Petroleum (Continued)... 39

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1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 1 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES... 1 REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY... 2 INTENDED AUDIENCE... 3 SCOPE OF REPORT... 3 SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED)... 4 SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED)... 5 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES... 6 AUTHOR S CREDENTIALS... 6 RELATED BCC WORK CREDENTIALS... 6 BCC ONLINE SERVICES... 7 DISCLAIMER... 7 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY... 8 SUMMARY... 8 SUMMARY TABLE ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYST MARKETS BY PROCESS THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)... 9 SUMMARY FIGURE ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYST MARKETS BY PROCESS 2010 AND 2015 ($ MILLIONS) CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW CATALYSIS AND CATALYSTS: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND DEFINITION HISTORY PROCESSES Catalyst Makeup HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS Reaction Parameters Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS Advantages Molecular Catalysts Commercial Applications Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis Phase-Transfer Catalysis Phase-Transfer (Continued) ACID AND BASE CATALYSIS AND CATALYSTS Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts Homogeneous Acid/Base Catalysts FREE RADICAL CATALYSTS THE PERIODIC TABLE AND TRANSITION ELEMENTS Transition Group Metals TABLE 1 TRANSITION METALS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE TABLE 2 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS FOR COMMON CATALYTIC ELEMENTS... 26

2 CHEMICAL PROCESSING Importance of the U.S. Chemical Industry Types of Catalytic Chemical Reactions PETROLEUM REFINING Historical Background Petroleum Refining Processes Petroleum (Continued) Industry Structure Market Leaders The Refining Margin Refining Capacity Importance to the U.S. and World Economies Importance to (Continued) Major Petroleum Products and Applications Petroleum Refinery Streams and Products Petroleum (Continued) Types of Petroleum Refineries Types of (Continued) Refinery Catalytic Processes and Catalysts OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR CATALYSTS Automotive Emission Controls Automotive (Continued) Stationary Source Emissions Control Other Environmental Catalysis MATERIALS USED TO PRODUCE CATALYSTS BASE METALS AND COMPOUNDS Aluminum (Al) Aluminum Alkyls Bismuth (Bi) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Hafnium (Hf) Iron (Fe) Lithium (Li) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Raney Nickel Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Rhenium (Re)... 55

3 Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W) Vanadium (V) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) NOBLE (PRECIOUS) METALS Gold (Au) Iridium (Ir) Palladium (Pd) TABLE 3 AVERAGE PRICES FOR NOBLE METALS, 1995-LATE 2010 ($ PER TROY OUNCE) Platinum (Pt) Rhodium (Rh) Ruthenium (Ru) Silver (Ag) ALUMINOSILICATES Zeolites Natural Zeolites Synthetic Zeolites Synthetic Zeolites (Continued) ExxonMobil s ZSM-5 Zeolites TABLE 4 SOME CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITES Molecular Sieves ORGANIC PEROXIDES TABLE 5 TYPICAL TYPES OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES OTHER NONMETALLIC CATALYSTS, CARRIERS, AND SUPPORTS Powdered Supports Particulate Supports Alumina Activated Carbon Clays Synthetic Ion Exchange Resins Other Catalyst Supports Calcium Carbonate Barium Sulfate Kieselguhr Magnesium Compounds Silica CHAPTER FOUR: CHEMICAL PROCESS CATALYSTS: APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST... 77

4 TABLE 6 ESTIMATES OF U.S. CHEMICAL CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND (CONTINUED) HYDROGENATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 7 ESTIMATES OF U.S. HYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 8 ESTIMATES OF U.S. HYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) FATS AND OILS Fats and Oils (Continued) Fats and Oils (Continued) CYCLOHEXANE FROM BENZENE BY-PRODUCT HYDROGENATION IN ETHYLENE PLANTS AMINES FROM NITRO COMPOUNDS PHARMACEUTICAL AND FINE CHEMICAL HYDROGENATIONS DEHYDROGENATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 9 ESTIMATES OF U.S. DEHYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKETS BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) COMMERCIAL DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS STYRENE SYNTHESIS ORGANIC SYNTHESIS MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 10 ESTIMATES OF U.S. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 11 ESTIMATES OF U.S. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) ALKYLATION Ethylbenzene Cumene Linear Alkylbenzene AMINATION AROMATIZATION BUTANEDIOL FROM MALEIC ANHYDRIDE CONDENSATION REACTIONS DISPROPORTIONATION AND METATHESIS Disproportionation and Metathesis (Continued) ESTERIFICATION FUEL OXYGENATE ETHERS... 97

