A fine-tuned Metal-Organic Framework for Autonomous Indoor Moisture Control

Transcription

1 Supplementary Information A fine-tuned Metal-Organic Framework for Autonomous Indoor Moisture Control Rasha G. AbdulHalim, Prashant M. Bhatt, Youssef Belmabkhout, Aleksander Shkurenko, Karim Adil, Leonard J. Barbour and Mohamed Eddaoudi. Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group (FMD 3 ), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, mohamed.eddaoudi@kaust.edu.sa Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa Table of Contents Materials and Methods:... S2 Structural Figures... S3 Topological Analysis... S4 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Patterns... S5 Thermal gravimetric Analysis... S8 Water adsorption... S9 Water adsorption/ desorption Cycles... S10 Low Pressure Gas Adsorption Measurements:... S13 Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD)... S15 References:... S23 S1

2 Materials and Methods: Instrumentation Single-Crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) Studies Data were collected on two different instruments. (1) An X8 PROSPECTOR APEX II CCD diffractometer (Cu Kα λ = Å) and (2) Bruker Apex II DUO CCD diffractometer with a multilayer monochromator (Mo Kα λ= Å). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements were performed on a Panalytical X pert PRO MPD X-ray diffractometer at 45kV, 40 ma for Cu Kα (λ = Å). High resolution dynamic thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed under a continuous N2 flow and recorded on a TA Instrument Hi-Res TGAQ500 thermal gravimetric analyzer. Water sorption experiments were carried out at different temperatures close to ambient (25 C- 45 C) using a VTI-SA vapor sorption analyzer from TA Instruments (New Castle, DE, United States). The water vapor activity was controlled automatically by mixing wet vapor feed with a dry N2 line; hence, N2 acts as a carrier gas for water vapor. The sample dry mass was measured under N2 and was at equilibrium before introducing water vapor into the chamber. The adsorption isotherms, obtained at equilibrium, were collected within a range of 0% - 95% RH. Low pressure gas adsorption measurements were performed on a 3-Flex Surface Characterization Analyzer (Micromeritics) at relative pressures up to 1 atm. The cryogenic temperatures were controlled using argon baths at 87 K. The apparent surface areas were determined from the argon adsorption isotherms collected at 87 K by applying the Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) and Langmuir models. Homogenous microcrystalline samples of Y-shp-MOF-5 were activated by washing the assynthesized crystals with 3 x 20 ml of DMF followed by solvent exchange in acetone for 3 days, during which the solution was refreshed several times. In a typical experiment, 30 to 40 mg of each activated sample was transferred (dry) to a 6-mm large bulb glass sample cell after being evacuated at room temperature using a turbo molecular vacuum pump and then gradually heated to 125 o C at a rate of 1 o C/min, held for 16 h and cooled to room temperature. S2

3 Experimental Methods Starting Materials and General Procedures: 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (BTEB), 2-fluorobenzoic acid (2-FBA), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF); anhydrous acetone was obtained from Acros Organics. All chemicals and solvents were used as received without further purification from Fisher Scientific, Acros Organics, Sigma-Aldrich, or TCI America. Structural Figures a) b) Figure S1: (a) Organic building blocks used in the construction of Y-shp-MOF-5 based on the 4-c organic linker 1,2,4,5-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (BTEB) and 12-c carboxylatebased molecular building blocks (MBBs) (b) Schematic diagram showing the formation of RE-shp-MOF constructed from the assembly of BTEB and 12-c carboxylate-based MBB, which can be viewed as a rectangular and hexagonal prism node to afford the augmented shp net consisting of 1-D triangular channels (H atoms removed for clarity). S3

4 Topological Analysis a) b) Figure S2: Topological analysis of Y-shp-MOF-5, a) each 12-c node (olive, with d6r vertex figure representative of the RE nonanuclear cluster) is connected to twelve 4-c nodes (purple); b) illustration of the shp-net connectivity and its view along the z-axis. Prior to topological analysis, the structure has been simplified to its basic nodes (Figure S2). The inorganic nonanuclear cluster is reduced to a 12-c node (α), while the tetratopic ligand is reduced to a 4-connected node (β). The RE-BTEB-MOF exhibits a (4, 12)-c shp topology. Point symbol for net: {4^36.6^30}{4^4.6^2}3 4, 12-c net with stoichiometry (4-c)3(12-c); 2-nodal net; transitivity: [2133], shp topology Topological terms for each node: (α) Point symbol: {4^36.6^30} Extended point symbol: [ (6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6 (6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6(6).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2).6(2)] Coordination sequence: (β) Point symbol: {4^4.6^2} Extended point symbol: [4.4.4(5).4(5).6(18).6(18)] Coordination sequence: S4

