Chemical Permeation Guide
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1 Chemical Permeation Guide
2 What is permeation? Guidance on Chemical Permeation and Penetration Permeation is the process by which a potentially hazardous chemical moves through a material on a molecular level. Molecules of chemical adsorb onto the outer surface of the material. They then enter and diffuse across the material and are released or desorbed from the inner surface. Measuring permeation The resistance of a protective clothing fabric to permeation by a potentially hazardous chemical is determined by measuring the breakthrough time and the permeation rate of the chemical through the fabric. Permeation test methods There are various permeation test methods in use today. Which one to use depends on a number of factors including the country of use for the protective clothing, and the type of chemical (i.e. gas or liquid). Permeation rate (PR) This is the rate at which the potentially hazardous chemical permeates through the test fabric and is expressed as a mass of chemical flowing through a given fabric area per unit of time, i.e. 1.0 μg/cm 2 /min or one millionth of a gram per square centimetre per minute. Breakthrough detection time (BDT) The average time elapsed between initial contact of the chemical with the outside surface of the fabric and the detection of the chemical at the inside surface by the analytical device. A breakthrough detection time of >480 min and a permeation rate below the minimum detectable permeation rate (MDPR) does not mean breakthrough has not occurred. It means that permeation was not detected after an observation time of eight hours. Permeation may have occurred, but at a rate less than the minimum detectable permeation rate or MDPR. MDPR can vary depending on the chemical or the analytical device/test method. Breakthrough time (BT) This is the average time between initial contact of the chemical with the outside surface of the fabric and the time at which the chemical is detected at the inside surface of the fabric at the normalised permeation rate specified by the appropriate standard. The key test methods and the normalised permeation rates required are listed below; 1) EN 3743 specifies a normalised permeation rate of 1.0 μg/cm 2 /min, with the lowest BT to be recorded. 2) ISO 29 specifies BT to be reported at the normalised permeation rate of 1.0 μg/cm 2 /min(bt 1.0) or 0.1 μg/cm 2 /min (BT 0.1), with the mean BT to be recorded. 3) ASTM F739 specifies results to be recorded as breakthrough time (BT) at 0.1 μg/cm 2 /min. EN Class/CP Class Normalised breakthrough times 0 > 10 1 > 10 2 > 30 3 >0 4 >120 >240 >480 Permeation Test Cell In Europe (as specified in EN 1432:2004) either EN 3743 or EN ISO 29:2001 can be used for permeation testing, and the normalised breakthrough time is recorded at the permeation rate of 1.0 μg/cm 2 /min. The resistance of MICROCHEM garments to permeation by a hazardous chemical is determined by measuring the breakthrough time and permeation rate of the chemical through the fabric. Permeation tests are performed by independent, accredited laboratories in accordance with EN ISO 29, EN3743 or ASTM F739. Challenge chemical Collection medium protective clothing sample to analytical equipment What is penetration? Penetration is a process by which a chemical flows through holes (i.e. pores) or essential openings in a material on a nonmolecular level. Penetration test methods There are various penetration test methods in use today. Which one to use depends on a number of factors, including the country of use for the protective clothing and the task for which the chemical protective clothing will be used. ASTM F903 Specified in NFPA 1992 (Liquid tight protective clothing for emergency responders), this involves the continuous exposure of a material to a liquid chemical with pressure maintained at 0 psi for min followed by 2 psi [13.8 kpa] for 1 min followed by 0 psi for 4 min, totalling 1 hour. 2