5 Energy Policy Act of Technology In-Refinery Ether Production Grassroots MTBE Plants MTBE from Tertiary Butyl Alcohol HYDRODEALKYLATION ISOMERIZATION NITRATION OLEFINS PRODUCTION Propylene Production Propylene (Continued) OXIDATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 12 ESTIMATES OF U.S. OXIDATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 13 ESTIMATES OF U.S. OXIDATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) ACRYLIC ACID ACRYLONITRILE ADIPIC ACID ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE FORMALDEHYDE OLEFIN EPOXIDATION: ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE NITRIC ACID SULFURIC ACID MALEIC ANHYDRIDE PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE TEREPHTHALIC ACID OTHER OXIDATION REACTIONS POLYMERIZATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 14 ESTIMATES OF U.S. POLYMERIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 15 ESTIMATES OF U.S. POLYMERIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 16 U.S. PLASTICS PRODUCTION, (BILLION LBS) POLYOLEFIN HISTORY Polymethylene Polyethylene Polyethylene (Continued) Polypropylene Higher Alpha-Olefin Polymers

6 Polyolefin Steric Regularity COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES FOR ADDITION POLYMERS Polyethylene: High-Pressure Processes Polyethylene: Low-Pressure Processes Polyethylene: Gas-Phase Processes Polyethylene: (Continued) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl Chloride Other Addition Polymers ORGANIC PEROXIDE POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEX POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Single-Site/Metallocene Catalysts CONDENSATION POLYMERS AND CATALYSTS THERMOSETTING POLYMERS Epoxy Resins Phenolic Resins Unsaturated Polyester Resins Polyurethane Resins Urea- and Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins Other Thermosets SYNTHESIS GAS AND SYNGAS PROCESSES SYNTHESIS GAS AND SYNGAS PROCESSES (CONTINUED) THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 17 ESTIMATE OF U.S. SYNTHESIS GAS PROCESS CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 18 ESTIMATE OF U.S. SYNTHESIS GAS PROCESS CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) STEAM REFORMING Steam Reforming (Continued) AMMONIA SYNTHESIS Ammonia Synthesis (Continued) FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS Fischer-Tropsch Process (Continued) Fischer-Tropsch Process (Continued) COAL GASIFICATION, INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) TECHNOLOGY Coal Gasification, Integrated (Continued)

7 GTL: NATURAL GAS TO FUELS/CHEMICALS: MODIFIED FISCHER-TROPSCH Market Players Market Outlook THE NATURAL GAS REFINERY HYDROFORMYLATION (OXO) PROCESS METHANOL SYNTHESIS Methanol Synthesis (Continued) CHAPTER FIVE: PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYSTS: APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYSTS: TRENDS IN PETROLEUM REFINING MOTOR GASOLINE TABLE 19 SOME U.S. MOTOR GASOLINE SPECIFICATION CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS DIESEL FUEL TABLE 20 SOME U.S. DIESEL FUEL SPECIFICATION CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS HEATING OIL CHEMICAL PROCESSES CAPACITY OTHER TRENDS SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 21 ESTIMATE OF U.S. REFINERY CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) ALKYLATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 22 ESTIMATE OF U.S. REFINERY ALKYLATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued) Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued) HYDROGEN FLUORIDE-CATALYZED ALKYLATION SULFURIC ACID-CATALYZED ALKYLATION SOLID ACID ALKYLATION CATALYST TECHNOLOGY OLIGOMERIZATION FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 23 ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY CATALYST TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 1 ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY CATALYST TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 ($ MILLIONS)

8 TABLE 24 ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued) TOWER BOTTOMS (RESID) CRACKING FCC CATALYST REGENERATION HYDROCRACKING MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 25 ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROCRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 26 ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROCRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) LUBE OIL DEWAXING HYDROTREATING/HYDRODESULFURIZATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 27 ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROTREATING/HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) Background Technology ISOMERIZATION MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST CATALYTIC REFORMING MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST TABLE 28 ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYTIC REFORMING CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 29 ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYTIC REFORMING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) REFORMER OPERATION TO PRODUCE RFG BLENDSTOCKS GAS PROCESSING GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED) MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST CHAPTER SIX: TECHNOLOGY CATALYST PROPERTIES ACTIVITY REGENERABILITY SELECTIVITY STABILITY CATALYST RECOVERY RECOVERY VS. REGENERATION NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS BASE METAL CATALYSTS NEW REACTION SCHEMES, PROCESSES, AND FEEDSTOCKS NEW REACTION SCHEMES, (CONTINUED)