5 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Patterns Figure S3: Whole profile pattern matching using the Le Bail method for as synthesized Y-shp- MOF-5 after DMF washings, indicating the phase purity of the as synthesized sample. Figure S4: Whole profile pattern matching using the Le Bail method for acetone exchanged Y-shp-MOF-5, indicating the phase purity of the sample. S5

6 Figure S5: Whole profile pattern matching using the Le Bail method for acetone exchanged Y-shp-MOF-5 after soaking in water for 24h, indicating the phase purity of the sample. Figure S6: Whole profile pattern matching using the Le Bail method for acetone exchanged Y-shp-MOF-5 after 1000 water sorption cycles, indicating the phase purity of the sample. S6

7 Figure S7: Whole profile pattern matching using the Le Bail method for as synthesized Ybshp-MOF-5, indicating the phase purity of the sample. Figure S8: VT-PXRD for acetone exchanged samples showing Y-shp-MOF-5 retaining crystallinity up to 300 o C. S7

8 Figure S9: Variable relative humidity PXRD collected on acetone exchanged Y-shp-MOF-5 sample exposed to elevated relative humidity levels: At ambient conditions ( ), below 65 RH ( ), above 65 RH up to 95 RH ( ), less than 50 RH ( ). The red dotted line reflects the ordered water molecules as the %RH increases up to 95 %RH. Thermal gravimetric Analysis Figure S10. TGA plot of the as-synthesized and acetone exchanged Y-shp-MOF-5. S8

9 Water adsorption Figure S11. Water vapor adsorption isotherms of acetone exchanged samples of Y-shp-MOF- 5 activated at 125 C and collected at 25 C, 30 C and 35 C showing similar behavior to the one collected at 25 C with slight reduction in the working range for moisture level control. Figure S12. Water vapor adsorption isotherms of ( ) freshly prepared acetone exchanged sample (both activated at 125 C) of Y-shp-MOF-5 and ( ) after exposing the sample to 1000 water sorption cycles. The full and the empty symbols reflect the adsorption and desorption, respectively. S9

10 Water adsorption/ desorption Cycles Figure S13. Change of total mass variation of Y-shp-MOF-5 during non-equilibrium adsorption and desorption over more than 1000 cycles driven by the repetitive change in relative humidity between 25 RH and 85 RH. S10

11 50 65 % RH H 2 O Uptake (% weight) Weight % Working capacity 45% RH Elapsed Time ( min) Figure S14. Non-equilibrium adsorption and desorption cycles driven by the repetitive change in relative humidity between 45 RH and 65 RH at isothermal conditions (25 C), proposed by ASHRAE for humidity control % RH, 20 C H 2 O Uptake (% weight) Weight % Working capacity 50% RH, 30 C Elapsed Time ( min) Figure S15. Non-equilibrium adsorption and desorption cycles driven by the repetitive change in relative humidity between 50 RH (30 C) and 60 RH (20 C). S11

12 Table S1. Summary of water uptake at 30 % RH and 75 %RH of water stable MOFs and other representative porous materials. Working Ranges of Cycle 1 and Cycle 2 reported for MCM-41 and Y-shp-MOF-5. Material water uptake (wt%) Working capacity Working range (%RH) 30% RH 75% RH (wt%) Cycle 1 Cycle 2 MOF MOF zeolite 13x MIL-100 (Al) Mg-MOF Ni-MOF Co-MOF Clay/montmorillonite MOF-801-P MOF-801-SC MIL-53 (Al) HKUST CAU CAU MOF MOF UiO MOF DUT MOF MCM Y-shp-MOF-5 (This work) Blucher PIZOF Ni 8(L 5-SF 3) S12

13 Low Pressure Gas Adsorption Measurements: Figure S16. Ar adsorption isotherm for Y-shp-MOF-5 collected at 87 K. Adsorption and desorption profiles are shown in closed and open symbols. S13

14 Volume (cm 3 g -1 ) Before water exposure (ads) Before water exposure (des) After water exposure (ads) After water exposure (des) Relative Pressure (P/P 0 ) Figure S17. N2 adsorption isotherm for Y-shp-MOF-5 collected at 77 K before (red) and after prolonged exposure water vapor at 90%RH (blue). Adsorption and desorption profiles are shown in closed and open symbols. Prior to adsorption, the sample was dried under air and evacuated gently with a ramp of 1 C/min at 125C. S14

