Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE

Transcription

1 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE Richard Parsons, (RichardP) Say Thanks to the Authors Click (No sign in required)

2 To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit AUTHOR Richard Parsons, (RichardP) CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform. Copyright 2012 CK-12 Foundation, The names CK-12 and CK12 and associated logos and the terms FlexBook and FlexBook Platform (collectively CK-12 Marks ) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non- Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA) License ( as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the CC License ), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at Printed: October 13, 2012

3 Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE CHAPTER 1 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Mendeleev s Periodic Table 1.2 Families and Periods of the Periodic Table 1.3 Worksheets for Chapter Extra Reading for Chapter Assessment for Chapter 8 Lessons and Number of Activities for Lessons TABLE 1.1: Lessons and Activities for Lessons Lesson No. of Labs No. of Demos No. of Worksheets No. of Extra Readings 1. Mendeleev s Periodic Table 2. Families and Periods of the Periodic Table

4 1.1. Mendeleev s Periodic Table Mendeleev s Periodic Table Student Behavioral Objectives The student will: identify the person credited for organizing the periodic table. state the basis for the organization of Mendeleev s periodic table. Timing, Standards, Activities TABLE 1.2: Timing and California Standards Lesson Number of 60 min periods CA Standards Mendeleev s Periodic Table 1.0 None Activities for Lesson 1 Laboratory Activities Demonstrations Worksheets Extra Readings Answers for Mendeleev s Periodic Table (L1) Review Questions Sample answers to these questions are available upon request. Please send an to teachers-requests@ck12.org to request sample answers. 2

5 Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE 1.2 Families and Periods of the Periodic Table Student Behavioral Objectives The student will: identify groups in the periodic table. state the number of valence electrons for each A group in the periodic table. explain the relationship between the chemical behavior of families in the periodic table and their electron configuration. identify periods in the periodic table. describe the similarities among elements in the same period in the periodic table. Timing, Standards, Activities TABLE 1.3: Timing and California Standards Lesson Number of 60 min periods CA Standards Families and Periods of the Periodic 1.5 1b, 1c, 1f Table Activities for Lesson 2 Laboratory Activities Demonstrations Worksheets 1. The Periodic Table and Electron Configuration Worksheet Extra Readings 1. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table Answers for Families and Periods of the Periodic Table (L2) Review Questions Sample answers to these questions are available upon request. Please send an to teachers-requests@ck12.org to request sample answers. 3

6 1.2. Families and Periods of the Periodic Table Multimedia Resources for Chapter 8 The following websites explore the history behind the periodic table. The following video is an introduction to the electronic organization of the periodic table. This website provides an interactive periodic table with basic information about each element. This video describes the organization and family properties within the periodic table. This website provides a dynamic periodic table that also provides information about the orbitals and electron configurations of the elements. This website reviews the different groups in the periodic table. This website has lessons, worksheets, and quizzes on various high school chemistry topics. Lesson 3-4 is on the periodic table. This video is a ChemStudy film called Transuranium Elements. The film is somewhat dated but the information is accurate. This video is a ChemStudy film called Inert Gas Compounds. The film is somewhat dated but the information is accurate. Laboratory Activities for Chapter 8 Demonstrations for Chapter 8 4

7 Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE 1.3 Worksheets for Chapter 8 Copy and distribute the lesson worksheets. Ask students to complete the worksheets alone or in pairs as a review of lesson content. The Periodic Table and Electron Configuration Worksheet When Mendeleev organized the periodic table, he placed the elements in vertical columns according to their chemical behavior. That is, elements were placed in the same vertical columns because they behaved similarly in chemical reactions. All the alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb,Cs) react with water to produce heat, hydrogen gas, and the metal hydroxide in solution. Essentially, the only difference in the reactions is that the larger alkali metals react faster than the smaller ones. The vertical columns of elements are frequently referred to chemical families because of their similar chemical characteristics. When quantum theory generated electron configurations which demonstrated that the elements in the same family have the same outer energy level electron configuration, the reason these elements behaved similarly became clear. Since chemical behavior is determined by outer energy level electron configuration, it was clear that elements that behaved similarly should have similar electron configuration. TABLE 1.4: The Electron Configuration of Family 1A Elements Element Electron Configuration Li 1s 2 2s 1 Na 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 1 K 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 Rb 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1 Cs 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 1 TABLE 1.5: The Electron Configuration of Family 7A Elements Element Electron Configuration F 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 Cl 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 5 Br 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5 I 1s 2 2s 2 sp 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 5 Exercises 1. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns 2 np 1, a. to which family does it belong? b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? c. how many valence electrons does it have? 2. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns 2 np 4, a. to which family does it belong? b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? 5

