The EURITRACK (EURopean Illicit TRAfficking Countermeasures Kit) Project

Transcription

1 The EURITRACK (EURopean Illicit TRAfficking Countermeasures Kit) Project Prepared by G. Viesti on behalf of the EURITRACK Consortium

2 INTRODUCTION

3 Invented during WW II as an efficient way of moving military equipment up to the front line without tying down too many soldiers for loading and unloading ships, the container has become indispensable to world commerce. Today, containers have helped to make the distribution of goods so efficient that manufacturers have been able to reduce inventories to a bare minimum. Cargo Container: some history

4 Major Container Ports in the world - 1st Hong Kong :18,1 MTEU/y - 2nd Singapore : 17,0 " - 5th Rotterdam : 6,2 " - Le Havre (F) : 1,5 " TEU/y = Twenty Equivalent Feet Unit per Year Of all the world s great industries, shipping is arguably the most international, and today the global commerce is more accurately defined as international trade by ship. In fact approximately 95% of the world s cargo moves by ship. That translates into over 200 million cargo containers moving between major seaports around the world each year. It is estimated that less than 10% of all containers are checked to verify that transported goods corresponds to the declared content. The very large movement of containers around the world increases the risk that the containers could be used by a terrorist group.

5 The world after 9/11/01: the Cargo Security Initiative (CSI) CSI was proposed by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Commissioner Bonner and launched in January CSI has been accepted globally as a bold and revolutionary initiative to secure maritime cargo shipments against the terrorist threat and will continue to expand to strategic locations around the world. Under CSI, CBP has entered into bi-lateral partnerships with other governments to identify high-risk cargo containers and to pre-screen them before they are loaded on vessels destined for the United States. Today, governments representing 21 countries have signed up to implement CSI. The World Customs Organization (WCO), the European Union (EU), and the G8 support CSI expansion and have adopted resolutions implementing CSI security measures introduced at ports throughout the world. CSI is now operational in 33 ports: Halifax, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada; Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Le Havre and Marseilles, France; Bremerhaven and Hamburg, Germany; Antwerp and Zeebrugge, Belgium; Singapore; Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kobe, Japan; Hong Kong; Göteborg, Sweden; Felixstowe, Liverpool, Southampton, Thamesport, and Tilbury, United Kingdom; Genoa, La Spezia, Naples, Gioia Tauro, and Livorno, Italy; Busan, Korea; Durban, South Africa; Port Klang and Tanjung Pelepas, Malaysia; Piraeus, Greece; Algeciras, Spain; and Laem Chabang, Thailand.

6 The shipping container

7 Cargo inspection by using X-ray scanners: the state of the art. In current customs operation, containers are passed through the inspection systems after a preliminary selection based on an accurate analysis of the accompanying shipping documents and a risk analysis based on the intelligence information collected from different sources. The goal of the inspection is to ascertain the presence of threat materials and smuggled goods without opening the container. This is the only way to allow following up to the final destination the contraband material. In this way the contrast of illicit trafficking can be optimized. This task is obviously impossible when the custom officers are forced to open the container to ascertain the presence of illicit items. Characteristic times of current inspections: Inspection time: 3 minutes to obtain the X-ray image of a standard cargo container. Analysis of the X-ray image including the comparison with the accompanying documentation: between 10 and 20 minutes. The total inspection time, including the movement of containers is about 30 minutes before partial or total unloading. Unloading costs: Euro/container (Data from DGDDI-France).

8 Typical X-ray results X-Ray systems provide limited information even when extended to the higher energies needed to penetrate fully loaded cargo containers: they can only give an idea of the shape and of the density of the objects and can not fully characterize the chemical elements present inside the container. Several threat materials such as explosives have indeed density very close to benign items and can be prepared in any shape.