15 Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) The X-ray diffraction data for the as synthesized structure as well as for the activated structure at 125 C were measured on a Bruker X8 PROSPECTOR APEX II CCD diffractometer (Cu K = Å). The X-ray diffraction data for the 22% and 100% RH were collected on a Bruker APEX II Duo CCD diffractometer using Mo K radiation ( = Å). Indexing was performed using APEX2 (Difference Vectors method). 4 Data integration and reduction were performed using SaintPlus Absorption correction was performed by multi-scan method implemented in SADABS. 6 Space groups were determined using XPREP implemented in APEX2. The structure was resolved using SHELXS-97 (direct methods) and refined using SHELXL (full-matrix least-squares on F 2 ) contained in APEX2, 4, 7 WinGX v and OLEX2. 7, 9 All four crystal structures of Y-shp-MOF-5 crystallize in the hexagonal crystal system in the space group P63/mmc. Crystal data and refinement conditions are shown in Tables S3-S6. The nonanuclear (Y9) clusters are disordered over two positions with occupancy factors of 0.79, 0.70, 0.74 and 0.71 for structures 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. To refine them properly, thermal parameters of all chemically equivalent atoms and distances between them were constrained/restrained to be the same. Since light oxygen atoms O3 at one cluster orientation were located close to heavy yttrium Y2 atoms at the second cluster orientation, their thermal parameters were constrained to be the same. In the as synthesized structure 1, oxygen atoms at the axial positions of the nonanuclear cluster reveal elongated thermal ellipsoids and were split into 2 positions and refined with the same thermal parameters as one hydroxyl group and two water molecules at each side of the cluster. Therefore, three dimethylammonium cations are needed to balance the framework charge and then the formula of 1 is DMA 3[Y9(μ3-O)2(μ3-OH)12(OH)2(H2O)7(BTEB)3] (solv)x (DMA + = dimethylammonium cation and solv = solvent). The dimethylammonium cations, disordered over 12 positions, were localized for the major part of the disorder only. The anisotropic refinement of DMA + cations was unstable, so they were refined with a fixed geometry in an isotropic approximation. In activated (2) and both hydrated structures (3 and 4), thermal ellipsoids of oxygen atoms at the axial positions of the nonanuclear cluster were similar to other oxygen atoms in the structures. Nevertheless, the ICP measurements of activated Na + -exchanged sample confirm the same 1:3 ratio between outer cations and Y 3+ as for 1. Therefore, the dimethylammonium S15

16 cations were localized for the major part of the disorder only and refined isotropically with a restrained geometry for crystal structures 2-4. It was not possible to use SQUEEZE procedure to estimate crystal composition for the structures 1-4 due to considerable disorder of the framework. a S16

17 b S17

18 c Figure S18. Residual electron density (Fo-Fc) maps of the (a) crystal structure of 2, clear even at the iso-surface level -0.5 e; (b) crystal structure of 3 at the iso-surface level -1.3 e; crystal structure of 4 at the iso-surface level -1.3 e. S18

19 Table S2. Crystal data and structure refinement for 1. Identification code 1 (as synthesized) Empirical formula C 108H 106N 3O 47Y 9 Formula weight Crystal system, space group Unit cell dimensions Hexagonal, P6 3/mmc Volume 10342(2) Å 3 Z, calculated density 2, g cm -3 F(000) 3004 Temperature (K) 100.0(1) Radiation type a = (2) Å, c = (2) Å Cu K Absorption coefficient 3.66 mm -1 Absorption correction Multi-scan Max and min transmission and Crystal size Shape, color range for data collection mm Hexagonal bipyramid, colorless Limiting indices -25 h 25, -24 k 26, -29 l 28 Reflection collected / unique / observed with I > 2 (I) Completeness to max = % / 3416 (R int = 0.050) / 3016 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 3416 / 44 / 157 Final R indices [I > 2 (I)] R 1 = 0.074, wr 2 = Final R indices (all data) R 1 = 0.079, wr 2 = Weighting scheme [ 2 (F o2 ) + (0.1741P) P] -1* Goodness-of-fit 1.07 Largest diff. peak and hole 1.11 and e Å -3 * P = (Fo 2 + 2Fc 2 )/3 S19

