V. 3. Development of an Accelerator Beam Loss Monitor Using an Optical Fiber
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1 CYRIC Annual Report 2001 V. 3. Development of an Accelerator Beam Loss Monitor Using an Optical Fiber Kawata N. Baba M. Kato M.*, Miura T.**, and Yamadera A.***, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University INTRODUCTION A new cyclotron was installed in the Cyclotron and Radio Isotope Center (CYRIC) of Tohoku University. Now a large beam current project is running as shown in table 1. To realize the plan, it is important to lead the particle beam to the end of the beam lines with a minimum loss to avoid activation of accelerator components and building walls. For the reason, a beam loss monitor with high sensitivity is required in addition to existing beam monitoring systems such as a beam slit. In the beam loss monitoring, detection of radiation in real time, and identification of the radiation location is required over a wide range of radiation level. In this study, we have investigated a beam loss monitoring method by combining an optical fiber with scintillators. By using an optical fiber, we can make a simple, inexpensive, and flexible system. We tested the position-response of the detector with gamma-rays and neutrons. From the experiment, we confirmed clear peaks corresponding to each measuring positions with spatial resolution of cm, and approved a possibility as the radiation monitor. PRINCIPLE OF BEAM LOSS MONITOR A schematic view of the detector is shown in Fig. 1. Several scintillators are placed along to the beam lines and their light outputs are lead to a wavelength-shift fiber coupled to two photo-multiplier tubes in both ends of the fiber. At the beam loss spot, neutrons and gamma-rays are emitted from the beam lines made by aluminum or stainless steel. When these radiations enter and interact 177
2 with the scintillators, scintillation photons are generated. These light photons go to both ends of the fiber, and from the difference of arrival times to both ends of the fiber, we can identify which scintillators were scintillating. Generally, a detector using an optical fiber has following advantages. 1. The detector can be light, compact, and flexible. 2. The detector is suitable for wide area monitoring. 3. The detector is tolerable to electromagnetic field owing to the utilization of light signal. In addition, the detector can measure over wide area and continuously radiation distribution by combining the fiber with scintillators. Photo-multiplier tubes (Hmamatsu H1949 assembly) (PMT), constant fraction discriminators (CFD), time amplitude converters (TAC) are connected to both ends of the fiber. When the radiations are incident into the scintillator placed at x m from the start PMT, the difference of arrival times to both photomultipliers is given by Therefore, t ={(L x) /v + T d } x/v =(L 2x) /v + T d. where, x ={v(t d t) +L}/2, v: velocity of light in the fiber, L: length of optical fiber, T d : delay time. COUPLING OF FIBER WITH SCINTILLATOR In this study, the fiber is coupled with the scintillator though the hole in the scintillator as shown in Fig. 2. Photons emitted in the scintillators are transmitted into the fiber. To improve the light transmission we used a wavelength-shift fiber (WSF) for the optical fiber. WSF absorbs lights and then re-emit lights, which have different wavelength to 4πsolid angle. By using WSF, therefore, the transmission efficiency of photons from the scintillator will be higher compared with the case of using normal optical fibers. In this study NE102A plastic scintillator and BCF-92 wavelength-shift fiber 178
3 (Bicron) were used. Figure 3 shows the wavelength of lights emitted from NE102A, and absorption and emission efficiency of BCF-92. The peak of the former is about 423 nm and is close to the latter which is about 410 nm. Therefore, the transmission efficiency of the scintillation light is high. By changing the scintillator type and its size, we can vary the sensitivities and selectivity of radiation types. Further by using the coupling, the sensitivities for the radiation can be higher than the case of using scintillating fibers alone owing to the large size of the scintillator. EXPERIMENT AND RESULT Figure 4 shows the scintillator and WSF used at this experiment. The scintillator was a rectangular parallelepiped with a teflon coating. The fiber was 5.5 m long and 1 mm in diameter. By changing the positions of scintillators on the fiber, we confirmed position responses of the detector. Position response for gamma-ray By using a 137 Cs gamma-ray source, position response was measured in 1 m step from 1 to 5 m. Figure 5 shows the result of the response test. Five peaks are clearly observed in each position. A position resolution was about 60 cm (time resolution of ) for a 137 Cs source. Lights are attenuated according to the distance exponentially in the fiber. Counting rates of each peaks are different and the counting rate becomes smaller with the distance from the start PMT. Light output for 661 kev gamma-rays from 137 Cs are small, the measurement was done near a pulse height bias. This resolution is not very good. As the reason, it is thought that scintillating photons were reduced when they were transported either from the scintillator to the fiber or in a process of transportation along the fiber. Figure 6 shows the response for two points simultaneously by the method shown in Fig. 7. Two clear peaks are observed. From this experiment it was shown that detection in plural points could be possible. Position response for 15 MeV neutrons Figure 8 shows the response of the detector for 15 MeV neutrons. In the same 179
4 way as the experiment for 137 Cs gamma-rays, the scintillator was moved in 1 m step from 1 m to 5 m. Five peaks are observed clearly around each positions. The position resolution improved to 40 cm probably because light outputs of 15 MeV neutrons are ten times as large as that of 137 Cs gamma-rays of 661 kev. Furthermore, in contrast with the 137 Cs case, the counting rates for the neutrons are almost independent of the position owing to high light output for 15MeV neutrons and low pulse height bias. Pulse height distribution for 22Na gamma-ray Figure 8 shows a pulse height distribution for 22 Na gamma-rays (0.511 and 1.27 MeV) detected by NE102A couples directly to the PMT. Two Compton edges are shown apparently. On the other hand, no peaks can be seen if the WSF is inserted between scintillator and PMT as shown in Fig. 9. Following processes may cause this loss of pulse height information, 1. lights transmission from the scintillator to the WSF, 2. shift of light wavelength in the WSF, 3. transportation of shifted light along the fiber. Pulse height distribution for 15 MeV neutrons Figure 10 shows pulse height distributions for 15 MeV neutrons with WSF for light transmission lengths of 1 m and 5 m from the start PMT. In the case of 1 m an edge-like structure can be seen around 3,000 channels, but such structure disappears in 5 m. As the transport length becomes larger, the pulse height information was deteriorating. The results of 4.3 and 4.4 suggest the pulse-height response of the detector is not good as expected. Therefore, the beam loss monitor in the present configuration should employ the time-of-flight information in place of pulse height information. SUMMARY Conclusion 1. We have fabricated a position sensitive detector as the beam loss monitor using a combination of scintillators and the WSF. By changing the size of the scintillator, the sensitivity for radiations from a beam line can be changed. Using the WSF can 180
5 improve the light transmission efficiency. 2. We showed the beam loss point can be known from the difference of light arrival times (TOF) to the both ends of the fibers. 3. From the above, the fiber detector can be used as the beam loss monitor, while there is a room of improvement. Future For realization of the monitor, the transmission length of the lights will be made longer by using silica fibers whose attenuation length is far longer than that of plastic fibers. Further, more scintillators will be used for a practical use. The monitor will detect only neutrons by using a ZnS(Ag) scintillator and so on to avoid detection of gamma-rays from activated parts. REFERENCES 1) Knoll G. F., Radiation Detection and Measurement, Second Edition. 2) OKA T et al., Journal of NUCLEAR SCINECE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 35, No. 12, p (1998). 3) Takada E. et al., IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 42, NO. 4 (1995). Table 1. Performance of new cyclotron in CYRIC. Fig. 1 Principle of the beam loss monitor. 181
6 Fig. 2. Coupling of scintillators with fiber. 182
7 Fig. 10 Pulse height distribution of 15 MeV neutrons with WSF 183
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