9 DETECTING EXPLOSIVES WITH TAGGED NEUTRON BEAMS

10 Past TNIS experience: The Tagged Neutron Scanning System for landmine detection

11 Distinctive features of the TNIS system 1) Large scanning area (10 x 100 cm 2 ) 2) The AP tagging improves the signal-background ratio respect to usual Fast Neutron systems. 3) Position identification along the scanning plane (x coordinate, resolution few cm). 4) α-γ coincidence time allows to define the depth of the inspected voxel (z-coordinate, resolution <10cm). 5) Possibility of on-line background subtraction. 6) Reduction of the inspection time. References: M. Lunardon et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 213 (2004) 544. G. Nebbia et al, Proceedings of the 17th Int. Conf on Application of Accelerators in research and Industry, edited by J.L. Duggan and I.L. Morgan, AIoP CP680, p.487. M. Lunardon et al., DETECTION OF LANDMINES BY USING 14 MeV NEUTRON TAGGED BEAMS. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 61 (2004)43

12 S. Pesente et al., NIM A531,2004, YAP:Ce Target 80 cm Tagged Neutrons 127 cm Floor Sample Suitcase BaF 2 42 cm 26 cm Second generation TNIS device at Institute Ruder Boskovic (Zagreb) Tracker: YAP(Ce) scintillator (single beam) BaF 2 scintillator array neutron/s

13 Detection of explosives hidden in luggage PROM-1: 0.4 kg TNT 2.5 kg iron TMA-14: 5.5 kg TNT plastic case

14 1.6x10 8 n/s, 5.5 mm dia collimator, R alpha = 99 kc/s R gamma = 90 kc/s YAP:Ce energy spectrum ToF spectrum Counts Channels Counts Channels Counts Counts Channels Channels BaF 2 energy spectrum gating on YAP:Ce energy and ToF ToF spectrum gating on YAP:Ce energy and 4.4 MeV BaF 2 energy region

15 High rate tests of the TNIS YAP:Ce Target PMT Collimator 127 cm 80 cm Tagged Neutrons BaF 2 16 cm Collimator Diameter 5.5 mm n/s 4.4 MeV P/B Time P/B 2x x x Graphite sample 40.7 cm Floor

16 THE EURITRACK PROJECT

17 The EURITRACK concept 1) Use a conventional X-ray scanning system to serch for hidden suspect objects. 2) Use tagged neutron beams are used to inspect only the suspect objects evidenced in the X-ray scanning. 3) Tagged neutron beams are produced by using a sealed neutron generator. 4) Elemental analysis of the hidden object is performed by detecting the gamma rays emitted in neutron induced reactions. 5) The transmission of the primary neutrons through the container is used to monitor the attenutation of the neutron beam and to give a feedback on the measuring time.

18 THE EURITRACK SUCCESS DEFINITION As a result of EURITRACK project, the customs could expect a faster treatment of containers with more efficient physical checks while they will have the proof of a violation of the law before they unload a container. EURITRACK would allow to reduce the number of manual inspections with unloading and consequently the operational cost. The success of the project will not only consist on the possibility of detecting a fixed quantity of explosive inside the container, but also to generally determine in an automated way the possibility of obtaining reliable information on suspect voxels due to their position and the presence of shielding material, as defined by the accompanying documentation and the X-ray inspection. The success of the EURITRACK project would be measurable by comparing the performance of the system against the expectation of detecting 100 kg of TNT placed inside a container in less than 10 minutes, when the absorption of the primary neutron beam hitting the sample due to the material inside would not be larger than a factor 2. This success has to be documented during the laboratory test of the system, before starting the final demonstration phase planned at the seaport Le Havre (France).

19 The EURITRACK Consortium CEA KHT IPJ CAEN EADS- SODERN RBI DGDDI SAPHIMO INFN

20 THE TAGGED NEUTRON BEAM

21 Past work: Portable Sealed 14 MeV Tagged Neutron Generator (G. Nebbia et al NIMA 533(2004) ) YAP:Ce (YAlO 3 Cerium loaded) Φ = 40 mm, t = 0.5 mm coated with a layer of 1 mg/cm 2 of metallic silver Stainless steel CF63 flange PMT Hamamatsu R1450 YAP:Ce UV-extended sapphire window Φ = 48 mm, t = 3 mm EADS-SODERN in collaboration with INFN and the Physics Department of the Padova University

