0.8~2.0 mg g mg g -1 (A1 2 O 3 ) n 2H 2 O

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1 TECHNOLOGY OF WATER TREATMENT Vol.36 No.7 Jul., TU WHO World Health Organization 0.5 ~1.5 mg L [1] GB mg L -1 A (2010) ph 4.5~6.0 2 CO 2 ph 6.5~ ~2.0 mg g mg g -1 (A1 2 O 3 ) n 2H 2 O H 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 [2] 60% [2] [3] [4] ph 1 [5] MgO 14 mg g -1 6 mg g -1 C Sairam lyf_qingdao@126.com fanpingm@tom.com

2 mg g -1[6] Al 3+ La 3+ [12-13] Ca 2+ Na + ph OH - OH 2 OH 3+ F - NaOH A M Raichur [7] ph ph 50 mg L -1 ph K 60 min 12.5 mg g mg L mg L -1 [8-9] 1 Tab.1 Comparison of fluorine performance of clay adsorbents ph /mg g Zn/Al/Cl 10± Ca 2+ CaF 2 F - OH - [10] 5%NaOH ph N Viswanathan La 3+ Fe 3+ Ce 3+ Zr 4+ Indion FR mg L -1 ph Ca Mg 2+ Cl - 2- NO 3- SO mg g mg g -1 [20] C HCO 3- Sairam AlPO 4 Ce 3 (PO 4 ) 4 Zr 3 (PO 4 ) 4 3 ph mg g -1[21] 1.3 SiO 4 A1O Si Al [11]

3 Fe 3+ Fe 2+ Al 3+ ph ph [22] Al EST PAM PAM EST [23] PAM 1.40~2.16 mg L mg L -1 3 [26] %, 30% % 1.0% [24] Z Amor [25] ph [27] 3.2 [28]

4 13 0.5~1.0 MPa 2003,17(4): [9], 0.3 MPa 2.0 [J]. : [10],2002,18(6): Research,2009,48(2): Journal of Fluorine Chemistry,2002,115(1): montmorillonite [J].Desalination,2006,201(1-3): water by using granular red mud: Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(1): ' solution by using red mud Technology,2002, 28(1): ,2001,21(4): [J]. :,2003,2(5): [11],,,. [J]. [12] Onyango M S, Leswifi T L, Ochieng A, et al. Breakthrough analysis for water defluoridation using surface-tailored zeolite in a fixed bed column [J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry [13] Onyango M S, Kojima Y, Aoyi O, et al. Adsorption equilibrium modeling and solution chemistry dependence of fluoride removal from water by trivalent-cation-exchanged zeolite F-9[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Sciende,2004,279(2): [14] Mahramanlioglu M, Kizilcikli I, Bicer I O. Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by acid treated spent bleaching earth [J]. [15] Tor A. Removal of fluoride from an aqueous solution by using [16] Tor A, Danaoglu A, Arslan G, et al. Removal of fluoride from Batch and column studies [J]. [17] Cengeloglu Y, K1r E, Ersoz M. Removal of fluoride from aqueous [J].Separation and Purification [18] Meenakshi S, Sundaram C S, Sukumar R. Enhanced fluoride sorption by mechanochemically activated kaolinites [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,153(1-2): [19] Mandal S, Mayadevi S. Defluoridation of water using as-synthesized [1] WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for drinking water quality (vol. II):health criteria and supporting information [M]. Zn/Al/Cl anionic clay adsorbent:equilibrium and regenera- tion studies [J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,28:1-6. World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland,1984. [20] Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S. Effect of metal ion loaded in a resin [2] Tripathy S S, Bersillon J L. Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto alum-impregnated activated alumina [J]. towards fluoride retention 2008,129(7): [J].Journal of Fluoride Chemistry, Separation and Purification Technology,2006,50(3): [21] Sundaram C S, Meenakshi S. Fluoride sorption using organic-inorganic [3] Maliyekkal S M, Shukla S, Philip L, et al. Enhanced fluoride removal from drinking water by magnesia-amended activated alumina hybrid type ion exchangers [J].Journal of Colloid and Inter- face Science,2009,333(1): granules [J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2008,140 (1-3): [22],,,. [J].,2004,5: [4] Lounici H, Belhocinea D, Grib H, et al. Fluoride removal with electro-activated alumina [J]. Desalination, 2004,161(3): [23],. [J].,2008,26(12): [5] Trond P F. Aluminum as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease, with emphasis on drinking water [J]. Brain Research Bulletin,2001,55 (2): [24] [25],,. 15 [J].,2002,21(5):430. Amor Z, Bariou B, Mameri N, et al. Fluoride removal from brackish [6] Sairam Sundaram C, Natrayasamy Viswanathan, Meenakshi S. water by electrodialysis [J].Desalination,2001,133(3): Defluoridation of water using magnesia/chitosan composite [J]. [26]. [J]., Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(2-3): ,01: [7] Raichur A M, Jyoti Basu M. Adsorption of fluoride onto mixed [27],,. [J]. rare earth oxides [J].Separation and Purification Technology, :,2002,22(6): ,24(1-2): [28],,. [J]. [8]. [J].,,2008,28(1):