8 1.3. Worksheets for Chapter 8 c. how many valence electrons does it have? 3. If the outermost energy level electron configuration of an atom is ns 2 np 6, a. to which family does it belong? b. is the atom a metal, metalloid, non-metal, or a noble gas? c. how many valence electrons does it have? 4. The electron configuration of an element is [Ar]4s 2 3d 3. a. What is the identity of the element? b. In what period does the element belong? c. In what group does the element belong? d. Is the element a main group element, a transition element, a lanthanide, or an actinide? 5. Write the electron configuration of only the outermost energy level for an element that is in family 5A of the fifth period of the periodic table. 6. Write the electron configuration of only the outermost energy level for an element that is in family 8A of the third period of the periodic table. Answers to Worksheets The worksheet answer keys are available upon request. Please send an to teachers-requests@ck12.org to request the worksheet answer keys. 6

9 Chapter 1. Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table C-SE-TE 1.4 Extra Reading for Chapter 8 The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table The Periodic Table has been acknowledged as one of the most influential keys to understanding modern chemistry. A wealth of information is organized into a readily interpretable array of essential atomic data. Since the days of Dmitri Mendeleev, who is credited with arranging our modern periodic table on the basis of physical similarities, atomic physicists have drastically extended the number of elements by the preparation of artificial elements. These are atoms not found naturally on Earth due to radioactive decay instability but have been created synthetically by atomic bombardment and collisions. The very first synthetic element was the result of many years of searching for the elusive missing element to be inserted between molybdenum and ruthenium, an omission noted and a space left open by Mendeleev. Many efforts claiming to have identified element 43 were made but not substantiated. Conclusive evidence for the production of a new element was made by Emilio Segré and Carlo Perrier in 1937 after they collided molybdenum atoms with the heavy isotope of hydrogen known as deuterium. Later trace amounts of technetium were identified among the decay products of uranium fission. The name technetium was chosen from the Greek word for artificial. The next synthetic element, 61, promethium, was produced by a similar method. Jakob Marinsky and Larry Glendenin at MIT bombarded neodymium atoms with neutrons obtained as byproducts of uranium decay. Their 1946 announcement named the new element after the mythological Prometheus, who, according to legend was responsible for bringing fire to mankind. The decade of the 1940 s also marked the creation of the first trans-uranium element. Neptunium was the result of Berkeley scientists Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson colliding uranium with neutrons as was the concurrent production of element 94, named plutonium in the sequence correlating with the modern group of solar system planets. One name suggested for element 94 was extremium offering the proposition that this artificially produced element was the upper limit or heaviest possible atom. Since that time, the quest for producing super-heavy elements has continued with the question of where and when that upper limit, if it exists, will be reached. Currently, (2009) the as-yet unnamed Element 118, a member of the noble gas family, maintains its status as the heaviest element. Three atoms of element 118 were reportedly created by fusing californium atoms with calcium atoms in 2006 at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. In the last year, claims suggesting the existence of Element 122 have also been reported but as yet, experimental replications have failed to reproduce this evidence. Is there an upper limit to the periodic table? The intrinsic instability with respect to nuclear decay appears to limit the production of elements with atomic numbers greater than that of uranium. Most of the trans-uranium elements have extremely short half-lives and very limited production quantities. Attempting to load the tiny atomic nucleus with 100+ protons appears to provide a barrier that may have reached its synthetic limit. 7

10 1.5. Assessment for Chapter Assessment for Chapter 8 The chapter quiz and answer key are available upon request. Please send an to teachers-requests@ck12.org to request the material. 8