22 YAP:Ce characteristics

23 New Read-out with multi-anode PMT Solution of the alpha particle read-out with a system made by YAP-UVQuartz window- H8500 PMT. Relevant parameters: Active area 49x49 mm 2 Ext area 52x52 mm 2 # of pixels 64 Pixel size 6x6 mm 2

24 H8500 (a) Principle of Hamamatsu Flat Panel multi-anode H-8500 PMT. (b) H8500 tube drawing. (c) Scan of the tube using the PiLas laser diode operating in single photoelectron mode at 635nm. (d) Measured single electron timing resolution of 138ps achieved in this tube. (Data from SLAC)

25 The SODERN Neutron Generator for the EURITRACK project GENIE TPA GENERATOR TPA : associated particle tube Emission of 14 MeV neutrons (DT reaction) Nominal emission: 10 8 n/s Emission controlled by adjustment of: Very High Voltage (VHV) Pressure in the tube (replenisher) Isolating gas : SF6

26 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF THE TAGGING SYSTEM: GEOMETRY DEFINITION Neutron detector T target-α detector distance d = 15 cm 150 cm T target-n detector distance d = 30 cm 1 st wall of container d = 150 cm center of container d = 280 cm 2 nd wall of container y T target position (0, 0, 127) cm T target dimension Φ = 2.5 cm Beam direction T(d,n) 4 He 15 cm T target x Deuteron beam direction x axis α detector

27 Geometrical properties of Neutron Beams α detector α x z d ~174 y n n detector d = 150 cm The width of the neutron distribution in coincidence with a given pixel of the α tracker is due to PIXEL DIMENSION Ti-T T TARGET DIMENSION SPREAD IN THE FOLDING ANGLE θ αn 13

28 Neutron Beam Widths Φ T = 2.5 cm Φ T = 0.5 cm Φ T = 0.1 cm d = 150 cm T-Target diameter: Φ T = 2.5, 0.5, 0.1 cm Pixel size: x pixel = 1, 6.08, 11 mm The width of the neutron beams is due to target diameter θ αn =

29 Neutron plane A B Beam crosstalk Voxel A Voxel B Fig. 6. Distributions of the α-pixels in coincidence with neutrons hitting two voxels A and B (25 25 cm 2 ) of the neutron detector, placed at a distance of 150 cm from the target. The results are shown IAEA fortechnical the two configurations Meeting Vienna studied (4 4 and 8 8).

30 Container filled with iron based material d Tn = 150 cm d Tα = 15 cm Φ T = 2.5 cm FWHM air =17 cm FWHM cont =18 cm Fig. 8. Distributions of the α-pixels in coincidence with the neutrons investigating voxel B (see Fig. 6), placed at a distance of 150 cm from the target, for different density of the iron-based material.

31

32

33 THE TNIS PORTAL

34 EURITRACK LOCATION Le Havre Option : Parking nord Transfo EDF sycoscan W N E S Portal Bungalow Cables / connection Bat.administratif 20 m

35 Top detectors positions 100 cm mini 2.5 m mini Top detectors set 75 cm? 100 cm mini Latéral detectors set Generator detectors set

36 Demonstrator design 4 clusters 4x[5" 5" 10"] top + 1 trans. + four detectors in reflection Top view Side view (16 dets) (4 dets) (4 dets) (16 dets) (4 dets) (4 dets) Heavy metal slabs Neutron generator

37

38 Efficiency x surface (cm²) Scintillator effective efficiency (MC study) Effective efficiency = efficiency x detector entrance surface NaI 10"x10"x10" Four individual NaI 5"x5"x10" NaI(Tl) 8"x8" NaI 6"x6"x6" NaI(Tl) 5"x5" NaI(Tl) 4"x4" NaI(Tl) 3"x3" Liquid Xe 5"x5" BaF2 3"x3" BGO 3"x3" LaCl3 2"x2" E(MeV)