5 19 [J].Catal Today,2002,75: [34] Pintar A, Levec J. Hardness and salt efects on catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate solutions [J]. J Catal.,1998,174,1(15): [35] Pintar A, Batista J, Levec J. Integrated ion exchange/catalytic process for efficient removal of nitrate from drinking water [J]. Chem Eng Sci.,2000,56: [36] Centi G, Perathoner S. Remediation of water contamination using catalytic technologies [J].Appl Catal B:Environ.,2003,41: [37] Prusse U, Kroger M, Vorlop K D. Katalytische nitratentfernung aus:wdssern mit ameisensaüre als reduktionsmittel [J].Chem Ing Tech.,1997,69: [38] Chen Y X, Zhang Y, Liu H Y. Reduction of nitrate from groundwater: powder catalysts and catalytic membrane [J]. J Environ Sci.,2003,15(5): [39] Pintar A, Batista J, Levec J, et al. Kinetics of the catalytic liquid-phase hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate solution [J].Appl Catal B: Environ.,1996,11: [40] Pintar A, Setinc M, Levec J. Hardness and salt efects on catalytic hydrogenation of aqueous nitrate solutions [J]. J Catal.,1998,174 (1): [41] Warna J, Turunen I, Salmi T, et al. Kinetics of nitrate reduction in monolith reactor [J]. Chem Eng Sci.,1994,49,24B: CHEMICAL CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRATE IN GROUNDWATER Wang Ying 1,2,4, Xin Jie 3, Li Xue 1, Ruan Aidong 2 (1.State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, BeiJing Normal University, BeiJing , China; 2.State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nan Jing , China;; 3.Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing , China; 4.Key Laboratory of Polluted Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , China; Abstract: Nitrate pollution of groundwater has caused widespread concern. Compared with biological denitrification, chemical catalytic reduction of nitrate has fast response and it is suitable for decentralized water treatment. It is regarded as one of the most promising and flexible approaches for removal of nitrate from water. In this process, nitrate ions are reduced using reducer such as hydrogen and formic acid over catalyst. The reaction obeys a consecutive reaction scheme in which nitrite appears as an intermediate, while nitrogen and ammonia are the final products. Use appropriate catalyst restore the water nitrate nitrogen to N 2, In the reaction may be due to incomplete formation of hydrogenation nitrite, or due to excessive formation of hydrogenation NH 4+ and other by-products. The key in this process is how to control the reactive direction when improving the reactive velocity. The most important Research focus for the catalytic reduction of nitrate is preparing the catalyst with high activity, selectivity and stability, as well as studying the effect of reaction conditions. On the basis of summarizing the effects and mechanisms of catalytic reduction of nitrate, the influences of key factors such as catalytic properties of catalyst, the quality of groundwater, reaction conditions, and mass transfer are reviewed in detail in this paper. The study and development tendency is focused on the functional design, mechanism and use in reality of catalyst, as well as the optimization of combination technology for catalytic reduction of nitrate. Keywords:catalytic reduction; nitrate; influence factors; water contamination!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF FLUORIDE REMOVAL IN DRINKING WATER Li Yongfu 1, Meng Fanping 1, Yao Ruihua 2 (1.Key Lab of Environment Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao China; 2.Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing China) Abstract: Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported harmful to humans. Adsorption, coagulation-sedimentation method, electrochemical method, membrane process are the main methods of defluoridation of water treatment applications. In this paper, comparisons of these methods are made in many aspects such as: defluoridation mechanisms, treatment effect, advantages and limitations. The result shows that adsorption technology is more mature and the most used widely. But different sorbents have their limitations. Biosorbents have broad application prospects in defluoridation of drinking water. Coagulation-sedimentation method is more used in fluorine-containing wastewater treatment than in drinking water treatment because of easy to introduce other ions. Electrochemical method and membrane technology are much cleaner technologies of fluoride removal. But too high energy consumption and expensive application module limit their application. It is necessary to develop a fluoride removal method which can overcome the shortcomings of traditional methods and improve the quality of drinking water. Keywords: deflouridation; drinking water; application

Adsorption of Fluoride from Drinking Water on Magnesium substituted Hydroxyapatite

2012 International Conference on Future Environment and Energy IPCBEE vol.28(2012) (2012)IACSIT Press, Singapoore Adsorption of Fluoride from Drinking Water on Magnesium substituted Hydroxyapatite Pankaj