3 091 v Acetaldehyde >480 >480 > Acetic Acid (Glacial) >480 > Acetic Anhydride >480 > Acetone Imm >480 >480 > Acetonitrile < 0 >480 >480 > Acetyl Chloride > Acrylamide >480 > Acrylic Acid >480 > Acrylonitrile > Allyl Alcohol >480 > Ammonia (Gas, 1 atmos.) 3 0 >480 >480 > Ammonia (Liquid, 34 C) >480 >480 > Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride >480 > Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) > Ammonium Hydroxide (3% w/w) Amyl Acetate > Aniline >480 >480 > Benlate >480 > Benzene 2 0 >480 > Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride > Benzyl Chloride 1 1 > Bromine Bromine (Saturated Vapour) Butadiene 1,3 >480 >480 > Butanol, n >480 > Butyl Acrylate, n 1 1 > Carbon Disulphide Imm >480 > Chlorine (Gas, 1 atmos.) 10 1 >480 >480 > Chlorine (Liquid, 32 C) > Chlorine Water (satd.) 2 0 > Chloro(chloromethyl)pyridine, 2 > Chloroacetic Acid (79% w/w) >480 > Chloroacetic Acid Ethyl Ester > Chloroacetyl Chloride 3 2 >480 > Chloroacrylonitrile, 2 > Chloroaniline, 4 (7 C) > Chlorobenzene > Chloroethanol, 2 > Chloroform Imm Chloromethane (Gas, 1 atmos.) >480 >480 > Chloropropionic Acid, 3 (Liquid, 0 C) >480 > Chlorosulphonic Acid Chlorotoluene, o > Chlorotoluene, p > Chromium Trioxide (0% w/w) >480 > Cresol, m in water solution (20 g/l) > Cresol, o in water solution (20 g/l) > Cresol, p in water solution (20 g/l) > Cresols, mixed >480 > Crude Coal Tar > Cumene > Cyanogen Chloride (Gas, 1 atmos.) > Cyclohexane > Cyclohexylamine 82 3 > Ditertbutyl peroxide > Dichloro4(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1,2 > Dichloroacetone, 1,1 > Dichloroacetone, 1,3 > Dichlorodiethyl Ether, 2,2 > Dichloroethane, 1,2 4 0 >480 > Dichloroethylene, trans1, Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) Imm > Dichloromethylsilane Diesel 1 1 > Diethanolamine > Diethyl Ether Imm >
4 Diethylamine Imm 0 Imm 0 >480 >480 > Diethylenetriamine > Difluoroaniline, 2,4 >480 > Dimethyl Dicarbonate > Dimethyl Sulphate >480 > Dimethyl Sulphide 3 0 >480 > Dimethyl Sulphoxide > Dimethylacetamide, N,N > Dimethylamine (40% w/w) >480 > Dimethylaminopyridine, Dimethyldichlorosilane Dimethylethylamine, N,N > Dimethylformamide, N,N >480 >480 >480 > Dioxane, 1,4 > Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether > Dipropylenetriamine > Epichlorohydrin >480 > Ethanol > Ethanolamine >480 > Ethion > Ethyl Acetate 3 0 >480 >480 > Ethyl Isocyanate > Ethyl Parathion > Ethylbenzene > Ethylene Dibromide > Ethylene Glycol >480 > Ethylene Oxide (Gas, 1 atmos.) >480 >38 4 > Ethylene Oxide (Liquid, 10 C) > Ethylenediamine >480 > Ethylhexanoic Acid, 2 >480 > Ferric Chloride (4% w/w) > Ferric Chloride (satd.) > Ferrous Chloride (satd.) > Fluorobenzene Formaldehyde (10% w/w) > Formaldehyde (37%) >480 > Formic Acid (90%) >480 > Formic Acid (98% w/w) > Furfural >480 > Fyfanon > Gardoclean S 174 (Analysis of potassium hydroxide component) > Gas Oil (SHELL "Heizoel HVS 300 CST") > Heptane, n Imm 0 >480 >480 > Hexachloro1,3butadiene > Hexamethyldisilazane > Hexamethylene Diamine, 1, > Hexamethylene Diisocyanate >480 > Hexane, n Imm 0 >480 >480 > Hexene, 1 > Hydrazine Monohydrate (98%, containing hydrazine, 4% w/w) >480 > Hydrobromic Acid (48% w/w) >480 > Hydrochloric Acid (337% w/w) >480 > Hydrofluoric Acid (37% w/w) > Hydrofluoric Acid (481% w/w) > Hydrofluoric Acid (49% w/w) > Hydrofluoric Acid (24% in urea) Hydrofluoric Acid (717% w/w) 273 >480 >480 > Hydrofluorosilicic Acid (34.% w/w) > Hydrogen Chloride (Gas, 1 atmos.) 8 0 >480 >480 > Hydrogen Cyanide <3 0 >480 > Hydrogen Fluoride (Gas, anhydrous) 42 2 >480 > Hydrogen Fluoride (Liquid, 17 C) > Hydrogen Peroxide (3% w/w) >480 > Hydrogen Peroxide (0% w/w) > Hydrogen Sulphide >480 > Iodine >