39 Useful signal TNT in central position Iron Matrix Iron Matrix (d= 0.2) (Carbon / Oxygen) Design Detector Location Detector Type Flux ( 10-8 cm -2 ) Effective Efficiency (cm 2 ) Useful signal per detector (c/s) 16 NaI(Tl) Top / / / 0.28 (5 5 ) Transmission / / / 0.17 Reflection / / / NaI(Tl) + 2 clusters of four crystals 4 NaI(Tl) + 2 clusters of four crystals Total: 7 top, 5 trans., 4 refl. Top 1 cluster 10.1 / / 342 Transmission 1 cluster 6.10 / / 342 Reflection / / 25.4 Total: 1 top cluster, 1 trans. cluster, 4 refl. 5 5 Top 1 cluster 10.1 / / 228 Transmission 1 cluster 6.10 / / 228 Reflection / / 25.4 Total: 1 top cluster, 1 trans. cluster, 4 refl / / / / / / / / / 5.3 Detectors in shielding position in the collimators Best solution with the 2 clusters of square section crystals

40 Top and Trans. Det. : Design #1-4 ( ) without collimation Reflection Det. : 4 (5 5 ) Useful signal TNT in the 6th voxel Iron Matrix 2.50E-07 Flux (photons/cm2/source neutron) 2.00E E E E-08 Transmission Top Reflexion Iron 0.00E Time (ns) Useful signal for Carbon = 6.85e-7 1.8e5 371 = 45.7 c/s in transmission = 3.39e-8 1.8e5 371 = 2.3 c/s in top

41 Front-End Eletronics for the EURITRACK TNIS portal

42 Alpha detector: array of 64 crystal (8x8) with a 64 pixel photomultiplier CAEN Front-end electronics Gamma-ray detectors / 16+8 Alpha detector TDC QDC Trigger matrix Data Acquisition System (DAQ) / 64 TDC

43 Discriminator CAEN catalog module: V812 or V814 or V895 (VME modules ) TDC Time to Digital Converter CAEN catalog module: V1190 Multihit and multievent TDC

44 Charge to Amplitude Converter Gamma Alfa Trigger QDC Trigger matrix 100 ns CAEN catalog module: V792 Multievent QDC Trigger matrix: To be developed in VME standard 100 ns { Region of interest { i-th trigger window QDC 32 words Alpha TDC n α words Gamma Tx n Tx words Gamma Rx n Rx words (i+1)-th trigger window QDC 32 words Alpha TDC n α words Gamma Tx n Tx words Gamma Rx n Rx words

45 PCI Bridge CAEN catalog module: V A2818 PCI->VME bridge via optical link for PC-based control Power Supply Supplying the voltage for the frontend electronics boards and the voltage divider of the photomultipliers. SY2527 Universal Multichannel CAEN catalog power supply system

46 QDC integration gate width

47 Information System: Software for data histogramming in the commissioning phase

48 IS architecture Feedback on TNIS status Settings TNIS control Spectra analysis TNIS H C I Data acquisition Decision making Local DB External DB Wireless connection X-ray seals VPN Interface IAEA Technical Meeting VPN Vienna Custom Information System

49 Histogramming software scheme Voxel Definition Raw Data from CAEN DAQ File reading Pile-up Rejection Gate application Histogramming Histogrammed data (ASCII) Graphics TNIS Calibration Data

50 EURITRACK Collaboration Participants: 1) Commissariat à l Energie Atomique, CEA, France, jean-louis.szabo@cea.fr 2) Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Italy, giuseppe.viesti@pd.infn.it Ruder Boskovic Institute, IRB, Croatia, valkovic@rudjer.irb.hr 3) Joint Research Center, JRC, Belgium, paolo.peerani@jrc.it 4) Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, IPJ, Poland, marek@ipj.gov.pl 5) Kunglika Tekniska Hogskolan, KTH, Sweden, klamra@particle.kth.se 6) Société Anonyme d Etudes et Réalisations Nucléaires, SODERN, France, philippe.letourneur@sodern.fr 7) Costruzioni Apparecchiature Eletroniche Nucleari, CAEN, Italy, a.colonna@caen.it 8) Saphymo, SAPHYMO, France, jfmoreau@saphymo.fr 9) Direction Générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects, DGDDI, France, jean-roald.lhermitte@douane.finances.gouv.fr