9 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES NEW CATALYST TECHNOLOGY BASIC QUESTIONS OF CATALYST STRUCTURE BASIC QUESTIONS OF (CONTINUED) Characterization of Catalyst Structure Surface Chemistry PROCESSES THAT NEED NEW CATALYSTS Processes That Need (Continued) CATALYST DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Catalyst Design and (Continued) Bench or Micro Scale Testing Laboratory Experiments Pilot Plant Scale Testing The Commercial Production Unit Post-Start-up Changes and Improvements NEW HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST MATERIALS AND SUPPORTS Bimetallic Cluster Catalysts Designed Pore Structures Nanoscale Catalysts ( Nanocatalysts ) Nanoscale Catalysts (Continued) Nanotube Composites Promoters Solid Acid Catalysts Microencapsulation Nanostructured Solid Acid Catalysts New Zeolites Heterogeneous Chiral Catalysts HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS Homogeneous Chiral Catalysts Use of Supercritical Fluids as Solvents Use of Supercritical (Continued) Supported Homogeneous Catalysts SINGLE-SITE POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS Characterization of Single-Site Catalysts Single-Site Catalyzed Polymers TABLE 30 COMMERCIAL SINGLE-SITE POLYMERS AND COMMON APPLICATIONS Homogeneous Metallocene Catalysts Commercial and Semi-Commercial Single-Site Polymers Multicomponent Catalysts: Single-Site Catalysts with Others Single-Site Co-Catalysts: Aluminoxanes OTHER NEW CHEMICAL CATALYSTS

10 REFINERY CATALYSTS Lighter Products Lower Aromatic Content Lower Light Olefin Content OTHER CATALYST TECHNOLOGIES Biocatalysis Plant-Derived Feedstocks and Processes Organocatalysis Photocatalysis Combinatorial Chemistry in Catalytic Research Computational Methods in Catalyst Design Use of Oxygen in Oxidation Reactions Advances in Hydrogenation Advances in Hydrogenation (Continued) Copolymerizing Polar and Nonpolar Monomers Cooperative Catalysis CHAPTER SEVEN: GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES/REGULATION AND PUBLIC POLICY GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES AND REGULATION CONTROLS ON THE CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES CONTROLS THAT DIRECTLY AFFECT CATALYSTS AND THEIR MARKETS Controls that Directly (Continued) PETROLEUM REFINING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS The Lead Phase-out of The Clean Air Act Amendments of The Clean Air (Continued) Reformulated/Oxygenated Gasolines MBTE Use and Phase-out MBTE Use and (Continued) Reid Vapor Pressure Motor Gasoline Olefins Content Changes in Feedstocks and Product Mix Tier II Sulfur and Other New Rules Diesel Fuel Diesel Fuel (Continued) Motor Gasoline PUBLIC POLICY AND ATTITUDES PUBLIC POLICY AND ATTITUDES (CONTINUED) CHAPTER EIGHT: CATALYST INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES

11 COMPANIES THAT MAKE AND SUPPLY CATALYSTS INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION AND SUPPLIER DOMINANCE CUSTOMER AND TECHNICAL SERVICE CATALYST SUPPLIER-USER ALLIANCES CATALYST DEVELOPMENT OUTSOURCING INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS THE GLOBAL CATALYST BUSINESS Growth in Different Parts of the World Growth in Different (Continued) MAJOR FOREIGN PLAYERS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL CATALYST INDUSTRY Trends in the Global (Continued) CHAPTER NINE: SUPPLIER COMPANY PROFILES INTRODUCTION SUPPLIER COMPANIES AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC ACCELRYS, INC./SYMYX TECHNOLOGIES, INC Symyx ALBEMARLE CORP ARKEMA, INC AVANTIUM TECHNOLOGIES B.V AXENS NORTH AMERICA, INC BADGER TECHNOLOGIES, LLC BASF CORP BASF Corp., Catalysts Division BAYER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES CARUS CORP CATALYTIC DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGIES (CDTECH) Catalytic Distillation (Continued) CB&I Lummus Technology CHEVRON CORP./CHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL/ADVANCED REFINING, TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Chevron Corp./ (Continued) CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO., LLC CONOCOPHILLIPS CO Conocophillips Co. (Continued) CRI/CRITERION, INC THE DOW CHEMICAL CO E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO EURECAT U.S., INC EVONIK DEGUSSA CORP

12 EXXON MOBIL CHEMICAL CO FMC CORP GE ENERGY W.R. GRACE & CO./GRACE DAVISON DIVISION HALDOR TOPSOE, INC HEADWATERS, INC INEOS TECHNOLOGIES INTERCAT, INC JOHNSON MATTHEY, INC Johnson Matthey Catalysts KBR, INC KBR, Inc. (Continued) KING INDUSTRIES, INC LYONDELL BASELL INDUSTRIES N.V MATERIA, INC NOVA CHEMICALS CORP OM GROUP, INC PQ CORP REAXA, LTD RENTECH, INC Rentech, Inc. (Continued) SAINT-GOBAIN NORPRO CORP SCIENTIFIC DESIGN CO., INC THE SHEPHERD CHEMICAL CO SIGMA-ALDRICH CO SÜD CHEMIE, INC Süd Chemie, Inc. (Continued) SYNTROLEUM CORP UOP, LLC UOP, LLC (Continued) WAKO CHEMICALS USA, INC ZEOCHEM, LLC ZEOLYST INTERNATIONAL APPENDIX GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, ETC GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED)

13 GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED)