont.) Notes (cont.)
25 2004 Key urriculum Press. Molecular formula #3 (four different drawings are shown however, they represent only three different structures) N N N N (cont.) Notes (cont.)
26 Notes (cont.) Molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas Key urriculum Press.
27 heck-in Are the following molecules correct according to ON 1234? If not, what specifically is wrong with them? 1. O 2. O 2004 Key urriculum Press.
28 Wrap-Up The ON 1234 rule tells us how many times hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon tend to bond. When a molecule is oriented differently in space it is still the same molecule. A molecular formula can be associated with more than one distinct structural formula Key urriculum Press.
29 Smells Unit Investigation II Lesson 3: onnect the Dots
30 hematalyst This is a drawing of the structural formula of a methane molecule. The lines represent bonds. Explain what you think a bond is Key urriculum Press.
31 The Big Question ow can Lewis dot symbols help us to understand and predict bonding? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
32 You will be able to: Draw the Lewis dot symbol for an element and predict how many covalent bonds it will make Key urriculum Press.
33 Notes A covalent bond is a connection that forms between two atoms when those atoms are sharing a pair of electrons between them. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
34 Notes (cont.) When we draw an atom using dots to represent the valence electrons it is called a Lewis dot symbol. When we draw a molecule using dots to represent the valence electrons it is called a Lewis dot structure. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
35 Notes (cont.) Nitrogen, with five valence electrons, would be drawn as follows: start here N N N N N Notice that the Lewis dot symbol of nitrogen has three unpaired electrons and one electron pair. This means that nitrogen has three electrons that can potentially be paired up with electrons from other atoms. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
36 Notes (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
37 Activity Purpose: In this lesson you will begin to understand why atoms connect to each other the way they do. You will be introduced to a tool, called Lewis dot symbols, which will assist you in building molecules and predicting how many bonds an element will have. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
38 (cont.) N O F Ne Si P S l Ar (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
39 (cont.) Group number IV V VI VII VIII Number of bonds First row elements N O F Ne Second row elements Si P S l Ar (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
40 (cont.) N 2 + O 2004 Key urriculum Press.
41 Making Sense Based on what you ve learned in this lesson, explain why the ON 1234 rule works Key urriculum Press.
42 Notes N O O N (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
43 Notes (cont.) Bonded pair refers to a pair of electrons that are involved in bonding between two different atoms. Lone pair refers to a pair of electrons that are not involved in bonding but are paired up within an atom. A single electron is sometimes referred to as an unpaired electron. N lone pair of electrons bonded pair of electrons 2004 Key urriculum Press.
44 heck-in Draw the Lewis dot symbol for the element I, iodine. Explain how you arrived at your particular drawing. ow many covalent bonds does iodine make? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
45 Wrap-Up A covalent bond is one in which two atoms share valence electrons. In a Lewis dot structure, pairs of electrons that are not bonded are referred to as lone pairs. ON 1234 indicates how many unpaired electrons are associated with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon Key urriculum Press.
46 Smells Unit Investigation II Lesson 4: Eight is Enough
47 hematalyst Draw the Lewis dot structure for the following covalently bonded molecule. Explain how you arrived at your answer. l Key urriculum Press.
48 The Big Question ow can we use Lewis dot structures to help draw structural formulas? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
49 You will be able to: Predict whether a given compound would be stable and likely to be found in nature Key urriculum Press.
50 Notes l + l l l 2004 Key urriculum Press.
51 Activity Purpose: In this lesson you will use Lewis dot structures to create structural formulas of molecules containing elements in addition to, O, N, and. You will look for patterns in the number of electrons surrounding each atom in a Lewis dot structure in order to develop further understanding of bonding. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
52 (cont.) Br 2 2 S P 3 Si 4 (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
53 (cont.) l 4 l + l l l P + 3 F F P F F F P F F 2004 Key urriculum Press.
54 Making Sense The noble gases do not form bonds with other atoms (except under very extreme conditions). Explain why you think this might be true (use your Lewis dot structures) Key urriculum Press.
55 Notes Atoms of most elements are very reactive. They become stable (the opposite of reactive) when they combine with other atoms to form compounds. The more stable a molecule is, the more likely we are to find that it exists in nature. The octet rule states that atoms tend to form bonds by sharing valence electrons until eight valence electrons surround each atom Key urriculum Press.
56 heck-in Which of the following formulas satisfy the ON 1234 rule? Which of the following formulas satisfy the octet rule? Which of the following formulas represent stable compounds we might find in the world around us? a) 3 b) Key urriculum Press.
57 Wrap-Up Elements form bonds by sharing electrons until each atom has the same number of valence electrons as the noble gas in the same row of the periodic table this is called the octet rule Key urriculum Press.
58 Smells Unit Investigation II Lesson 5: Dots, Dots, and More Dots
59 hematalyst ere are the structural formulas for N 2 (nitrogen gas), O 2 (oxygen gas), and F 2 (fluorine gas). Draw the Lewis dot structures for these three molecules. N N O O F F 2004 Key urriculum Press.
60 The Big Question ow do we draw a Lewis dot structure for a molecule? 2004 Key urriculum Press.
61 You will be able to: Use Lewis dot symbols to draw a possible structure for a 2 4 O 2 molecule Key urriculum Press.
62 Notes Draw Lewis dot symbols for and two O atoms: Bring atoms together: and O and O reate double bonds: O O O O 2004 Key urriculum Press.
63 Activity Purpose: In this lesson you will work to create structural formulas for various molecules. You will start with the Lewis dot structures of individual atoms. These atoms can then be arranged in more than one way to create molecules. Finally, structural formulas will be translated from the Lewis dot representations. (cont.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
64 (cont.) Start with these atoms Draw the Lewis structure for the starting atoms Add hydrogen atoms to satisfy the octet rule ow many s are needed? Draw the structural formula for the molecule Write the molecular formula for the molecule 2 carbon atoms bonded together 1 carbon atom and 1 oxygen atom 1 carbon atom and 1 nitrogen atom 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms 2004 Key urriculum Press.
65 Making Sense Explain how ON 1234 assists you in checking out the structural formulas you create Key urriculum Press.
66 heck-in We know two things about a certain molecule. We know that its molecular formula is 2 4 O 2 and we know that it has one =O in it. Using Lewis dot symbols and the octet rule to guide you, draw at least one possible structure for this molecule. (There are a total of three possible.) 2004 Key urriculum Press.
67 Wrap-Up Atoms can form double and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule Key urriculum Press.
BIG IDEA: A covalent bond forms when nonmetal atoms share one or more pairs of electons with one another
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