4.1 Atomic Theory and Bonding

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1 4.1 Atomic Theory and Bonding An atom is the that still has the 50 million atoms, = An atom = (s) + (s) + (s) Atoms join together. A compound is a that is composed of combined in a. and are atoms/elements; H 2 O is a. A occurs when the arrangement of in compounds changes to. See pages Atomic Theory Atoms are made up of called particles. The is at the of an atom. The nucleus is composed of and. exist in the surrounding the nucleus. # of = # of in every atom Nuclear charge = = # of Atomic number = # of = # of See page 170 Page 1

2 Organization of the Periodic Table In the are listed in by their. Metals are on the (the metals range from group 3 to group 12), are on the, and the form a staircase toward the. of elements (across) are called. All elements in a have their in the same general area their nucleus. of elements are called, or. All elements in a family have and bond with other elements in. Group 1 = Group 2 = Group 17 = Group 18 = See page 171 The Periodic Table INCREASING REACTIVITY Where are the following? Atomic number Period Group/Family Metals Non-metals Transition metals Metalloids Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble gases See page 172 Page 2

3 Periodic Table and Ion Formation Atoms and electrons to form. The atoms become particles called. Metals and become ( ). Some (multivalent) lose in different ways. For example, iron, Fe, loses either (Fe 2+ ) or (Fe 3+ ) electrons Non-metals and become (anions). Atoms and electrons in an attempt to have the number of (electrons farthest from the nucleus) as the nearest in the periodic table. ~ ~ See page 173 Bohr Diagrams Bohr diagrams show how many appear in each around an. Electrons in the are called. Think of the shells as being like, not like. What element is this? It has electrons, and therefore, protons. It has electron shells, so it is in period. 18 p 22 n It has electrons in the outer ( ) shell. See page 174 Page 3

4 Patterns of Electron Arrangement in Periods and Groups Electrons appear in in a very manner. There is a of electrons in the shell, in the shell, and in the shell. The period number = the. Except for the elements, the last of the group number = the number of in the valence shell. The noble gas elements have electron shells and are very. See page 175 Forming Compounds When two get together, their interact. If the valence electrons can to form a low-energy bond, a is formed. Each in the compound attempts to have the number of electrons as the nearest. Metals may electrons and non-metals may electrons ( ), or atoms may electrons ( ). form when electrons are from ions to ions. form when electrons are between two. Electrons with their atom but with other. See pages Page 4

5 Forming Compounds (continued) are formed between ions and ions. Generally, this is a (+) and a (-) ion. For example, and form an ionic bond in the compound. + Electrons are from the ions to ions bonds are formed between two or more. Electrons are between atoms. Li + O 2- Li +, + Hydrogen fluoride hydrogen fluorine electrons are shared See pages Lewis Diagrams Lewis diagrams illustrate by showing only an atom s and the. Dots representing are placed around the element symbols at the points of the (north, east, south, and west). Electron dots are placed until the electron is reached then they are. See page 178 Page 5

6 Lewis Diagrams of Ions Lewis diagrams can be used to ions and ionic. For ions, one electron dot is from the valence shell for each charge. For ions, one electron dot is to each valence shell for each charge. brackets are placed around each ion to indicate of electrons. Be Cl Each beryllium has electrons to transfer away, and each chlorine can one more electron. Cl Be Cl Since Be 2+ can two electrons and each Cl can only one, Cl ions are necessary. Cl 2+ Be Cl See page 179 Lewis Diagrams of Covalent Bonds Lewis diagrams can also represent. Like diagrams, valence electrons are drawn to show of. The pairs of are usually drawn as a line. See page 179 Page 6

7 Lewis Diagrams of Diatomic Molecules molecules, like O 2, are also easy to draw as Lewis diagrams. O O Several join to diatomic molecules. O O Valence electrons are, here in pairs. O O This is drawn as a. See page 180 Page 7

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