20 Table S3. Crystal data and structure refinement for 2. Identification code 2 (0% RH) Empirical formula C 108H 100N 3O 44Y 9 Formula weight Crystal system, space group Unit cell dimensions Hexagonal, P6 3/mmc Volume (6) Å 3 Z, calculated density 2, g cm -3 F(000) 2944 Temperature (K) 296.0(1) Radiation type a = (5) Å, c = (7) Å Cu K Absorption coefficient 3.63 mm -1 Absorption correction Multi-scan Max and min transmission and Crystal size Shape, color range for data collection mm Hexagonal bipyramid, colorless Limiting indices -25 h 24, -26 k 16, -28 l 28 Reflection collected / unique / observed with I > 2 (I) Completeness to max = % / 3432 (R int = 0.055) / 2951 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 3432 / 42 / 152 Final R indices [I > 2 (I)] R 1 = 0.049, wr 2 = Final R indices (all data) R 1 = 0.055, wr 2 = Weighting scheme [ 2 (F o2 ) + (0.0959P) P] -1* Goodness-of-fit 1.12 Largest diff. peak and hole 1.15 and e Å -3 * P = (Fo 2 + 2Fc 2 )/3 S20

21 Table S4. Crystal data and structure refinement for 3. Identification code 3 (22% RH) Empirical formula C 108H 106N 3O 47Y 9 Formula weight Crystal system, space group Unit cell dimensions Hexagonal, P6 3/mmc Volume 10438(2) Å 3 Z, calculated density 2, g cm -3 F(000) 3004 Temperature (K) 296.0(1) Radiation type a = (2) Å, c = (2) Å Mo K Absorption coefficient 2.52 mm -1 Absorption correction Multi-scan Max and min transmission and Crystal size Shape, color range for data collection mm Hexagonal bipyramid, colorless Limiting indices -24 h 22, -20 k 24, -21 l 27 Reflection collected / unique / observed with I > 2 (I) Completeness to max = % / 2795 (R int = 0.175) / 1705 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 2795 / 52 / 133 Final R indices [I > 2 (I)] R 1 = 0.075, wr 2 = Final R indices (all data) R 1 = 0.133, wr 2 = Weighting scheme [ 2 (F o2 ) + (0.1612P) 2 ] -1* Goodness-of-fit 1.03 Largest diff. peak and hole 0.96 and e Å -3 * P = (Fo 2 + 2Fc 2 )/3 S21

22 Table S5. Crystal data and structure refinement for 4. Identification code 4 (100% RH) Empirical formula C 108H 106N 3O 47Y 9 Formula weight Crystal system, space group Unit cell dimensions Hexagonal, P6 3/mmc Volume 10447(2) Å 3 Z, calculated density 2, g cm -3 F(000) 3004 Temperature (K) 296.0(1) Radiation type a = (1) Å, c = (2) Å Mo K Absorption coefficient 2.52 mm -1 Absorption correction Multi-scan Max and min transmission and Crystal size Shape, color range for data collection mm Hexagonal bipyramid, colorless Limiting indices -24 h 24, -24 k 24, -27 l 13 Reflection collected / unique / observed with I > 2 (I) Completeness to max = % / 2720 (R int = 0.120) / 1758 Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F 2 Data / restraints / parameters 2720 / 32 / 135 Final R indices [I > 2 (I)] R 1 = 0.089, wr 2 = Final R indices (all data) R 1 = 0.130, wr 2 = Weighting scheme [ 2 (F o2 ) + (0.2P) 2 ] -1* Goodness-of-fit 1.12 Largest diff. peak and hole 1.32 and e Å -3 * P = (Fo 2 + 2Fc 2 )/3 S22

23 References: (1). Furukawa, H.; Gandara, F.; Zhang, Y. B.; Jiang, J.; Queen, W. L.; Hudson, M. R.; Yaghi, O. M. J Am Chem Soc 2014, 136, (2). Hatch, C. D.; Wiese, J. S.; Crane, C. C.; Harris, K. J.; Kloss, H. G.; Baltrusaitis, J. Langmuir 2012, 28, (3). Padial, N. M.; Quartapelle Procopio, E.; Montoro, C.; López, E.; Oltra, J. E.; Colombo, V.; Maspero, A.; Masciocchi, N.; Galli, S.; Senkovska, I.; Kaskel, S.; Barea, E.; Navarro, J. A. R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, (4). Inc, B. A. APEX2 (Version ), Bruker AXS Inc: Madison, Wisconsin, USA, (5). Bruker SAINT-V8.32A, Bruker AXS. Inc: Madison, Wisconsin, USA, (6). Sheldrick, G. M. SADABS, University of Gottingen, Germany, (7). Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 2008, 64, (8). (a) Farrugia, L. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1999, 32, ; (b) Sheldrick, G. M. SHELXL- 97, 1997; (c) Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 1990, 46, (9). Dolomanov, O. V.; Bourhis, L. J.; Gildea, R. J.; Howard, J. A. K.; Puschmann, H. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2009, 42, S23