5 091 v Isopropyl Alcohol >480 >480 > Maleic Anhydride > Mercury >480 >480 > Methanesulphonyl Chloride > Methanol >480 >480 >480 >480 > Methoxyacetic Acid, 2 > Methyl Chloroformate > Methyl Ethyl Ketone > Methyl Iodide > Methyl Methacrylate > Methyl Parathion > Methyl2pyrrolidone, N >480 > Methyltrichlorosilane > Nicotine > Nitric Acid ( 99.%, white fuming) > Nitric Acid (70% w/w) >480 > Nitric Oxide >480 > Nitrobenzene >480 >480 >480 > Nitrochlorobenzene, p (88 C) > Octave > Octyltrichlorosilane Oxalic Acid (10%) > Oxalyl Chloride > Oxsilan 9810 (Analysis of ethanol component) >480 N/A Oxsilan Additive 990 (Mixture) > Paraffin 2 1 > Perchloric Acid (30% w/w) > Petrol (Unleaded) 2 0 > Phenol (Liquid, 4 C) 4 0 > Phenol (Liquid, 0 C) Phenol (liquified, approx. 90% w/w with water) >480 > (in 100 Phenol/Benzyl Alcohol 2/ >480 > Phenyltrichlorosilane > Phosgene (CG) Phosphoric Acid ( 8% w/w) >480 > Phosphorus Oxychloride 9 0 >480 > Phosphorus Pentachloride >480 > Phosphorus Trichloride >480 > Phthalic Anhydride (Liquid, 13 C) > Pinane Hydroperoxide > Piranha solution (sulphuric acid 9% w/w:hydrogen peroxide 30% w/w, 20:1 ratio) > Pivalic Acid >480 > Polyethylene Glycol 200 >480 > Potassium Hydroxide (30%) > Potassium Hydroxide (808% w/v) > Potassium Permanganate (satd.) > Propane (Liquid, 32 C) > Propane (Liquid, 0 C) > Propene > Propionaldehyde 2 0 > Propionic Acid > Propionitrile > Propyl Bromide, n 89 3 > Propylamine, n > Propylene Oxide Pyrrolidine > Quinoline > Reglone >480 > Ripcord >480 > Roundup >480 > Silicon Tetrachloride > Sodium Bisulphate (40%) > Sodium Chloride >480 > Sodium Cyanide (satd.) >480 > Sodium Fluoride (satd.) >480 > Sodium Hydroxide (30% w/w) >480
6 Sodium Hydroxide (40% w/w) >480 >480 >480 >480 > Sodium Hydroxide (0% w/w, 80 C) >480 > Sodium Hydroxide (0% w/w) >480 >480 >480 >480 > Sodium Hypochlorite Solution (14.% available chlorine) >480 >480 > Sodium Hypochlorite Solution (% available chlorine) >480 > Sodium Methylate (30%) > Sodium Silicofluoride (satd.) >480 > Styrene Imm Sulphur Dioxide > Sulphur Trioxide Sulphuric Acid ( 98% w/w) >480 >480 > Sulphuric Acid (0% w/w, 80 C) >480 > Sulphuric Acid (0% w/w) > Sulphuric Acid (93.1% w/w) > Sulphuric Acid (99% w/w) >480 >480 >480 >480 > SUVA HCFC123 (1,1Dichloro2,2,2trifluoroethane) tbutyl Methyl Ether 1 0 > tertdodecyl Mercaptan > Tetrachloroethylene >480 >480 > Tetraethyl Lead > Tetrahydrofuran Imm >480 > Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (20% w/w) > Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (satd.) > Tetramethylethylenediamine, N,N,N,N > Thionyl Chloride Imm Thiourea Dioxide (satd.) >480 > Titanium Tetrachloride 7 0 >480 > Toluene Imm 0 >480 >480 > Toluene2,4diisocyanate >480 > Toluidine, o >480 > Triacetonediamine > Trichloroacetic Acid >480 > Trichloroethylene > Triethylamine Imm 0 0 > Trifluoroacetic Acid > Trifluoromethanesulphonic Acid >480 > Vinyl Acetate > Vinyl Acrylate 3 0 > Vinylbenzyl Chloride 4 > Vinylpyridine, 4 >480 > Xylene, m 2 0 > Xylene, p Imm Xylylenediamine, m > Zinc Bromide (satd.) >480 0 Chemical database The chemical database is available online and features permeation resistance for a wide range of chemicals, including the ASTM F1001 and EN ISO 29 recommended list of challenge chemicals. For up to the minute chemical permeation data visit:
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